双气囊小肠镜与胶囊内镜在小肠出血应用中的对比研究

目的比较双气囊小肠镜与胶囊内镜在小肠出血中的病变检出率、病因诊断率、耐受性和安全性,初步探讨双气囊小肠镜对小肠出血的内镜下治疗。方法2006年4月至2009年10月烟台毓璜顶医院消化内科收治的可疑小肠出血患者159例,其中81例患者行双气囊小肠镜检查,首选进镜方式分为经口或经肛2种,首选方式检查后未发现病灶者,日后改换进镜方式再行检查。对活动性出血病灶行内镜下止血治疗。另78例患者行胶囊内镜检查。两组患者分别由专门医师独立操作并诊断,最后进行汇总分析,对比双气囊小肠镜与胶囊内镜的临床应用价值。结果双气囊小肠镜组的病变检出率为95.06%,病因诊断率为82.72%,23例检查时见病变活动性出血,行内镜下止血治疗,21例止血成功,内镜止血成功率为91.30%;胶囊内镜组的病变检出率82.05%,病因诊断率为66.67%。双气囊小肠镜组的病因检出率及病因诊断率均显著高于胶囊内镜组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在耐受性方面,胶囊内镜的耐受性最好,双气囊小肠镜的耐受性依次为:全麻下经肛进镜、全麻下经口进镜、非麻醉经肛进镜、非麻醉经口进镜。所有患者均未发生严重并发症。结论双气囊小肠镜对小肠出血的病因诊断明显优于胶囊内镜,并且可行内镜下止血治疗,是一项安全、有效的临床诊疗方法。     

双气囊小肠镜与胶囊内镜诊断小肠出血病因比较

目的比较双气囊小肠镜和胶囊内镜在小肠出血中的诊断准确率和实用价值。方法24例原因不明的可疑小肠出血患者分别接受双气囊小肠镜和胶囊内镜检查。双气囊小肠镜首选进镜方式分为经口或经肛2种，首选方式检查后未发现病灶者，日后改换进镜方式再行检查。胶囊内镜采用以色列GIVEN公司产品。2种检查方法分别由专门医师独立操作并诊断，最后进行汇总比较。结果24例患者中21例通过小肠镜检查发现病灶，总检出率为87．5％。24例患者行胶囊内镜检查后，有阳性发现者11例(45．8％)，另13例无异常发现。双气囊小肠镜检查发现的阳性病灶均经活检病理和手术探查证实，其病因诊断准确率为87．5％，胶囊内镜诊断准确率为25％。在耐受性评估方面，胶囊内镜和全麻下经口进镜的耐受性最佳，以后依次为非麻醉经肛方式和非麻醉经口方式。所有小肠镜和胶囊内镜检查者中未见操作相关的严重不良反应。结论①经口和经肛方式结合能使双气囊小肠镜完成对全小肠的检查。②双气囊小肠镜在不明原因小肠出血的病因诊断方面明显优于胶囊内镜检查。③胶囊内镜在小肠多节段病变和长段病变的诊断上仍有一定价值。④胶囊内镜和全麻下经口双气囊小肠镜检查是一项易为患者接受的、安全的检查方法。     

双气囊小肠镜与胶囊内镜对不明原因消化道出血诊断价值的研究

目的 比较双气囊小肠镜与胶囊内镜对不明原因消化道出血检出率、诊断率和实用价值.方法 对2006年10月至2007年10月第三军医大学新桥医院收治的不明原因消化道出血73例患者行双气囊小肠镜检查,经口腔或肛门进镜检查未发现病灶者,改换进镜方式再行检查.另66例行胶囊内镜检查.对比两种检查方式的临床效果.结果 双气囊小肠镜组检出率为94.5%,诊断率为80.8%;胶囊内镜组检出率81.8%、诊断率为50.0%.两组患者均能耐受检查.结论 双气囊小肠镜组的检出率及诊断率均显著高于胶囊内镜组.而胶囊内镜检查更为简便易行.     

双气囊小肠镜在原因不明的慢性腹痛诊断中的价值

目的比较双气囊小肠镜和胶囊内镜对原因不明的慢性腹痛患者的病变检出情况,评价双气囊小肠镜对原因不明的慢性腹痛的诊断价值,探讨小肠疾病导致慢性腹痛的常见病因。方法将46例经胃镜、结肠镜、钡餐等检查结果阴性的慢性腹痛患者行双气囊小肠镜检查,首选进镜方式为经口和经肛2种,首选方式检查后未发现病灶者,改换进镜方式再行检查。另70例患者行胶囊内镜检查。两组患者的相关检查分别由专门医师独立操作并诊断,最后进行汇总分析。结果双气囊小肠镜组46例患者中,15例经口进镜,22例经肛门进镜,9例行口-肛门进镜。通过双气囊小肠镜检查发现病灶28例,小肠病变检出率60.87%;胶囊内镜组70例患者中,29例发现小肠病变,小肠病变检出率为41.43%;双气囊小肠镜的病变检出率明显高于胶囊内镜,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。双气囊小肠镜组和胶囊内镜组检出病变中,以克罗恩病最为常见（分别为9例和8例）,其次为非特异性肠炎。结合小肠镜检查结果、手术及临床上药物治疗效果,双气囊小肠镜组诊断疾病的准确率为82.14%（23/28）。其中除1例患者发生急性胰腺炎外,其余患者均未见严重的不良反应及出血、穿孔等严重的并发症。结论双气囊小肠镜对小肠病变所致的慢性腹痛阳性病变检出率高于胶囊内镜,诊断准确率较高,是一种安全可靠的检查手段;导致慢性腹痛的小肠疾病最常见病因为克罗恩病,其次为非特异性肠炎。     

34例不明原因疑小肠出血的病因诊断--推进式双气囊小肠镜与小肠钡灌检查对比研究

背景:不明原因小肠出血的病因诊断较为困难,不同检查手段的临床实用价值有待进一步探讨.目的:通过对不明原因疑小肠出血患者分别行推进式双气囊小肠镜和小肠钡灌检查,比较两者对小肠出血的病变检出率、病因诊断准确率和临床实用价值.方法:34例不明原因疑小肠出血患者分别接受推进式双气囊小肠镜和小肠钡灌检查.推进式双气囊小肠镜检查的进镜方式分为经口腔和经肛门两种,以首选进镜方式检查后未发现病灶者,择期改换进镜方式再行检查.小肠钡灌检查采用插管式稀钡灌注法.两项检查分别由消化科和放射科医师独立操作并诊断,最后进行汇总分析.结果:在34例行推进式双气囊小肠镜检查的患者中,首选从口腔进镜者22例,其中14例(63.6%)检出病灶;8例未发现病灶者择期再从肛门进镜检查,6例检出病灶.12例首选从肛门进镜者中8例(66.7%)检出病灶;4例择期再从口腔进镜检查,3例检出病灶.推进式双气囊小肠镜检查的病变整体检出率为91.2%(31/34);小肠钡灌检查的病变整体检出率为50.0%(17/34).推进式双气囊小肠镜检查发现的阳性病灶均经活检病理检查、手术探查以及临床治疗和随访结果证实,病因诊断准确率为100%(31/31);小肠钡灌检查的病因诊断准确率为48.4%(15/31).全麻下经口腔进镜推进式双气囊小肠镜检查的患者耐受性最佳,其后依次为非麻醉经肛门进镜、非麻醉经口腔进镜和小肠钡灌检查.所有受检者均未发生严重操作相关并发症.结论:经口腔和经肛门进镜方式结合能使推进式双气囊小肠镜完成对全小肠的检查,其在不明原因小肠出血的病因诊断方面明显优于小肠钡灌检查.小肠钡灌对肠腔狭窄和小肠肿瘤仍是一项较有价值的检查方法,同时可作为选择后续检查方法的筛选性手段.全麻下经口腔进镜推进式双气囊小肠镜检查是一项安全、易为患者接受、病变检出率和病因诊断准确率均较高的小肠疾病检查方法.     

双气囊小肠镜在诊断小肠克罗恩病中的价值

目的 探讨双气囊小肠镜在诊断小肠克罗恩病中的价值.方法 对65例临床怀疑小肠克罗恩病的患者进行检查,并与先前进行的插管法小肠钡灌肠和胶囊内镜检查结果进行对比分析.结果 65例患者行双气囊小肠镜检查诊断为小肠克罗恩病58例,并经病理和临床随访确诊.其中45例患者首选从肛门进镜行小肠镜检查,确认克罗恩病34例（75.6%）,另11例后从口腔进镜,发现病变者8例（72.7%）;20例首选经口进镜,检出克罗恩病11例（55%）,另9例患者日后经肛进镜检查中检出5例（55.6%）.先前进行的46例小肠钡灌肠检查中,24例诊断或疑似小肠克罗恩病,诊断率为52.2%,与小肠镜结果比较,符合小肠克罗恩病诊断例数为18例,诊断正确率为75%（18/24）.22例胶囊内镜检查者中,14例诊断或疑似小肠克罗恩病,诊断率为63.6%,最终经双气囊小肠镜确诊的病例数为11例,诊断准确率为78.6%（11/14）.结论 经口和经肛方式结合能使双气囊小肠镜完成对全小肠的检查;双气囊小肠镜是小肠克罗恩病诊断的较为理想的方法,并能对病变范围和严重程度作出正确判断,插管法小肠钡灌肠是一项决定小肠镜进镜方式选择上有价值的筛选性手段.     

胶囊内镜指导双气囊内镜进镜方式的临床研究

目的评估小肠疾病诊治中胶囊内镜（CE）对双气囊内镜（DBE）进镜方式的预测作用。方法将CE完成全小肠检查且其诊断经DBE证实者纳入研究。CE检出病灶的部位以时间指数（胶囊从幽门至病灶的通过时间占胶囊从幽门至回盲瓣通过时间的比例）表示,根据以往回顾性分析的结果采用0．6作为时间指数的临界值,时间指数不超过0．6时选择经口DBE检查,反之选择经肛检查。对最终结果进行统计学分析,评估根据病灶部位cE时间指数选择DBE进镜方式的准确性。结果最终共60例患者CE完成全小肠检查且其诊断经DBE证实而纳入研究。共行60例次DBE检查,包括41例经口和19例经肛检查,所有患者CE检出病灶均经首次DBE检查证实。对所得结果进行统计显示,根据cE时间指数临界值0．6,本组患者DBE进镜方式选择的准确性为100％。结论DBE是一项有效地证实CE诊断的方法,在cE完成全小肠检查者中根据CE时间指数能够准确判断DBE的进镜方式。     

小肠肿瘤诊断:双气囊小肠镜与其他检查手段的对比研究

目的比较双气囊小肠镜与小肠稀钡灌注和胶囊内镜检查在小肠肿瘤诊断中的诊断率和准确率。方法对59例临床怀疑小肠肿瘤患者行双气囊小肠镜检查。其中有34例和17例患者分别同期行插管法小肠稀钡灌注或胶囊内镜检查。检查分别由专职医师独立操作并诊断，最后进行汇总比较。结果34例小肠稀钡灌注检查者中，19例诊断为小肠肿瘤或怀疑小肠肿瘤，诊断率为55．9％，最终经双气囊小肠镜确诊为12例，诊断准确率为63．2％（12／19例）；在15例小肠稀钡灌注阴性者中，双气囊小肠镜发现肿瘤3例。17例胶囊内镜检查者中，8例检查结果为小肠肿瘤或怀疑小肠肿瘤，诊断率为47．1％，最终经双气囊小肠镜确诊为4例，诊断准确率为4／8例；在9例胶囊内镜阴性者中，双气囊小肠镜发现小肠肿瘤2例。59例患者中，经一侧进镜检查后（经口或经肛）发现小肠肿瘤36例，完成双侧检查后发现肿瘤16例。7例患者在双侧检查后未发现任何病变。双气囊小肠镜对小肠肿瘤的检出率为88．1％，并经病理和临床随访确诊。上述三项检查中未见明显的与操作相关的并发症。结论双气囊小肠镜在小肠肿瘤诊断率及准确率方面明显优于小肠稀钡灌注和胶囊内镜检查。     

双气囊电子小肠镜在小肠狭窄诊断中的作用

目的:比较双气囊电子小肠镜及小肠钡灌检查在疑有小肠狭窄患者中病变的检出率和诊断率,评价双气囊电子小肠镜在小肠狭窄诊断中的价值及安全性.方法:疑患小肠疾病患者76例,行双气囊电子小肠镜检查,分别经口或经肛进镜,对未检出病灶者建议择期改换进镜方式再行检查;其中疑小肠狭窄患者13例均行小肠钡灌检查.比较2种检查方法在疑小肠狭窄患者中病变的检出率、诊断率.结果:疑有小肠狭窄患者13例中有8例经口、3例经肛、2例分别经口和经肛行双气囊电子小肠镜检查,检查所用平均时间74(55-120)min,小肠狭窄病变检出率为84.6%(11/13),其中小肠肿瘤6例,克罗恩病3例,炎性狭窄2例.检出病变中双气囊电子小肠镜诊断率为69.2%(9/13),所有患者均未发生严重不良反应和并发症.疑小肠狭窄患者小肠钡灌检查的病变检出率为53.8%(7/13),其中小肠肿瘤3例,克罗恩病2例,炎性狭窄2例.在小肠钡灌检查未发现异常的6例病变中有4例在双气囊电子小肠镜检查中发现病变;3例未能正确诊断的病例在双气囊电子小肠镜检查中均得到正确诊断.双气囊电子小肠镜在小肠狭窄中的病变检出率和诊断率均明显高于小肠钡灌检查,二者均有显著差异(P<0.05).结论:双气囊电子小肠镜对小肠狭窄有较高的病变检出率和诊断率,无严重不良反应和并发症,可作为首选检查方法.     

临床症状对双气囊小肠镜进镜方式选择的指导

目的:评价患者主要临床症状对双气囊小肠镜进镜方式选择的价值.方法:对120例疑有小肠疾病的患者进行双气囊小肠镜检查. 49例首选经口进镜, 38例首选经肛进镜, 33例接受双侧检查.结果:检查阳性率62.5%. 以黑便为主要表现者34例, 首选从口进镜15例, 检出病灶13例(86.7%);首选肛侧进镜9例, 检出4例(44.4%);双侧进镜10例, 检出9例(90%). 以暗红色血便为首要表现者, 肛侧进镜8例均发现病灶(100%);双侧进镜5例均检出病灶(100%);4例经口进镜, 2例发现病灶(50%). 21例以呕吐为首要表现的患者, 15例首选口腔进镜均检出病灶(100%);4例双侧进镜检出病灶(100%). 上腹痛患者, 口侧、肛侧、双侧进镜检出率分别为30%、0%、42.9%;下腹痛检出率分别为0%、33.3%、40%. 9例慢性腹泻患者, 2例双侧进镜,检出率50%;5例肛侧进镜, 阳性率40%.结论:患者的首要临床症状可以帮助选择合适的初次检查方式, 尤其是不明原因的消化系出血及呕吐者. 对接检查可提高诊断率.     

Push-and-pull enteroscopy using the double-balloon technique (double-balloon enteroscopy) for the diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum in adult patients with GI bleeding of obscure origin

BACKGROUND: Meckel's diverticulum (MD) occurs in 2-3% of the population. Although the clinical, histopathologic, and radiologic features of the complications of MD are well known, the diagnosis may be difficult before surgery. CASE REPORT: Three patients (age 22-34 yr, two women) presenting with gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding of obscure origin underwent multiple endoscopic and radiologic tests including capsule endoscopy and Tc-99m pertechnetate scintigraphy before push-and-pull enteroscopy using a double-balloon technique (double-balloon enteroscopy). Double-balloon enteroscopy was performed in all three patients using oral and anal approaches to evaluate the entire intestine. In one case, MD was detected using the oral route; the diagnosis was confirmed using the anal approach. In two patients, the lumen of MD was disclosed using the anal route. No procedure-related complications occurred. Push-and-pull enteroscopy was the only nonsurgical procedure that provided a precise diagnosis. All patients underwent surgical resection of the diverticulum. In one case, ectopic gastric tissue was found histologically. No further bleeding occurred during follow-up (6-9 months). CONCLUSIONS: Keeping the low sensitivity of Tc-99m scintigraphy in the adult population in mind, double-balloon enteroscopy might be the modality of choice in young adult patients with acute recurrent GI bleeding of obscure origin and a suspected diagnosis of MD.     

Double-balloon endoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of small intestinal disease

Evaluation of the small bowel has long been hampered because of its long and multiple complex loop configurations. Yamamoto et al have developed a new method of inserting an endoscope, known as the double-balloon method of enteroscopy, the Fujinon double-balloon endoscopy system being specialised for this application. Two types of endoscope are currently available for this technique. The EN-450 P5 is a thin endoscope for regular use, whereas the EN-450 T5 is a therapeutic double-balloon endoscope with a larger accessory channel of 2.8mm in diameter. Double-balloon endoscopy enables visualisation of the entire small bowel and also allows for interventional therapy in the small intestine. This method can be used either from an oral or an anal insertion. Observation of an affected area with controlled movement of the endoscope enables interventions, including biopsies, haemostasis, balloon dilatation, stent placement, polypectomy and endoscopic mucosal resection, to be performed. In our large study series, it was demonstrated that double-balloon endoscopy permitted exploration of the small intestine with the high success rate of total enteroscopy. The procedure is safe and useful, and it provides high diagnostic yields and therapeutic capabilities.     

Double-balloon enteroscopy: a descriptive study of 50 explorations.

AIM: To evaluate the utility of double-balloon enteroscopy for small-bowel disease. DESIGN: A prospective study of 50 consecutive enteroscopies performed from December 2004 to July 2005 to analyze diagnoses and treatments. PATIENTS: 44 patients (33 had undergone a previous capsule endoscopy) with indications for obscure digestive hemorrhage, angiodysplasia, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, ulcer, suspected Crohn's disease, tumors, and refractory celiac disease. RESULTS: We carried out enteroscopy studies in 44 patients by the oral route and, in 6 additional patients, by both the oral and anal routes. We reached the ileon with the oral route in all cases but one (jejunal stenosis), and in 4 cases out of 7 with the anal route, with an average duration of 73 minutes. We found angiodysplasia in 19 cases, as well as NSAID-related enteropathy, Crohn's disease, diverticulosis, and Waldenstr?m's disease. We performed biopsies in 31% of cases with diagnoses of adenocarcinoma, lymphangiectasia secondary to tumor in celiac disease, and Whipple's disease. We treated 19 patients with angiodysplasia (1 to 20 synchronous lesions) with argon, and 4 patients with polyps using polipectomy (sporadic polyps or Peutz-Jeghers syndrome). A retained capsule in one patient with stenosis was removed. CONCLUSIONS: Double-balloon enteroscopy is a useful and effective technique in the diagnosis and treatment of small intestine diseases, thus complementing capsule endoscopy. More studies are needed to analyze its impact on the management of this condition.     

Diagnostic and therapeutic impact of double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) in a series of 100 patients with suspected small bowel diseases

BACKGROUND: Double-balloon enteroscopy is a newly developed endoscopic method allowing non-surgical full-length exploration of the small bowel, biopsies sample and endoscopic treatment of previously inaccessible lesions. AIM: To prospectively assess the diagnostic and therapeutical impact of double-balloon enteroscopy in patients with suspected or documented small bowel disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients referring to our centre for suspected small bowel disease underwent double-balloon enteroscopy. Starting insertion route (anal or oral) of double-balloon enteroscopy was chosen according to the estimated location of the suspected lesions basing on the clinical presentation and on the findings, when available, of previous endoscopic or radiological investigations. Major indications for the procedures were acute recurrent or chronic mid-gastrointestinal bleeding (n=71), suspected gastrointestinal tumours (n=10), suspected Crohn's disease (n=6), chronic abdominal pain and/or chronic diarrhoea (n=8), refractory celiac disease (n=5). RESULTS: One hundred and eighteen double-balloon enteroscopy procedures were carried out. Oral and anal route double-balloon enteroscopies were performed in 54 and 28 patients, respectively, while 18 patients underwent a combination of both approaches. Overall diagnostic yield of double-balloon enteroscopy resulted 69%. Most common pathological findings included angiodysplasias (n=39), ulcerations and erosions of various aetiologies (n=21), tumours (n=7) and ileal stenosis in patients with Crohn's disease suspicion (n=2). In the 65% of the patients examined, double-balloon enteroscopy findings influenced the subsequent clinical management (endoscopic, medical or surgical treatment). No major complications related to the procedure occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Our prospective analysis shows that double-balloon enteroscopy is a useful, safe and well-tolerated new method with a high diagnostic and therapeutic impact for the management of suspected or documented small bowel diseases.     

Treatment of small-bowel diaphragm disease by using double-balloon enteroscopy

BACKGROUND: Double-balloon enteroscopy is a new technique that allows endoscopic therapy throughout the entire length of the small bowel. Diaphragm disease, characterized by thin septa that narrow the small-bowel lumen, is traditionally treated surgically by segmental resection. OBJECTIVE: To report successful endoscopic treatment of diaphragm disease by double-balloon enteroscopy. PATIENTS: Three patients. DESIGN: Case report. INTERVENTIONS: Double-balloon enteroscopy and stricture balloon dilation. RESULTS: We report, for the first time, 3 cases in which diaphragm strictures were successfully treated during double-balloon enteroscopy. In 2 cases, a retained capsule endoscope was removed by the retrograde approach after stricture dilation. LIMITATIONS: Small number of patients and brief length of patient follow up. CONCLUSION: Double-balloon enteroscopy may be used to treat patients with diaphragm disease, thus avoiding potentially complicated surgery.     

Device-assisted enteroscopy: A review of available techniques and upcoming new technologies

The advent of video capsule endoscopy into clinical routine more than 15 years ago led to a substantial change in the diagnostic approach to patients with suspected small bowel diseases, often indicating a deep enteroscopy procedure for diagnostical confirmation or endoscopic treatment. Device assisted enteroscopy was developed in 2001 and for the first time established a practicable, safe and effective method for evaluation of the small bowel.Currently with double-balloon enteroscopy, single-balloon enteroscopy and spiral enteroscopy three different platforms are available in clinical routine.Summarizing, double-balloon enteroscopy seems to offer the deepest insertion depth to the small bowel going hand in hand with the disadvantage of a longer procedural duration. Manual spiral enteroscopy seems to be a faster procedure but without reaching the depth of the DBE in currently available data. Finally,single-balloon enteroscopy seems to be the least complicated procedure to perform. Despite substantial improvements in the field of direct enteroscopy,even nowadays deep endoscopic access to the small bowel with all available methods is still a complex procedure, cumbersome and time-consuming and requires high endoscopic skills. This review will give an overview of the currently available techniques and will further discuss the role of the upcoming new technology of the motorized spiral enteroscopy(PowerSpiral).     

Enteroscopy

Wireless capsule endoscopy and double-balloon endoscopy are new methods of enteroscopy that have been introduced in recent years. Wireless capsule endoscopy is an epoch-making examination method that makes possible an endoscopic imaging examination of the entire small intestine without discomfort and without confining patients to a medical facility. Although it is expected to be useful as an initial examination for finding diseases of the small intestine, it cannot be used for biopsy or treatment. One risk associated with the capsule endoscopy technique is entrapment by strictures. Double-balloon endoscopy is based on a new insertion technique in which two balloons, one at the distal end of the endoscope and the other at the distal end of an overtube, are operated in combination, and the endoscope is inserted while simultaneously shortening the intestine. It can be inserted through either the mouth or the anus, allowing the observation of the entire gastrointestinal tract. It features excellent maneuverability even in the distal small intestine, and enables back-and-forth observation, biopsy, and endoscopic treatment at any given site. These two new enteroscopy techniques are expected to lead to innovations in how diseases of the small intestine are approached.