Tissue-type plasminogen activator and its inhibitor in human glomerulonephritis.

We carried out an immunohistochemical study of tissue-type plasminogen activator (PA) and urokinase-type PA, and their inhibitors, PA inhibitor-1 and PA inhibitor-2, using renal biopsy specimens obtained from 86 patients with various forms of glomerulonephritis. The controls were four normal renal tissue specimens. On immunofluorescent observation, granular staining for tissue-type PA was found to be distributed along the glomerular capillary walls. The fluorescence was weak in the normal renal tissue and occasionally intense in the tissues of patients with IgA nephritis, minimal change nephrotic syndrome, and lupus nephritis. PA inhibitor-1 was abundant in the glomerular epithelial cells and scarce in the mesangial area and glomerular capillary lumens of the normal renal tissues. This was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy using gold staining. The fluorescence of PA inhibitor-1 was weaker in some specimens of nephritic tissues than in the normal renal tissues. Urokinase-type PA and PA inhibitor-2 were negative within the glomeruli in all the specimens. In the glomerulonephritic tissues which were fibrin deposition-positive, tissue-type PA expression in the glomeruli tended to be strong. An association between fibrin deposition and PA inhibitor-1 staining was not clear. These data suggest that expression of tissue-type PA in the glomeruli increases in association with fibrin deposition.     

脂肪酸对人血管内皮细胞纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1表达的影响

为探讨不同种类脂肪酸对血管内皮细胞(ECs)纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI-1)表达的直接影响及影响水平，以不同浓度的亚麻酸、亚油酸、油酸、硬脂酸诱导培养ECs，逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)和酶联免疫吸附法。（ELISA)检测PAI-1的mRNA和蛋白表达，随后以上述脂肪酸诱导转染了由PAI-1启动子控制表达的报告基因的ECs，ELISA检测PAI-1启动子转录活性，结果ECs中亚麻酸、亚油酸和油酸均浓度依赖地诱导PAI-1 mRNA和蛋白表达，硬脂酸无影响，而它们对PAI-1启动子转录活性的影响与上述作用一致，提示不饱和脂肪酸通过提高PAI-1转录活性诱导其在ECs的表达。     

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体及可溶性尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体与炎症相关的研究进展

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体（urokinase plasminogen activator receptor,uPAR）与尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物（urokinase plasminogen activator,uPA）同为纤溶酶原激活系统的主要成员,是一种协调多种信号转导途径的多功能分子,可溶性尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体（soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor,suPAR）是其可溶形式。除凝血-纤溶以外,uPAR参与了肿瘤侵袭及炎症等多种疾病过程,而suPAR可能是一种良好的炎性标志物。本文就uPAR及suPAR在炎症中的作用进行简要综述。     

Localization of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 production in inflamed appendix by in situ mRNA hybridization

The peritoneum has been shown to possess fibrinolytic activity which is thought to play a role in the prevention of intra-abdominal adhesion formation. Recently inflamed peritoneal tissue has been shown to have reduced fibrinolytic activity secondary to increased levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). The aim of this study was to localize the production of PAI-1 in appendix tissue using in situ mRNA hybridization. Sections of normal and inflamed appendix were hybridized with a digoxigenin-labelled cDNA probe. PAI-1 production was localized to both mcsothelium and serosal blood vessel endothelium in all inflamed appendix samples. Cell identities were confirmed using immunohistochemistry directed against mesothelial and endothlial cell markers. Staining was not seen on sections of normal appendix or on negative control slides of inflamed appendix (hybridization with plasmid DNA, PAI-1 probe following ribonuclease digestion). The identification of the cells expressing the PAI-1 gene in peritoneum increases our understanding of the pathophysiological changes in fibrinolytic activity which occur in inflammation and may lead to adhesion formation.     

Endocrinology and Paracrinology: Hormonal regulation of tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in cultured monkey Sertoli cells

Sertoli cells play a central role in the control and maintenanceof spermatogenesis. Isolated Sertoli cells of mouse and rattestes have been shown to secrete plasminogen activator (PA)and a plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) in culture.In this study, we have investigated the hormonal regulationof PA and PAI-1 activities in cultured monkey Sertoli cells.Sertoli cells (5x105 cells/well) isolated from infant rhesusmonkey testes were preincubated at 35°C for 16 h in 24-wellplates precoated with poly(D-lysine) (5 µg/cm²) in 0.5ml McCoy's 5a medium containing 5% of fetal calf serum and furtherincubated for 48 h in 0.5 ml serum-free medium with or withoutvarious hormones or other compounds. PA as well as PAI-1 activitiesin the conditioned media were assayed by fibrin overlay andreverse fibrin autography techniques respectively. The Sertolicells in vitro secreted only tissue-type PA (tPA), no detectableamount of urokinase-type PA (uPA) could be observed. MonkeySertoli cells were also capable of secreting PAI-1. Immunocytochemicalstudies indicated that both tPA and PAI-1 positive staininglocalized in the Sertoli cells, spermatids and residual bodiesof the seminiferous epithelium; Northern blot analysis furtherconfirmed the presence of both tPA and PAI-1 mRNA in monkeySertoli cells. Addition of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)or cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) derivatives or cAMP-generatingagents and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist orphorbol ester (PMA) to the cell culture significantly increasedtPA activity. PAI-1 activity in the culture was also enhancedby these reagents except 8-bromo-dibutyryl-cAMP, forskolin and3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthin (MIX) which greatly stimulated tPAactivity, whereas decreased PAI-1 activity, implying that neutralizationof PAI-1 activity by the high level of tPA in the conditionedmedia may occur. These data suggest that increased intracellularsignals which activate protein kinase A (PKA), or protein kinaseC (PKC) can modulate Sertoli cell tPA and PAI-1 activities.The concomitant induction of PA and PAI-1 by the same reagentsin the Sertoli cells may reflect a finely tuned regulatory mechanismin which PAI-1 could limit the excession of the proteolysis.     

人脑星形细胞瘤纤溶酶原激活抑制因子1基因表达研究

目的研究人脑星形细胞瘤纤溶酶原激活抑制因子１（ＰＡＩ１）基因表达及其临床意义。方法采用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交和免疫组化ＡＢＣ方法检测３６例人脑星形细胞瘤ＰＡＩ１ｍＲＮＡ和蛋白表达，分析其与临床病理因素之间的关系。结果所有星形细胞瘤组织均可表达３．０ｋｂ和２．２ｋｂ的ＰＡＩ１ｍＲＮＡ转录物；高分级星形细胞瘤ＰＡＩ１ｍＲＮＡ表达水平显著高于低分级星形细胞瘤（Ｐ＜００１）；正常脑组织未检测出ＰＡＩ１ｍＲＮＡ表达。ＰＡＩ１ｍＲＮＡ表达水平与星形细胞瘤的坏死（ｒ＝０．５１，Ｐ＜０．０１）、微血管数（ｒ＝０．３３，Ｐ＜０．０１）及脑水肿（ｒ＝０．２７，Ｐ＜０．０１）呈显著正相关，与患者性别、年龄及瘤体大小无显著相关性。免疫组化染色显示，ＰＡＩ１蛋白主要分布在高分级星形细胞瘤的瘤细胞和内皮细胞，尤以血管增殖部位和坏死灶周围较为显著，低分级星形细胞瘤呈低水平表达。结论ＰＡＩ１基因表达与人脑星形细胞瘤的分级、坏死、血管生成及脑水肿密切相关，可作为星形细胞瘤恶性程度的分子标记。     

mmLDL对人脐静脉内皮细胞PAI-1表达的影响及其转录调控机制

目的:探讨弱氧化修饰低密度脂蛋白(mmLDL)对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)PAI-1活性和mRNA表达的影响及其转录调控机制。方法:人脐静脉内皮细胞的培养和鉴定。用发色底物法测定PAI-1活性。Northern印迹分析法检测PAI-1mRNA的水平。采用基因重组技术构建含不同长度PAI-1 5'上游序列的荧光素酶报告基因质粒, 瞬时转染进入内皮细胞, 并检测荧光素酶的表达情况。 利用PCR和测序技术, 对构建质粒上AP-1元件进行定点突变。Western blot印迹杂交检测内皮细胞核内激活蛋白-1(AP-1)蛋白水平。结果:50 mg/L mmLDL诱导HUVECs PAI-1活性和mRNA表达量明显增高, 同时提高核内AP-1蛋白水平。mmLDL显著诱导构建质粒pGL3-PAI-1-1509/+90和pGL3-PAI-1-823/+90的荧光素酶活性, 但对质粒pGL3-PAI-1-553/+90和pGL3-PAI-1-47/+90诱导作用不明显。当PAI-1 5'上游序列的3个AP-1元件突变后, mmLDL的诱导作用明显降低。结论:(1)mmLDL增强血管内皮细胞 PAI-1活性与mRNA表达;(2)PAI-1活性提高与其mRNA表达增加呈正相关;(3) PAI－1 5'上游序列中3个AP-1元件在mmLDL对PAI－1诱导中具有重要调控作用。     

纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物-1基因启动子区-6754G/5G多态性与中国人冠心病的关联研究

目的　研究纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物 - 1(plasminogen activator inhibitor- 1,PAI- 1)基因启动子区 - 6 75 4 G/ 5 G多态性与中国人冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病 (coronary heartdisease,CHD,简称冠心病 )发病的关系。方法　应用聚合酶链反应 -限制性片段长度多态性分析 ,对 12 1名健康人和 12 6例冠心病患者(其中急性心肌梗塞 4 7例 ,陈旧性心肌梗塞 39例 ,心绞痛 4 0例 )进行了 PAI- 1基因 4 G/ 5 G多态性分析。结果　 PAI- 1基因 4 G等位基因频率冠心病组 (0 .6 0 )显著高于正常对照组 (0 .4 8) (χ2 =7.6 3,P<0 .0 1) ;4 G/4 G基因型基因频率冠心病组 (0 .397)显著高于正常对照组 (0 .190 ) (χ2 =12 .6 7,P<0 .0 1) ,与 5 G/ 5 G基因型相比 ,对冠心病的比数比 (odds ratio,OR)为 2 .5 4 ,95 %的可信区间 (confidence interval,CI) :1.2 2～ 5 .2 7(P<0 .0 5 ) ,差异有显著性 ,而 4 G/ 5 G基因型对冠心病的 OR为 1.2 8,95 % CI:1.4 5～ 2 .38(P>0 .0 5 ) ,差异无显著性。结论　PAI- 1基因 4 G/ 4 G基因型与中国汉族人冠心病的发病有关联 ,4 G/ 4 G基因型个体易发生冠心病     

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in gastric cancer: tissue expression and prognostic role

The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (UPA) and its inhibitor PAI-1 are thought to play an important part in gastric cancer (GC) invasion and metastasis. Little is known about the behavior and prognostic impact of the receptor for UPA (UPAR). The aims of the present study were: (1) to measure UPAR, UPA and PAI-1 levels in GC and in non-malignant tissue distant from the tumor (NORM); (2) to evaluate their relationship with histomorphological parameters; and (3) to determine their prognostic value. UPAR, UPA and PAI-1 levels were determined by ELISA in GC and NORM samples from 20 patients with GC undergoing surgery. The GC was also examined in terms of the presence (n=10) or absence (n=10) of metastasis, differentiation (five differentiated, 15 undifferentiated) and histotype. Survival was analysed using life table analysis. UPAR, UPA and PAI-1 were significantly higher in GC vs NORM, in the presence of metastasis (UPAR, UPA) and in undifferentiated GC (UPAR, PAI-1). UPAR significantly correlated with UPA and PAI-1. Low levels of UPAR (P=0.04), UPA (P=0.007) and PAI-1 (P=0.02) were associated with a better survival. Our results demonstrate a sharp increase in UPAR in GC and suggest a prognostic role for it. The concomitant activation of UPAR, UPA and PAI-1 in GC confirm the important role of the plasminogen activator system in the process of invasion and metastasis.     

Elevated tissue type plasminogen activator in human granulosa cells correlates with fertilizing capacity

An increased production of plasminogen activators, able to convertplasminogen into plasmin, has been found in experiments in vivoon rat ovarian granulom cells at the time of ovulation, indicatingan involvement in follicular rupture. The graoulosa cells of49 follicles from 20 patients undergoing in-vitro fertilizationwere obtained by laparclscopy and tested for the content ofurokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), tissue-type plasminogenactivator (t-PA) and inhibitor of plasmhogen activator (PAI).In the respective follicular fluids the concentrations of oestradiol(E₂), progesterone (P) and testosterone (T) were determinedand the levels of these enzymes and of the follicular steroidcontent were related to the fertilizing behaviour of the respectiveoacytes. Follicles containing oocytes which could be fertilized,revealed significantly higher follicular fluid E₂ and P levelsand significantly lower T levels than follicles with unfertilizedoocytes. The respective granulosa cells of fertilized oocytesexhibited higher levels of t-PA compared to their unfertilizedcounterparts, whereas no significant difference occurred inthe levels of u-PA and PAI. These data suggest that successfulfertilization of human oocytes is associated with a high contentof t-PA in granulom cells and high E₂ and P levels in the follicularfluid.     

肝癌细胞株雌二醇与uPAR表达的关系

目的 观察人肝癌BEL-7402细胞株中雌二醇与uPAR表达的关系。方法 将肝癌BEL-7402细胞株培养于不同浓度雌二醇的培养液中，培养24h、48h及72h后收集各组细胞。通过免疫组化实验，检测各组细胞uPAR的表达。结果 雌二醇作用后的BEL-7402细胞uPAR表达的阳性率明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论 雌二醇可促进肝癌BEL-7402细胞株uPAR的表达。     

Expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and -2 in hepatocellular carcinoma

It has become more and more clear in recent decades that the plasminogen activation system, which includes urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 and PAI-2, plays a very important role in the aggressiveness of cancer. Using immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the expression of these four components of the uPA system was analyzed in 19 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 18 cases of the adjacent non-cancer tissues which all had chronic active hepatitis with liver fibrosis or liver cirrhosis. Four cases of normal liver tissues, as controls for immunohistochemical stains, were obtained from the hepatectomized liver of patients with metastatic cancer in the liver. The positive rates of uPA, uPAR, PAI-1 and PAI-2 for immunohistochemical stains in cancer tissues were 78.9, 68.4, 57.9 and 31.6%, respectively. Positive signals were mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of the cancer and in stromal cells. Moreover, the strong stains were chiefly located in the invasive front of the cancer cells. No specific stain was detected in four cases of normal liver tissues. In ELISA, there were significant differences between cancer and non-cancer tissues in concentration of uPA, uPAR and PAI-1 (P < 0.0003, 0.0024 and 0.01, respectively), but there was no significant difference in that of PAI-2 (P = 0.37). These results suggest that uPA, uPAR and PAI-1 are related to invasion of HCC.     

Expression of lymphotactin mRNA in experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis

Lymphotactin (LTN) is the sole member of C chemokine, the third subfamily of chemokines. LTN has been shown to be a chemoattractant specific for CD8⁺ cells and/or natural killer (NK) cells, and to be produced by CD8⁺ T cells, NK cells, and mast cells. However, there have been no reports describing its expression in clinical or experimental models of diseases so far. Since glomerular infiltration of CD8⁺ cells is prominent in an animal model of crescentic glomerulonephritis induced in WKY rats by an injection of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody, we investigated the gene expression of LTN in this model. LTN mRNA was not detected in normal glomeruli but was detected at 0.5 h after the antibody injection, which detection preceded the infiltration of CD8⁺ cells. The expression of LTN mRNA peaked on day 3 and decreased thereafter. We next studied the expression of LTN mRNA in cultured glomerular and vascular cells, and found that glomerular mesangial and vascular endothelial cells could express LTN mRNA when stimulated with IL-1β. These results indicate that the gene expression of LTN is enhanced in the animal model of glomerulonephritis and that intrinsic renal cells are the potential source of the gene expression of LTN in the kidney.     

Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in human crescentic glomerulonephritis

AIMS: In glomerulonephritis, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) may play important roles in the formation of crescents. These studies are designed to evaluate the expression patterns of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in human crescentic glomerulonephritis and to determine the cellular origin of adhesion molecules in the crescentic lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS: We examined the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 proteins in renal biopsies with cellular (n=7), fibrocellular (n=9) or fibrous (n=4) crescentic glomerulonephritis, and six controls by immunohistochemistry. mRNA expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 was further evaluated by RNA in-situ hybridization. Cytokeratin or CD68 immunohistochemistry was performed on the same sections, where in-situ hybridization had been carried out. In cellular crescents, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 proteins were over-expressed to a similar extent. Of the three types of crescents, the extent of ICAM-1 immunopositivity was the greatest in the cellular crescents and decreased towards the fibrous crescents (P < 0.05). Yet the extent of VCAM-1 immunoreactivity was not different between the types. Fibrous crescents still contained some epithelial cells and showed only VCAM-1 expression. In the glomeruli with cellular or fibrocellular crescents, the extent of ICAM-1 immunopositivity in the glomerular tufts was significantly larger than that of VCAM-1 (P < 0.05). In an in-situ hybridization study, the mRNA expression patterns of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 paralleled their protein expressions. A double-labelling study showed that the signal for ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNAs was mainly present in cytokeratin-positive and CD68-negative cells in the crescentic lesions. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that glomerular parietal epithelial cells in cellular crescents up-regulate both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and that some epithelial cells retained in fibrous crescents persistently over-express VCAM-1, but not ICAM-1. They also suggest that ICAM-1 is involved in early leucocyte recruitment into glomeruli in crescentic glomerulonephritis.     

不饱和脂肪酸影响HepG-2细胞PAI-1表达的机制初探

目的：探讨不饱和脂肪酸对HepG-2细胞纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI-1)表达的影响及其机制。方法： 以发色底物法检测PAI-1活性，RT-PCR法检测PAI-1 mRNA水平；构建两个含不同片段缺失的PAI-1启动子序列控制表达的氯霉素转移乙酰酶（CAT）报告基因质粒，转染HepG-2细胞，ELISA法检测CAT表达量。结果： 油酸、亚油酸诱导下HepG-2细胞PAI-1mRNA表达及蛋白活性显著高于对照组；共转染过氧化体增殖物激活型受体表达质粒（PPARα-pSG5）PAI-1转录活性显著增加；转染NF-κB样蛋白结合序列缺失的重组质粒，亚油酸诱导下PAI-1转录活性显著增加，而转染VLDL/脂肪酸反应元件缺失的重组质粒则无显著变化。结论： 不饱和脂肪酸增强HepG-2细胞PAI-1 mRNA表达及活性；PPARα可能是其上调PAI-1表达所涉及的转录因子之一，且VLDL/脂肪酸反应元件在该调控中具有重要作用，但可能并不涉及NF-κB信号转导途径。     

LPS促进HUVECs表达纤溶酶原激活物抑制物1

目的：观察LPS对脐静脉血管内皮细胞(HUVECs)表达组织纤溶酶原激活物(tPA)和纤溶酶原激活物抑制物1(PAI-1)的影响。 方法： 用生长良好的第2、3代HUVECs进行试验。用cell counting kit-8(CCK-8)测定LPS刺激后细胞活性变化；发色底物法测定LPS组和对照组培养液中tPA, PAI-1活性；RT-PCR检测细胞内tPA和PAI-1 mRNA水平。 结果： 与对照组相比，LPS(10 mg/L)对细胞活性没有明显差异。LPS诱导PAI-1活性在24-72 h显著升高(P<0.05),且显著上调PAI-1 mRNA，24 h达到峰值，以后渐降，72 h达到正常水平。而LPS组与对照组tPA活性与tPA mRNA无明显差异(P>0.05)。 结论： LPS(10 mg/L)可显著上调PAI-1 mRNA转录和分泌而不影响tPA mRNA，结果提示LPS可活化内皮细胞，诱发PAI-1 mRNA表达和蛋白分泌而抑制纤溶系统，这有利于微血栓的形成、血栓稳定,血液凝固和DIC发生。     

Protein C inhibitor (plasminogen activator inhibitor-3) expression in the CWR22 prostate cancer xenograft

The serine protease inhibitor (serpin) protein C inhibitor (PCI) has been found in the prostate and possibly is a marker to distinguish normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and prostate cancer. In this study, we assessed PCI expression in normal, hyperplastic, and malignant prostatic tissues, prostate cancer cell lines, and the CWR22 prostate cancer xenograft model that allowed us to study PCI expression and its regulation in response to androgens. By Northern blot, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization, we found that PCI was expressed in both benign and malignant prostate tissues. Protein C inhibitor was expressed in both androgen-independent (PC-3) and androgen-dependent (LNCaP) prostate cancer cell lines. Furthermore, PCI was detected in all CWR22 tumor samples (androgen dependent, 6 days post-castration, 12 days post-castration followed by 72 h of testosterone treatment, and recurrent CWR22 tumor), although expression of the mature forms of both prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and its homolog, kallikrein 2 (hK2), was clearly androgen-dependent. These results suggest that PCI expression is not regulated by androgens and that PCI is unlikely to be a tumor suppressor gene, but also that PCI may be involved in regulating key serine proteases involved in metastatic prostate disease.     

The urokinase-type plasminogen activator and inhibitors in resectable lung adenocarcinoma

BackgroundThe urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system is closely related to the occurrence and progression of cancer in many aspects. Previous studies demonstrated that the conclusions about the prognosis value of uPA, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2) in lung cancer are controversial, so this study was performed for the exploration of the predictive effect of uPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 on the overall survival (OS) of resectable pulmonary adenocarcinoma patients.MethodsUPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 expression levels were assayed by immunohistochemical staining based on tissue microarray (TMA) that is composed of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens from 84 resectable lung adenocarcinoma patients from July 2004 to June 2009. The relationship of IHC, mRNA expression levels of three molecules were investigated respectively. The three molecules’ relationship with clinicopathologic parameters and OS was explored by Chi-square, Kaplan-Meier, and Cox regression analyses. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to analyze differential gene expressions of RNA-sequencing data of pulmonary adenocarcinoma and normal tissues, and Kaplan-Meier methods were adopted to confirm the prognostic value of uPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 in resectable lung adenocarcinoma in TCGA database and the R package MethylMix was used to conduct an analysis integrating methylation data and gene expression of RNA-sequencing data based on TCGA.ResultsUPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 had much higher IHC expression levels in tumor than those in the normal tissues (uPA, Z = -10.511; PAI-1, Z = -4.836; PAI-2, Z = -6.794; all P < 0.0001). High DNA methylation level of gene uPA resulted in the decrease of its expression. In addition, expression level of PAI-2 was positively associated with tumor size (χ² = 8.372, P = 0.004). Multivariate analyses showed TNM stage III was an independent adverse prognostic factor (hazard ratio = 3.736, 95 % confidence interval = 1.097–12.72, P = 0.035). Kaplan-Meier method revealed that uPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 expression levels were not related to the OS for 84 resectable lung adenocarcinoma patients. According to TCGA data, PAI-1 expression level was identified as a potential adverse predictor for prognosis of resectable lung adenocarcinoma (Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon test, P = 0.025).ConclusionsOur data show that, the expression levels of uPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 are significantly up-regulated in resectable lung adenocarcinoma. Besides, this study highlights PAI-1 as a latent adverse prognostic factor in resectable adenocarcinoma of lung.     

PAI-1基因和纤维蛋白原β链基因多态性与狼疮性肾炎肾小球微血栓的关系

目的 探讨纤溶酶原活化剂抑制物－1（plasminogen activator inhibitor-1,PAI-1）基因和纤维蛋白原β链基因多态性与狼生肾炎（lupus nephritis,LN）肾小球微血栓形成之间的相关性。方法 选取101例LN患者，依据肾活检组织肾小球微栓的有无，将患者分为两组：LN伴血栓（LN＋T）组46例；不伴血栓(LN-T)且55例。应用聚合酶链反应－限制性片段长度多态性和聚合酶链反应－序列长度多态性技术分别分析两修选基因的基因型，正常对照组为128名健康成人。结果 （1）PAI－1基因4G／4G基因型和4G等位基因与LN＋T组显著相关；LN中4G／4G型患者发生肾小球Pan内血栓的相对风险率的比值比（odds ratio,OR）为2.96,95%可信区间（confidence interval,CI）：1.26-6.92；92）纤维蛋白原β链基因G／A＋A／A基因型和A型等位基因与LN＋T组显著相关；LN中A型等位基因携带者发生肾小球Pan内血栓的相对风险率为OR＝2.44，95％CI：0.98－5.59；（3）LN患者若同时兼有上述两的血栓易感基因型，其发生肾小球微血栓的相对风险率明显增加，OR＝4.5,95%CI:1.34-15.12；血栓易感基因型的混合病因分值（45.98%）也高于各自单独的病因分值（PAI－1基因4G／4G型为31.67%、纤维蛋白原β链基因G／A＋A／A基因型为28.23%）。结论 LN肾小球微血栓的形成与PAI－1基因和纤维蛋白原β基因多态性有关，两基因的易栓基因型在LN肾小球微血栓这一病理表型的形成上具有协同效应。     

Tissue plasminogen activator induced by dengue virus infection of human endothelial cells

Dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS) are severe complications of dengue virus (DV) infection. However, the pathogenesis of hemorrhage induced by dengue virus infection is poorly understood. Since endothelial cells play a pivotal role in the regulation of hemostasis, we studied the effect of DV infection on the production of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) in vitro using both primary isolated endothelial cells, human umbilical cord veins cells, and a human microvascular endothelial cell line. DV infection significantly induced the secretion of tPA but not PAI-1 of human endothelial cells. In addition, tPA mRNA of endothelial cells was induced by DV as demonstrated by RT-PCR. Antibody against IL-6 but not control antibody inhibited DV-induced tPA production of endothelial cells. Furthermore, a good correlation between sera levels of IL-6 and tPA was found in DHF but not DF patients. These results suggest that IL-6 can regulate DV-induced tPA production of endothelial cells, which may play important roles in the pathogenic development of DHF/DSS.