经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术的临床应用

目的总结经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗胸腰椎疾病的临床特点和疗效。方法胸腰椎疾病28例,其中男性9例,女性19例;年龄56～84岁,平均年龄65岁;骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(OVCF)24例,椎体血管瘤(VH)4例。应用经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术进行治疗,观察术后症状改善情况。结果 28例患者手术均顺利完成。患者术后疼痛症状均即刻消失,术后次日即下床活动。术后平均随访10个月,28例患者均恢复发病前生活方式,无疼痛;影像学检查,病椎高度无明显丢失,无并发症发生。结论经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术是治疗胸腰椎疾病安全有效的一种方法。     

经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形治疗转移瘤引起的胸腰椎压缩性骨折2年随访

背景：经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形应用于骨质疏松性压缩性骨折、血管瘤、多发性骨髓瘤等的治疗已经取得很好的效果。 目的：观察应用椎体后凸成形治疗转移瘤引起的胸腰椎压缩性骨折的近期疗效。 方法：对转移瘤引起的胸腰椎压缩性骨折患者实施经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形,测量椎体前缘和中部高度的变化和后凸角的变化。术前、术后即刻和术后2年采用疼痛目测类比评分评估疼痛程度,Oswestry功能障碍指数评估患者日常生活功能。 结果与结论：术后即刻椎体前缘和中部高度高于术前(P < 0.05),患者术后即刻疼痛目测类比评分,Oswestry功能障碍指数,后凸角较术前明显降低(P < 0.05)。以上各指标均于术后2年随访时均维持恒定。说明应用球囊扩张椎体后凸成形治疗转移瘤引起的胸腰椎压缩性骨折,能微创地同时处理多个病灶,强化病椎,减轻疼痛,提高患者生活质量,近期疗效满意。     

经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗老年患者胸腰椎压缩性骨折72例

<正>经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)是近年来脊柱外科发展的一项新的微创技术,是指在X线透视的引导下,经椎弓根放置球囊,通过球囊扩张来复位被压缩椎体,再向骨折的椎体中注入骨水泥,达到缓解疼痛、恢复椎体高度从而治愈疾病的目的。2009年10月至2011年9月我院对72例老年患者骨质疏松胸腰椎压缩性骨折共86个椎体行经单侧椎     

经皮椎体成形术/后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩性骨折

目的:评估经皮椎体成形术治疗多节段骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩性骨折的临床疗效.方法:采用经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)或经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗多节段骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩性骨折患者17例;比较手术前后椎体前柱及中柱高度以及Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)和疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评分,根据Nakai标准分析手术疗效.结果:本组手术顺利,手术后椎体前柱及中柱高度均大于手术前,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术后随访6～42个月.手术前后ODI和VAS评分较术前明显降低(P＜0.01),按Nakai标准评价:优9例,良5例,可2例,差1例,优良率82.35%(14/17).结论:经皮椎体后凸成形术或经皮椎体成形术治疗多节段骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩性骨折创伤小,疗效满意.     

后凸成形与椎体成形治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的Meta分析

背景：经皮椎体成形和经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形均可有效治疗骨质疏松性压缩骨折,但具体采用哪种方法,国内外仍存在争议。 目的：比较球囊后凸成形与经皮椎体成形治疗骨质疏松性腰椎压缩性骨折的临床疗效和安全性。 方法：计算机检索PubMed,Springer以及万方等数据库,手工检索相关的中英文骨科杂志。按照既定的纳入和排除标准查找有关后凸成形术与经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折疗效进行比较的文献。利用Cochrane协作网提供的RevMan5.0软件进行统计学分析。 结果与结论：共纳入符合标准的文献10篇,其中随机对照研究1篇,前瞻性队列研究9篇。Meta分析结果显示：两种方法操作时间、治疗后长期疼痛目测类比评分比较差异均无显著性意义。与经皮椎体成形组相比,椎体后凸成形组可以更好地增加椎体前缘高度,降低骨水泥渗露的发生率,以及减小远期后凸角。表明与经皮椎体成形相比,经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形可以更好地减小远期后凸角,增加椎体前缘高度,降低骨水泥渗露率。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程全文链接：     

经皮椎体后凸成形注入骨水泥治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折

背景：经皮椎体后凸成形通过球囊的扩张恢复压缩椎体高度,并注入骨水泥强化椎体,恢复其解剖形态和力学性能。 目的：评估聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥经皮椎体后凸成形治疗胸腰椎骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的疗效及安全性。 方法：对41例骨质疏松性胸腰椎椎体压缩骨折患者在C 型臂X 射线机引导下行聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥经皮椎体后凸成形治疗,对比治疗前后患者疼痛评分及影像学检测结果。 结果与结论：所有手术顺利完成,无严重并发症发生。随访3个月后,椎体前、中缘平均高度及Cobb 角均较治疗前改善(P < 0.05),且疼痛目测类比评分较治疗前明显降低(P < 0.01)。表明聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥经皮椎体后凸成形治疗骨质疏松性压缩骨折安全性高,可缓解患者疼痛,有效改善患者生活质量。     

经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的初步探讨应用球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的临床疗效。方法应用球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者24例28个椎体，并随访4～11个月，平均8个月。结果所有患者手术均获成功，无脊髓神经损伤，病椎疼痛缓解，后凸畸形平均矫正20°，随访期间，疗效满意，无病椎高度丢失。结论应用经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折能明显改善患者疼痛症状，恢复椎体高度，矫正后凸畸形，是一种安全的微创方法。     

“支柱块”置入与球囊扩张椎体后凸成形治疗老年胸腰椎压缩骨折

背景：“支柱块”置入与球囊扩张椎体成形均可以克服传统后路钉棒系统复位后“空壳样”椎体这一缺点,弥补传统椎弓根钉棒系统固定治疗的不足,并对伤椎本身畸形有不同程度的矫正作用,恢复其承载能力及维持其稳定性。但二者疗效那个更好呢？ 目的：比较“支柱块”置入与球囊扩张椎体成形术治疗老年胸腰椎骨质压缩骨折的疗效。 方法：老年胸腰椎骨质压缩骨折分别采用“支柱块”植入治疗18例,球囊扩张椎体成形治疗76例,对手术时间、失血量、24 h目测类比评分、7 d目测类比评分、伤椎前缘高度、Cobb角等指标进行对比分析。 结果与结论：“支柱块”置入治疗18例,球囊扩张椎体成形治疗76例患者经皮穿刺均获成功。”支柱块”置入后患者疼痛目测类比评分、Cobb角显著减少,椎体前缘高度明显增加,与置换前比较差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。“支柱块”置入与球囊扩张组比较手术时间稍长、失血量稍多、24 h目测类比评分高,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05),而伤椎前缘高度、7 d目测类比评分比较,差异无显著性意义 (P >0.05)。“支柱块”置入未出现不良反应,椎体成形组有骨水泥渗漏现象但均无神经症状。说明“支柱块”置入和经皮椎体后凸成形治疗胸腰椎压缩骨折均具有手术方法简单、手术时间短、术中出血少、能改善椎体高度,缓解疼痛等优点,是治疗胸腰椎压缩骨折安全有效的方法。     

骨密度测量与胸腰椎压缩骨折植入物治疗方式的选择

背景：经皮椎体后凸成形治疗中聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯附着在骨折断端,尽管起到了即刻固定骨折的作用,但也妨碍了纤维组织再生及新骨的形成,从长远角度来说是不利于非骨质疏松骨折愈合。 目的：分析骨密度测定对中老年胸腰椎压缩骨折手术方式及植入物选择的指导意义。 方法：选择单节段胸腰椎压缩骨折患者,根据腰椎L2~4骨密度值测定结果分为骨质疏松组和非骨质疏松组。骨质疏松组行球囊扩张椎体后凸成形治疗,非骨质疏松组行椎弓根钉置入复位内固定治疗。 结果与结论：骨质疏松组3例术中发生骨水泥椎旁渗漏,非骨质疏松组1例患者出现伤口感染。治疗后随访20~28个月,骨质疏松组2例发生邻近椎体骨折,非骨质疏松组内固定物取出后未出现椎体高度丢失、局部后凸角度增大等情况。骨质疏松组手术时间、出血量及术后3 d 目测类比疼痛评分低于非骨质疏松组(P < 0.05);两组椎体高度和局部后凸角较治疗前恢复显著(P < 0.05),非骨质疏松组较骨质疏松组更明显(P < 0.05)。表明经皮椎体后凸成形及椎弓根螺钉置入复位内固定均是中老年胸腰椎椎体压缩骨折的理想治疗方法,应根据患者骨质疏松程度采取针对性的治疗方法和植入物,疗效会更加显著。     

椎体成形术治疗老年性骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折疗效观察

目的观察经皮椎体成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的临床疗效。方法采用经皮椎体成形术和经球囊扩张椎体成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折86例,观察并分析其临床效果。结果在所治疗的86例病例中,在术后6-48小时内均有腰背部疼痛的缓解,有12例13椎出现骨水泥渗漏,所有患者均无脊髓、神经根损伤及静脉栓塞、肺栓塞等并发症的产生。随访2-8个月,均未发现有新的骨折形成。结论椎体成形术对老年性骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折有良好的治疗效果。骨水泥渗漏是其主要并发症。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.