新生儿发生产肺炎克雷伯碳青霉烯酶的肺炎克雷伯菌定植的危险因素分析

目的 探讨新生儿重症监护室（NICU）新生儿发生产肺炎克雷伯碳青霉烯酶的肺炎克雷伯菌（KPC-Kp）定植的危险因素。方法 采用病例对照研究方法,病例组为NICU 住院新生儿中有KPC-Kp 定植的新生儿9 例,随机选取同期NICU 无该菌定植的新生儿18 例作为对照组。对两组行单因素及logistic 多因素回归分析了解定植KPC-Kp 的危险因素。结果 单因素分析显示有统计学意义的因素有：出生胎龄、出生体重、住院天数、呼吸机使用时间、先天性心脏病、经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉插管、外科手术、静脉营养时间、使用碳青霉烯类抗生素及使用时间、使用糖肽类抗生素。Logistic 多因素回归分析显示碳青霉烯类抗生素使用时间（>4 d）是NICU 新生儿定植KPC-Kp 的独立危险因素（OR=18.7,95%CI：1.98~175.5,P=0.01）。控制该菌定植方法包括对定植KPC-Kp 新生儿的隔离、监测以及抗生素的合理使用。结论 较长时间使用碳青霉烯类抗生素是NICU新生儿发生KPC-Kp 定植的独立危险因素。     

新生儿重症监护病房侵袭性真菌感染易感因素及早期诊断探讨

目的 探讨新生儿侵袭性真菌感染的易感因素及早期诊断措施.方法 对24例新生儿侵袭性真菌感染的高危因素、临床资料及治疗预后进行回顾性分析.结果 2009年1月1日 - 2010年12月31日新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)收治新生儿真菌感染24例,占NICU 同期收治新生儿0.66%(24/3 635).210例同时做血培养和(1,3)-β-D葡聚糖含量检测,送检率5.8%(210/3 635);(1,3)-β-D葡聚糖阳性24例,阳性率11.4%(24/210);血培养阳性8例,阳性率3.8%(8/210),(1,3)-β-D葡聚糖阳性率显著高于血培养阳性率(P ＜ 0.05).病原菌中念珠菌5例(光滑念珠菌3例,热带念珠菌1例,克柔念珠菌1例),白假丝酵母菌2例,毛霉菌1例,对氟康唑等常用抗真菌药均敏感.24例侵袭性真菌感染新生儿均联合应用三代头孢菌素7 d以上(100.0%),早产儿20例(83.3%),气管插管机械通气19例(79.2%),留置中心静脉导管17例(70.8%).早产、低出生体质量、留置中心静脉导管、气管插管机械通气及长期联合使用广谱抗生素为新生儿侵袭性真菌感染的高危因素.结论 新生儿侵袭性真菌感染以早产儿为主,病原菌以念珠菌为主;(1,3)-β-D葡聚糖含量检测在新生儿侵袭性真菌感染的早期诊断中敏感性高、特异性强,动态观察更容易早期发现异常.临床上合理使用抗生素,及时检测(1,3)-β-D葡聚糖含量,有利于NICU中新生儿侵袭性真菌感染的早期诊断和减少误诊漏诊率.     

新生儿真菌败血症22例临床分析

目的分析新生儿真菌败血症的临床特点、病原菌情况及相关因素,探讨其防治措施。方法对2005年7月至2009年9月中南大学湘雅二医院22例新生儿真菌败血症的临床资料、病原菌及药敏结果、相关因素及治疗预后情况进行回顾性研究。结果 (1)新生儿真菌败血症发生率为0.64%,占新生儿败血症的13.17%,且以医院获得性感染为主。(2)病原菌主要为念珠菌(86.4%),包括白色念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌和热带念珠菌等,药敏结果显示除1株对伊曲康唑耐药,其余对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、氟康唑、伊曲康唑和伏立康唑均敏感。(3)早产、低出生体重、长期留置中心静脉导管、气管插管、激素使用及长疗程广谱抗生素联合使用为真菌感染的高危因素,真菌感染与院内感染具有较高的相关性。结论新生儿真菌败血症病原菌以念珠菌为主,应加强护理、严格无菌操作、合理使用激素和抗生素以及实施预防性和早期经验性抗真菌治疗,减少真菌败血症及其并发症的发生。     

ICU患儿肺部真菌感染的危险因素分析及对策

目的 分析重症监护病房患儿肺部真菌感染的危险因素,探讨控制对策及治疗措施.方法 采用回顾性调查方法对2003年1月--2007年2月PICU收治的1 057例危重症患儿进行调查,对肺部真菌感染率、感染相关危险因素、病原学特点及预防控制、治疗效果进行分析.结果 发生肺部真菌感染48例,PICU肺部真菌感染发生率为4.54%,肺部真菌感染的相关危险因素主要有住院时间长、短期内反复住院、使用广谱抗生素、肾上腺皮质激素及免疫抑制剂的应用、机械通气及溺粪.病原菌主要有白色念珠菌、光滑念珠菌、热带念珠菌、克柔念珠菌、曲霉菌、毛霉菌等.经抗真菌治疗治愈28例(58.3%),显效9例(18.8%),无效10例(20.8%),放弃治疗1例(2.1%).结论 PICU患儿肺部真菌感染的发生与多种易感因素有关;合理使用抗生素、慎用.肾上腺皮质激素、加强消毒隔离措施等是降低PICU患儿发生肺部真菌感染的关键;认识患儿发生真菌感染的易感因素、早期诊断、合理使用抗真菌药,是治愈儿童肺部真菌感染的关键.     

新生儿重症监护病房耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌定植率和危险因素分析

目的 分析NICU中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)皮肤定植率和危险因素.方法 选取NICU收治新生儿1678例,其中男938例,女740例;日龄1～28 d,平均(5.9±6.4)d.使用无菌棉签采集新生儿鼻翼两侧和鼻腔底部标本,行金黄色葡萄球菌(SA)培养和鉴定.采用PCR法检测mecA基因以鉴定MRSA.统计SA和MRSA皮肤定植率,比较不同住院时间MRSA皮肤定植率的差异,分析MRSA皮肤定植与相关参数的相关性.结果 NICU中新生儿SA和MRSA皮肤定植率分别为21.10％(354/1678例)和3.69％ (62/1678例).随住院时间的延长(住院1、3、7d),新生儿MRSA皮肤定植率明显增加,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),但住院7d和14 d MRSA皮肤定植率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).Logistic回归分析显示:胎龄、体质量和Apgar评分与MRSA皮肤定植率呈负相关,而手术或侵入性操作和抗生素使用与MRSA皮肤定植率呈正相关.结论 NICU新生儿MRSA皮肤定植率较高,住院7d内其定植率随住院时间延长而增加;MRSA皮肤定植与新生儿胎龄、体质量、Apgar评分、手术或侵入性操作和抗生素使用密切相关.     

新生儿破伤风预后的危险因素非条件Logistic回归分析

目的探讨各项危险因素对新生儿破伤风患儿的综合作用.方法对我院资料完整的297例新生儿破伤风患儿进行单因素分析,将单因素分析得出的显著性变量,进入非条件Logistic回归模式进行危险因素多元分析,计算OR值及其95%可信限等.筛选出相互独立的危险因素与新生儿破伤风病死率的关系.结果潜伏期、痉挛前期、痉挛发作持续时间及并发症为影响新生儿破伤风预后的主要危险因素.结论潜伏期、痉挛前期、痉挛发作的持续时间及并发症的出现是影响新生儿破伤风预后的危险因素.积极控制各项危险因素的出现,则可降低新生儿破伤风病死率,改善预后.     

210例新生儿窒息的高危因素分析

目的 探讨新生儿窒息的发病危险因素,为防治新生儿窒息提供经验.方法 对210例窒息患儿及420例对照进行1∶2匹配病例对照研究.采用单因素、多因素Logistic回归分析方法,筛选新生儿窒息的危险因素.结果 多因素分析显示,胎盘异常、低出生体重、胎膜早破、羊水异常、妊娠高血压综合征、早产、胎儿窘迫、脐带异常、产钳助产是新生儿窒息的主要危险因素.结论 积极预防和消除新生儿窒息发病的各种危险因素,可望降低新生儿窒息的发生率.     

侵袭性念珠菌感染的早期诊断研究进展

侵袭性念珠菌感染在重症患者中的发病率逐年上升。其临床表现缺乏特异性,容易漏诊、误诊,传统的诊断方法时间长、阳性率低,容易延误治疗,影响愈后,因此早期诊断尤为重要。1,3-β-D葡聚糖、甘露聚糖及其抗体、抗烯醇化酶抗体、念珠菌评分及定植指数具有早期诊断价值。     

早产儿真菌感染的现状与临床特点及防治措施

随着围产医学的发展及新生儿监护水平的提高,早产儿的存活率大大提高,但越来越多的存活者却面临着监护和治疗方式所带来的患病风险.其中真菌感染的发生率逐年升高,尤其是念珠菌感染,已成为新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)中晚发性败血症的第三大常见致病菌[1-2],是导致早产儿患病及死亡的重要原因之一[1,3].一、现状据估计,低出生体重(VLBW)早产儿患念珠菌感染的发病率大约是4％～15％,其中30％～75％死亡[1,4].NICU的新生儿在其出生后的第一个月内约有60％发生念珠菌定植[4].极低出生体重(ELBW)儿的发病率及病死率最高[5],发病率为5.5％～20％[1].     

细菌定植/感染在婴幼儿喘息性疾病中的作用

喘息是婴幼儿时期最常见的呼吸系统临床表现之一,引起喘息的疾病包括毛细支气管炎、间质性肺炎、支气管哮喘等.目前认为病毒感染是诱发婴幼儿喘息最主要的因素,细菌在婴幼儿喘息中的作用尚不明确.近年来研究发现喘息性疾病患儿呼吸道通常合并细菌定植/感染,新生儿早期下呼吸道细菌定植在婴幼儿喘息性疾病的转归中起着重要作用,仍存在争议.     

Neonatal candida septicaemia: diagnosis on buffy smear.

We report a case of neonatal candida septicaemia diagnosed by examination of a buffy smear. This would seem to be a fairly simple test for a disease where a good prognosis is dependent on rapid diagnosis and isolation using standard culture techniques is notoriously unforthcoming.     

Phycomycotic abscesses in a preterm infant.

We report a case of neonatal infection with rhizopus, one of the Mucoraceae family. Human infection is rare but the mortality is high without prompt, correct treatment. The infant had a simultaneous candida septicaemia secondary to colonisation of a central venous line. Serial C reactive protein estimations are valuable in monitoring treatment.     

Neonatal candidemia

Fifty five clinically diagnosed cases of neonatal septicaemia of the nursery ward, Medical College Hospital Calcutta were subjected to blood culture on two consecutive days in all cases. Bacterial isolates were found in 34 (61.8%) cases as pure growth and candida species from 9(16.4%) as pure culture. Remaining 12 samples did not yield any growth. Species distribution of candida showed C.albicans 6, C.parapsilosis 2, and C.guillermondii 1. Asphyxia neonatorum was the common feature in all cases of candidaemia. All neonates with candidal infection were low-birth-weight and premature. C. albicans, the predominant species (66.6%) recovered, was responsible for a localised outbreak of infection in the nursery.     

Candida infections in premature infants weighing less than 1,500 g. Mucocutaneous colonization and incidence of systemic infections]

BACKGROUND: An increasing incidence of systemic candidiasis has been reported in low birth weight infants requiring intensive care. We have retrospectively analyzed mucocutaneous Candida-colonization and infection rate in 422 preterm infants with a birthweight < 1,500 g. METHODS: All infants were treated at the NICU, University of G?ttingen, from 1/1985-5/1991. 359 neonates (85%) were on mechanical ventilation, no prophylactic antimycotic regimen was applied. Mucocutaneous swabs and cultures from various anatomic sites were regularly obtained from all infants. RESULTS: 37/422 preterm infants (8.8%) had mucocutaneous colonization with candida, none of our patients developed systemic candidiasis. In 7 mechanically ventilated patients (1.9%) Candida albicans or Candida tropicalis was repeatedly detected in the bronchial secretions; 1 patient who had invasive Candida-pneumonia was effectively treated with 5-Fluocytosin and Fluconazol. 4/352 (1.1%) central silastic catheters were colonized with Candida albicans; none of these patients required specific treatment. CONCLUSION: The low rate of mucocutaneous Candida-colonization and invasive infection found in our patients may be explained--at least in part--by epidemiological and obstetrical factor as well as by the procedures of the neonatal management.     

新生儿B族链球菌感染现状的多中心前瞻性研究

目的 了解孕妇B族链球菌（group B Streptococcus,GBS）定植及新生儿早发型GBS疾病（early-onset GBS disease,GBS-EOD）的发生情况,并探讨GBS定植孕妇的子代发生GBS-EOD的影响因素。 方法 前瞻性纳入2019年5月1日至2020年4月30日在厦门市妇幼保健院、首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院和漳州正兴医院建档的16 384例孕妇及其分娩的16 634例新生儿作为研究对象。各研究中心采用统一的GBS筛查时间、培养方法和产时抗生素预防（intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis,IAP）适应证,调查孕妇GBS定植率和新生儿GBS-EOD发生率,并应用多因素logistic回归分析评估GBS定植孕妇的子代发生GBS-EOD的影响因素。 结果 3所医院妊娠晚期孕妇GBS培养阳性率为11.29%（1 850/16 384）,新生儿GBS-EOD发生率为0.96‰（16/16 634）。GBS阳性组孕妇分娩活产儿收住院率高于GBS阴性组（P<0.05）。GBS阳性组孕妇分娩活产儿的GBS-EOD发生率［6.38‰（12/1 881）］高于GBS阴性组［0.27‰（4/14 725）］（P<0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析显示,胎盘拭子培养GBS阳性和新生儿出生时胃液培养GBS阳性是GBS定植孕妇子代发生GBS-EOD的独立预测因素（P<0.05）,而充分IAP为保护因素（P<0.05）。 结论 孕妇妊娠晚期GBS定植对其子代有不良影响。明确孕妇产前GBS定植状态,并依据IAP适应证给予充分IAP是减少其子代发生GBS-EOD的重要措施。 引用格式:     

Strategies for prevention of nosocomial sepsis in the neonatal intensive care unit

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit, particularly preterm infants, have very high rates of nosocomial sepsis (also referred to as late onset sepsis or healthcare-associated sepsis). Today's preventive strategies for nosocomial sepsis focus on augmenting the immunologic and functional immaturities of premature infants and ameliorating the risks of extrinsic factors by the use of prophylactic antibiotics and best clinical practices. RECENT FINDINGS: Topical emollients improved neonatal skin condition, but were associated with an increased risk of nosocomial bacterial sepsis and coagulase negative staphylococcal infections, and thus should not be used in extremely-low-birth-weight infants. Single-center studies have shown that probiotics containing anaerobic bacteria may reduce the rate of necrotizing enterocolitis, the severity of necrotizing enterocolitis, and/or bacterial sepsis. Single-center studies have shown that prophylactic fluconazole reduces the rates of invasive candidiasis and/or colonization of extremely-low-birth-weight infants. Quality improvement projects to improve adherence to appropriate hand hygiene and best practices for central venous catheter insertion and maintenance can reduce rates of nosocomial sepsis. SUMMARY: The safety and efficacy of probiotics and prophylactic fluconazole require large multicenter trials. Quality improvement initiatives, however, can be performed now and can reduce the rates of nosocomial sepsis in the neonatal intensive care unit.     

Staphylococcal and streptococcal colonization of the newborn infant: effect of antiseptic cord care.

A randomized controlled study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of three umbilical cord treatment regimens in controlling neonatal bacterial colonization. The three regimens studied included castile soap, triple dye, and silver sulfadiazine. The triple dye and silver sulfadiazine application inhibited bacterial colonization. Staphylococcal colonization was inhibited by both treatment regimens but most effectively by triple dye. Group B streptococcal colonization was inhibited most effectively by silver sulfadiazine while triple dye application to the umbilicus promoted colonization with this microorganism. Silver sulfadiazine was more effective in controlling colonization with Gram-negative microorganisms.     

新生儿肠道细菌定植研究进展

细菌定植是发生医院内细菌感染的先兆,一种细菌的定植率代表了发生该菌感染的风险性.新生儿是医院感染的高危人群,近年来研究表明阴道分娩、母乳喂养、益生菌的应用等措施可降低肠道致病菌的定植,从而减少新生儿肠源性感染的发生.然而影响肠道菌群定植的因素很多,且受试验条件的限制,很多问题尚待进一步研究.     

Certain type of chronic lung disease of newborns is associated with Ureaplasma urealyticum infection in utero

BACKGROUND: Recent studies of chronic lung disease (CLD) of newborns emphasize the contribution of antenatal infection. However, the association of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection and CLD has been controversial. The purpose of the present paper was to determine whether U. urealyticum is associated with chorioamnionitis (CAM) and a certain type of CLD. METHODS: One hundred and five infants <32 weeks of gestation who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at Jichi Medical School Hospital, who underwent both histological and microbiological examinations and who survived to discharge were included. CAM was determined by histological examination. Placenta, gastric and tracheal aspirates, and nasopharyngeal swabs were cultured for Mycoplasma and other microorganisms. CLD was defined as oxygen needed at 28 days of age with symptoms of persistent respiratory distress and hazy or emphysematous and fibrous appearance upon X-ray. CLD was further divided into two subtypes according to the presence of antenatal infection. RESULTS: CAM was associated with premature rupture of membrane (odds ratio [OR], 10.19; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.10-33.56), placental colonization of U. urealyticum (OR 6.73, 95%CI: 1.89-23.91), neonatal colonization of other microorganisms (OR 7.33, 95%CI: 1.22-44.13) and level of IgM (OR 1.06, 95%CI: 1.01-1.11). Comparisons between CLD and non-CLD patients showed that gestational age (OR 0.43, 95%CI: 0.30-0.61) and white blood cell count (WBC) at birth (OR 1.06, 95%CI: 1.01-1.11) were risk factors for CLD, while gestational age (OR 0.38, 95%CI: 0.23-0.64), neonatal colonization of U. urealyticum (OR 5.98, 95%CI: 1.17-30.6) and WBC (OR 1.08, 95%CI: 1.01-1.15) were independent risk factors for infection-related CLD compared with non-CLD. Within CLD, infection-related CLD was associated with neonatal colonization of U. urealyticum (OR 43.7, 95%CI: 2.84-673.8) and WBC (OR 1.27, 95%CI: 1.07-1.50). CONCLUSIONS: Placental colonization of U. urealyticum was significantly related to CAM; and neonatal colonization of U. urealyticum and leukocytosis at birth were risk factors for infection-related CLD.