超声引导射频消融治疗肺肿瘤的临床观察

射频消融治疗肺部肿瘤,目前主要是在CT引导下进行,而超声引导射频消融（radiofrequency ablation,RFA）治疗肺部肿瘤的报道较少。我们对21例肺部肿瘤患者在超声引导下进行RFA治疗,现将结果报告如下。     

超声引导下射频消融治疗乳腺良性肿瘤

近年来,射频消融（radiofrequency ablation）技术成功地用于治疗肝癌、肺癌、胰腺癌、乳腺癌、肾上腺癌、肾腺癌、腹膜后肿瘤以及骨肿瘤（骨转移癌）等实体肿瘤,并取得了良好的效果[1],但国内外用射频消融治疗乳腺良性肿瘤的报道较少,本文总结了本院应用射频消融术的经验,探讨超声引导下射频消融治疗乳腺良性肿瘤的可行性.     

射频消融治疗肝脏肿瘤后的炎症反应

据美国学者报道，对于无法切除的肝脏恶性肿瘤，射频消融(RFA)治疗较之冷冻治疗不会出现以细胞因子增多为特点的全身炎性反应。美国佛罗里达大学医学院外科系的Scott R．Schell博士指出，RFA治疗正在逐步开展，其预后较好、并发症少于冷冻疗法。研究人员选取因具有无法切除的原发或转移性肝脏肝瘤而接受RFA治疗的17例年龄为40～85(平均64．2)a的患者(11例男性，6例女性)进行研究。     

老年肝脏肿瘤病人射频消融治疗时的麻醉

[目的]对射频消融（RFA）治疗老年和非老年肝肿瘤病人时实施有监测的麻醉看护，观察用药量和镇静深度是否与年龄有关。[方法]以超声引导RFA治疗的324例肝肿瘤患者为研究对象，按照年龄（60岁）分为老年组和非老年组，按照肿瘤的部位又分为老年组深部肿瘤、老年组浅部肿瘤、非老年组深部肿瘤和非老年组浅部肿瘤，采用芬太尼、咪唑安定、丙泊酚的静脉麻醉方法，达到满意的清醒镇静，镇痛。记录用药量和镇静程度。[结果]老年组使用心血管活性药物的比例高于非老年组。若肿瘤的部位相同，治疗大肿瘤（3～5cm）需要的麻醉药多于同组小肿瘤（≤3cm），镇静深度也高于后者（P〈0．05）；若肿瘤的部位和大小相同，老年病人用药量和镇静程度低于非老年病人。[结论]RFA治疗时老年病人需要的麻醉药少，应维持在相对较浅的镇静深度。     

射频消融治疗原发性肝癌疗效分析

[目的]评价原发性肝癌射频消融治疗的效果及其影响因素.[方法]对63例原发性肝癌病人共81个肝癌结节进行射频消融治疗.[结果]进行一次射频消融治疗后,直径≤4cm和直径>4cm的肿瘤的完全毁损率分别为80.6%和24.0%(P<0.01);经过多次射频消融后,肿瘤完全毁损率分别为93.5%和42.0%(P<0.01).平均随访时间为13个月,直径≤4cm和直径>4cm的肿瘤的局部复发率分别为6.9%和14.2%(P>0.05).12个月和18个月的生存率分别为81.0%和71.4%,生存率与肿瘤大小和Child-Pugh分级有关(P<0.05).[结论]对于肿瘤≤4cm和Child-Pugh分级A的肝癌病人,射频消融治疗的局部效果和长期生存率均较好.     

冷循环射频消融治疗肝肿瘤近期疗效观察

目的：观察冷循环射频消融治疗肝肿瘤的近期疗效。方法：运用HG-3000型单针冷极射频肿瘤治疗机对43例肝癌患者总计117个瘤体进行消融治疗。运用CT及B超观察瘤体的变化,测定AFP、CEA、肝功能,并与治疗前进行比较。结果：117个瘤体的生长均受到明显抑制,AFP值较治疗前明显下降（P〈0.05）;CEA值呈持续升高趋势,治疗后第3、4、5月CEA值与治疗前比较有明显差异（P〈0.05）;肝功能在治疗后1、2周变化较为明显,4、5周后恢复治疗前水平。结论：冷循环射频消融治疗肝肿瘤近期疗效满意,并发症少。     

经皮射频消融治疗胆囊旁肝肿瘤

[目的]探讨冷循环超能射频肿瘤治疗系统经皮治疗胆囊旁肝肿瘤的可行性和有效性。[方法]在超声引导下,采用冷循环电极对11例胆囊旁肝肿瘤病人15个肿瘤结节进行经皮射频消融治疗。[结果]11例病人中,9例术后出现腹痛,持续时间2~17天(7.5±4.2天);5例术后发热,体温≥38.5℃;2例术后白细胞>10.0×109/L,2例术后AFP和1例术后CEA降至正常范围。术后CT或超声证实,9例病人肿瘤完全毁损,其中3例病人在随访期间局部复发。[结论]冷循环超能射频肿瘤治疗系统治疗胆囊旁肿瘤是安全和有效的。     

超声引导射频消融治疗腹膜后肿瘤的临床价值

目的探讨超声引导射频消融治疗腹膜后肿瘤的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年1月郑州大学第一附属医院行超声引导下射频消融治疗的13例腹膜后肿瘤患者的临床资料, 评价消融疗效, 观察术后并发症, 比较射频消融治疗前后肿瘤体积变化。结果射频消融术后患者疼痛、消化不良等症状均明显改善, 住院时间为(9.2±2.9)d。10例患者肿瘤完全消融, 1例肿瘤残留, 2例肿瘤转移。1例患者术后十二指肠穿孔并发腹腔内感染, 其余患者未出现严重并发症。13例患者共20个病灶, 术前及术后1、3、6个月最大径分别为(39.5±15.9)mm、(30.6±4.9)mm、(15.6±7.7)mm和(9.9±3.1)mm, 术后1、3、6个月均小于术前(均P<0.05)。结论超声引导下射频消融是一种实时、精准、安全有效、并发症少的微创治疗手段, 对于腹膜后肿瘤具有较高的临床应用价值。     

射频消融治疗肿瘤的现状与展望

射频消融（RFA）是一种肿瘤治疗新方法,近年来发展很快.现综述RFA的治疗原理及其临床应用现状,并对RTA的进一步发展进行展望.     

肝癌射频消融治疗现状

原发性肝癌的治疗方法多样，手术切除仍占主导地位，但由于肝功能失代偿、肿瘤的多中心发生以及早期播散和转移，造成手术的切除率低和复发率高，仅20％左右的患者能获得手术切除的机会。从20世纪60年代开始不少学者进行了高热对癌细胞杀伤作用的系统研究，大量实验结果证明通过加热技术使肿瘤组织温度升高至41～45℃即可选择性杀灭肿瘤细胞。1990年Rossi在猪肝脏进行射频治疗试验，产生1．4～1．8cm的椭圆形坏死区，     

Radiofrequency ablation of primary and metastatic hepatic malignancies

The majority of patients with primary of metastatic hepatic tumors are not candidates for resection, because of tumor size, location near major intrahepatic blood vessels precluding a margin-negative resection, multifocality, or inadequate hepatic function related to coexistent cirrhosis. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an evolving technology being used to treat patients with unresectable primary and metastatic hepatic cancers. RFA produces coagulative necrosis of the tumor through local tissue heating. Liver tumors are treated percutaneously, laparoscopioally, or during laparotomy, using ultrasonography to identify tumors and to guide placement of the RFA needle electrode. For tumors smaller than 2.0 cm in diameter, one or two deployments of the monopolar multiple-array needle electrode are sufficient to produce complete coagulative necrosis of the tumor. However, with increasing size of the tumor, there is a concomitant increase in the number of deployments of the needle electrode and the overall time necessary to produce complete coagulative necrosis of the tumor. In general, RFA is a safe, well-tolerated, effective treatment for unresectable hepatic malignancies less than 6.0 cm in diameter. Effective treatment of larger tumors awaits the development of more powerful, larger array monopolar and bipolar RFA technologies. Received: January 7, 2002     

Results of liver resection in combination with radiofrequency ablation for hepatic malignancies

Introduction

Liver tumors should be surgically treated whenever possible. In the case of bilobar disease or coexisting liver cirrhosis, surgical options are limited. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been successfully used for irresectable liver tumors. The combination of hepatic resection and RFA extends the feasibility of open surgical procedures in patients with liver metastases and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Patients and methods

RFA was performed with two different monopolar devices using ultrasound guidance. Intraoperative use of RFA for the treatment of liver metastases or HCC was limited to otherwise irresectable tumors during open surgical procedures including hepatic resections. Irresectability was considered if bilobar disease was treated, the functional hepatic reserve was impaired or appraised marginal for allowing further resection.

Results

Ten patients with both liver metastases and HCC, and two patients with cholangiocellular carcinoma were treated. Complete initial tumor clearance was achieved in all patients. Two patients of the metastases group and five patients of the HCC group suffered from local recurrence after a median of 12 months (1–26) (local recurrence rate 32%). Five patients of the metastases group and six patients of the HCC group developed recurrent tumors in different areas of the ablation site after a median time of 4 months (2–18) (distant intrahepatic recurrence in 55%). Survival at 31 months was 36%.

Conclusion

RFA extends the scope of surgery in some candidates with intraoperatively found irresectability.     

Clinical application of hepatic wedge ablation for treating liver malignancies of the inferior margin: a new ablation technique

Purpose: To determine the efficacy and safety of percutaneous hepatic wedge ablation in treating hepatic malignancies of the inferior margin.

Materials and methods: Seventy-seven patients with hepatic malignancies at the inferior margin underwent percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Thirty-two patients underwent hepatic wedge ablation and 45 patients underwent conventional tumour ablation. Comparative analysis of the two groups was performed including gender, age, tumour size, number of ablation cycles, ablation duration and injected hydrodissection volume. The rate of technical success, local tumour progression, intrahepatic distant recurrence, major complications and overall survival were assessed and compared. Survival analysis was analysed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Differences in the survival rates were compared with log-rank test.

Results: The mean number of ablation cycles and ablation duration were significantly higher in the hepatic wedge ablation group than conventional tumour ablation (1.6?±?0.9 vs. 1.2?±?0.4, p?=?.042, and 30.2?±?18.5 vs. 22.5?±?8.5?min, p?=?.031, respectively). The local tumour progression rate was significantly lower in hepatic wedge ablation group (0% vs. 17.78%, p?=?.038) at median follow-up of 21 months. The rate of technical success, intrahepatic distant recurrence, major complications and overall survival did not differ between the two groups.

Conclusion: Hepatic wedge ablation appears to be a highly effective treatment for hepatic malignancies in the inferior margin and provides a better local control than conventional tumour ablation.     

超声引导射频消融治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤302例肿瘤残留危险因素分析

背景与目的：射频消融(radiofrequencey ablation,RFA)是治疗原发性肝癌和部分转移性肝癌的有效的方法,本研究探讨肝脏恶性肿瘤RFA治疗后肿瘤残留的危险因素。方法：回顾性分析2010年1月-2013年3月复旦大学附属肿瘤医院收治的302例原发性肝癌和转移性肝癌患者共691个肝内病灶接受RFA治疗的临床资料,采用单因素和多因素Logistic Regression模型分析与RFA治疗后肿瘤残留有关的危险因素。结果：RFA治疗后272例(90.07%)患者的632个(91.46%)病灶完全消融,肿瘤残留率为8.54%。直径≤3 cm的肿瘤残留率为6.30%,3~5 cm为9.57%,>5 cm为28.57%;靠近肝内大血管和胆囊肿瘤残留率分别为17.14%和18.52%;联合其他局部治疗和未联合其他局部治疗的肿瘤残留率分别为7.02%和13.41%。多因素分析显示,肿瘤最大直径>5 cm(P=0.044)、靠近肝内大血管(P=0.039)和未联合其他局部治疗(P=0.001)是RFA治疗后肿瘤残留的独立危险因素。112例患者282个病灶最大直径3~5 cm,RFA治疗后肿瘤残留多因素分析显示,肿瘤靠近肝内大血管(P=0.014)、单针射频(P=0.047)和未联合其他局部治疗(P=0.023)是RFA治疗后肿瘤残留的独立危险因素。结论：超声引导的RFA治疗可以获得满意的消融效果,其中肿瘤靠近肝内大血管、肿瘤最大直径>5 cm和未联合其他局部治疗是肿瘤残留的独立危险因素,对于直径为3~5 cm的肿瘤,除靠近肝内大血管和未联合其他局部治疗外,单针射频也是肿瘤残留的独立危险因素,采用双针或多针治疗可以提高消融效率,降低肿瘤残留。     

超声引导经皮微波凝固治疗在肝转移癌中的应用价值

目的　探讨超声引导经皮微波治疗肝转移癌的疗效和影响生存率的因素。方法　共治疗 74例患者 14 9个结节 ,肿瘤最大直径 0 .7～ 6 .8cm ,平均 (3.1± 1.8)cm。累计生存率采用Kaplan Meier方法 ,对生存率影响的单因素分析采用Logrank方法 ,多因素分析采用Cox逐步回归方法。随访患者 5～ 83个月 ,平均随访期 (2 5 .1± 11.4 )个月。结果　全部患者的 1,3,5年生存率分别为 91.4 %、4 6 .4 %和 2 9.0 %。单因素分析结果表明 ,肿瘤的数目、大小、分化程度和病灶有无复发或转移对生存率的影响差异有显著性 ;而患者的年龄、性别和原发灶的部位对生存率的影响差异无显著性。多因素分析结果表明 ,肿瘤的数目、病灶有无复发或转移以及肿瘤的分化程度对生存率的影响差异有显著性。结论　超声引导下经皮微波凝固治疗对单发结节、分化较好、且无复发转移的肝转移癌患者有较好的远期疗效。     

Radiofrequency hepatic ablation with internally cooled electrodes and hybrid applicators with distant saline infusion using an in vivo porcine model

Aims

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of tumors by means of internally cooled (ICE) or multitined expandable electrodes combined with infusion of saline into the tissue may improve results. Our aim was to determine the efficacy of a previously optimized hybrid ICE system (ICE combined with infusion of saline into the tissue at a distance of 2 mm) in comparison with a conventional ICE cluster electrode in porcine liver in vivo.

Methods

A total of 32 RFA were performed on a total of 10 farm pigs using two RFA systems: Group A (n = 16): Cluster electrode. Group B (n = 16): Hybrid system (with continuous infusion of 100 ml/h of 20% NaCl at 2 mm distance from the electrode shaft by an independent isolated needle). Livers were removed for macroscopic and histological assessment after the procedure. Coagulation volume, coagulation diameters, coefficient of variability (CV) of coagulation volume, sphericity ratio (SR), deposited power (DP), deposited energy (DE), deposited energy per coagulation volume (DEV) and rise of animal temperature during the procedure were compared and correlated among groups. Additionally, linear regression analysis was modeled to study the relationship between deposited energy and either coagulation volume and rise of animal temperature during the procedure in both groups.

Results

Both coagulation volume and short diameter of coagulation were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in group B compared to group A (22.7 ± 11.0 cm³ and 3.1 ± 0.7 cm vs. 13.5 ± 7.7 cm³ and 2.5 ± 0.5 cm, respectively). A similar CV and SR was observed among groups (57.1% and 1.4 ± 0.3 vs. 48.6% and 1.3 ± 0.2 for groups B and A, respectively). In group B, DE and DP were more than double group A, but DEV was nearly twice as high (9782 J/cm³ vs. 5342 J/cm³, for groups B and A, respectively). No significant relationship between DE and coagulation volume was encountered.

Conclusion

Efficacy of a single ICE may be improved with continuous infusion of saline at around 2 mm from the electrode shaft. Coagulation volume obtained with this improved system may be even greater than that obtained with a cluster electrode.     

Safety and advantages of combined resection and microwave ablation in patients with bilobar hepatic malignancies

Abstract

Background: The multimodality approach has significantly improved outcomes for hepatic malignancies. Microwave ablation is often used in isolation or succession, and seldom in combination with resection. Potential benefits and pitfalls from combined resection and ablation therapy in patients with complex and extensive bilobar hepatic disease have not been well defined.

Methods: A review of the University of Louisville prospective Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Patients database was performed with multi-focal bilobar disease that underwent microwave ablation with resection or microwave only included.

Results: One hundred and eight were treated with microwave only (MWA, n?=?108) or combined resection and ablation (CRA, n?=?84) and were compared with similar disease-burden patients undergoing resection only (n?=?84). The groups were comparable except that the MWA group was older (p?=?.02) and with higher co-morbidities (diabetes, hepatitis). The resection group had larger tumours (4 vs. 3.2 and 3?cm) but the CRA group had more numerous lesions (4 vs. 3 and 2, p?=?.002). Short-term outcomes including morbidity (47.6% vs. 43%, p?=?.0715) were similar between the CRA and resection only groups. Longer operative time (164 vs. 126?min, p?=?.003) and need for blood transfusion (p?=?.001) were independent predictors of complications. Survival analyses for colorectal metastasis patients (n?=?158) demonstrated better overall survival (OS) (43.9 vs. 37.6 and 30.5 months, p?=?.035), disease-free survival (DFS) (38 vs. 26.6 and 16.9 months, p?=?.028) and local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) (55.4 vs. 17 and 22.9 months, p?<?.001) with resection only.

Conclusion: The use of microwave ablation in addition to surgical resection did not significantly increase the morbidities or short-term outcomes. In combination with systemic and other local forms of therapy, combined resection and ablation is a safe and effective procedure.     

不同影像方法对射频消融治疗肝癌疗效的评价

目的通过对射频消融治疗肝癌前后的B超、CT和MRI的比较,探讨不同影像方法对射频消融治疗肝癌疗效评价的意义。方法对100例肝癌患者进行了B超引导下经皮射频消融（PRFA）治疗。患者治疗前行B超、MRI或CT检查;治疗后1个月复查MRI或CT,每个月进行肿瘤标记物和B超检查。结果100例中,PRFA治疗前34例行CT检查;治疗后14例行CT复查,其中5例肿瘤区域呈现较原肿瘤更低的密度,动态增强无强化,9例肿瘤部分区域有强化。66例患者PRFA治疗前行MRI检查,T1加权像为低信号,T2加权像为相对高信号,动态增强扫描后动脉期强化,门脉期强化减弱。治疗后,全组有86例患者复查MRI,44例肿瘤T1加权像为等或高信号,T2,肌权像为等或低信号,动态增强无异常强化;42例肿瘤T1加权像呈不均匀等低混杂信号,T2,加权像部分呈相对高信号,动态增强有强化。结论增强CT扫描可以显示出残存肿瘤;MRI的T1、T2加权像及Gd-DPTA动态增强的信号变化,能够更好地反映肿瘤的坏死或残存状况,血清肿瘤标记物阳性者术后转阴并MRI（或CT）显示肿瘤呈完全凝固性坏死,可作为PRFA治疗肝癌的临床治愈标准。     

Chemotherapy plus percutaneous radiofrequency ablation in patients with inoperable colorectal liver metastases

AIM:To access the efficacy of chemotherapy plus radiofrequency ablation(RFA)as one line of treatment in inoperable colorectal liver metastases.METHODS:Eligible patients were included in three PhaseⅡstudies.In the first study percutaneous RFA was used first followed by 6 cycles of 5-fluorouracil,leucovorin and irinotecan combination(FOLFIRI)(adjunctive chemotherapy trial).In the other two,chemotherapy(FOLFIRI or 5-fluorouracil,leucovorin and oxaliplatin combination)up to 12 cycles was used first with percutaneous RFA offered to responding patients (primary chemotherapy trials).RESULTS:Thirteen patients were included in the adjunctive chemotherapy trial and 17 in the other two.At inclusion they had 1-4 liver metastases(up to 6.5 cm in size).Two patients died during chemotherapy.All patients in the adjunctive chemotherapy trial and 44%in the primary chemotherapy studies had their metastases ablated.Median PFS and overall survival in the adjunctive study were 13 and 24 mo respectively while in the primary chemotherapy studies they were 10 and 21 mo respectively.Eighty one percent of the patients had tumour relapse in at least one previously ablated lesion.CONCLUSION:Chemotherapy plus RFA in patients with low volume inoperable colorectal liver metastases seems safe and relatively effective.The high local recurrence rate is of concern.     

The effects of radiofrequency ablation on the hepatic parenchyma: Histological bases for tumor recurrences

Background

This review examines histological modifications obtained after liver radiofrequency ablation (RFA).

Methods

A literature search has been undertaken for all pre-clinical and clinical studies involving RFA and in which ablation zones have been excised for a complete histological examination.

Results

Two main histological areas are present, a central zone of coagulative necrosis and a peripheral rim of congestion and extravasation. Both corresponded to specific microscopic characteristics that evolved over time and that are influenced by the proximity of patent vessels and the liver perfusion status. Viable cells are not present in the central zone but have been described in the ischemic peripheral rim where they survive the ischemia and inflammation process. These correspond in clinical studies to residual viable tumor cells that lead to failure of the procedure.

Conclusions

Histological changes following RFA are complex and interactions take place at both a cellular and tissue level. Changes in the peripheral zone must be considered in future studies in order to extend the volume of reliable tumor destruction and increase the effectiveness of the procedure.