纳曲酮治疗儿童炎症性肠病的研究进展

炎症性肠病是指原因不明的一组非特异性慢性胃肠道炎症性疾病,包括溃疡性结肠炎、克罗恩病和未定型结肠炎。近年来,儿童炎症性肠病发病率有上升趋势,严重影响着患儿的生长发育和生活质量。研究表明阿片受体拮抗剂纳曲酮能够逆转炎症性肠病中的炎症活动并促进肠上皮细胞修复。本文就纳曲酮在炎症性肠病治疗中的应用进展进行综述,旨在对纳曲酮治疗儿童炎症性肠病的有效性及安全性进行进一步探讨。     

儿童炎症性肠病预后预测模型研究进展

炎症性肠病主要包括克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎。部分炎症性肠病由单基因缺陷引起,起病年龄早,呈现出与上述疾病亚型不同的预后特点。对个体预后的精准预测将有助于风险分层,指导治疗。现从克罗恩病、溃疡性结肠炎和单基因炎症性肠病3个角度,对儿童炎症性肠病预后预测模型进行综述,以期指导儿童炎症性肠病的预后评估。     

儿童炎症性肠病的流行病学及临床表现

炎症性肠病是一种严重的难治性、慢性肠道疾病,尤其在儿童,炎症性肠病严重影响其营养、生长发育,且发病率逐年升高.因此,对该病的认识在儿童慢性消化道疾病的诊断及治疗工作中具有重要意义.现结合近年来国内外文献,对其最新流行病学资料及临床表现进行总结.     

炎症性肠病的诊断和治疗进展

世界胃肠组织于2010年提出新的炎症性肠病的诊疗指南,提出了规范化的及部分适合儿科的诊疗意见。炎症性肠病中溃疡性结肠炎及Crohn’s病的分类、活动度评估有助于治疗方案的选择,提出个性化治疗。通过了解近年国外对儿童炎症性肠病药物治疗短期、长期疗效进行的多中心前瞻性研究,为临床医师的选药及临床咨询提供参考。     

肠紧密连接蛋白在炎症性肠病中的表达

肠紧密连接相关蛋白表达的改变影响着肠黏膜的屏障功能,是参与炎症性肠病发病的重要因素.有研究借助不同的技术检测出炎症性肠病中肠紧密连接蛋白的表达水平,但导致其改变的机制尚不完全清楚.探讨肠紧密连接蛋白改变的相关可能性机制有利于了解炎症性肠病的发病机制.改善肠紧密连接蛋白的表达成为治疗炎症性肠病的策略之一,其中一些药物已被证实有良好治疗效果.     

儿童炎症性肠病的临床管理及治疗

儿童炎症性肠病(IBD)活动期的治疗主要包括水杨酸制剂、糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂、生物治疗和抗生素等药物疗法,近来营养治疗被认为对儿童IBD的诱导缓解有非常重要的意义,而加强临床管理对长期缓解及预防复发起关键作用.     

肠黏膜屏障在炎症性肠病的发病机制和治疗中的研究进展

炎症性肠病是一类反复发作的胃肠道慢性非特异性炎症,可见于任何年龄,发病率逐年升高,且发病机制仍不十分明确.肠黏膜屏障是指正常肠道具有的将肠腔内物质与机体内环境隔离的功能,它能够防止致病性抗原侵入黏膜下层组织,维持机体内环境的相对稳定和机体的正常生命活动.肠黏膜屏障功能的损伤与多种胃肠道疾病如炎症性肠病的发生密切相关.肠黏膜机械屏障、免疫屏障、生物屏障中的任一功能环节或其相互作用障碍,都有可能导致疾病的发生.明确肠黏膜屏障损伤在炎症性肠病发病中的具体机制,有效维持和修复肠黏膜屏障功能,有望成为治疗炎症性肠病的新策略.     

儿童炎症性肠病与小肠细菌过度生长北大核心CSCD

小肠细菌过度生长是指多种因素引起小肠内细菌数量增多,从而产生腹胀、腹痛、腹泻等非特异性症状的一组临床综合征,是小肠菌群紊乱的一种表现。已有研究表明,它与多种儿童胃肠道疾病相关。通过呼气试验这一简便、易行的诊断方式来检测炎症性肠病患儿的小肠细菌过度生长,从而避免因误认为疾病复发而未正确使用药物治疗导致的不良反应。目前对于儿童炎症性肠病中小肠细菌过度生长的认识不足,该文从小肠细菌过度生长的发病机制、诊断方法、临床意义及其与炎症性肠病的关系等方面进行综述。     

新生儿炎症性肠病的临床特征及基因诊断研究

目的 分析2例新生儿期起病的炎症性肠病临床特点及基因诊断结果,以提高对该病的认识和临床诊疗水平.方法 2018年至2019年,解放军总医院第七医学中心八一儿童医院共收治2例新生儿期起病的炎症性肠病患儿.对2例诊断为新生儿炎症性肠病的患儿行结肠镜检查,并行病理活检,采用直接测序法对患儿进行白细胞介素-10受体A(inte...     

炎症性肠病治疗方法研究进展

炎症性肠病是肠道慢性非特异性炎症,其病因和发病机制尚不十分清楚.目前常规治疗包括水杨酸类药物、激素、免疫抑制剂、生物制剂及手术等,但预后仍不乐观.近年来,多种其他治疗方案不断出现,如抗细胞因子抗体、抗趋化因子抗体等,使临床医生越来越关注炎症性肠病新的治疗方法.     

Terminal ileum intubation in pediatric colonoscopy and diagnostic value of conventional small bowel contrast radiography in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND: Small bowel contrast radiography is often suggested as the first diagnostic tool in evaluating pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of small bowel radiography compared with terminal ileal biopsies in diagnosing pediatric inflammatory bowel disease, and to determine the success rate and safety of terminal ileum intubation during pediatric colonoscopy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 164 subjects who had colonoscopies with terminal ileal biopsies between 1994 and 1996. Small bowel contrast radiography was performed in 84 subjects within two weeks of the colonoscopy. We also reviewed all the colonoscopy reports from the years 1994 to 1996 and 1999 to 2000 to determine the percentage of terminal ileal intubation. RESULTS: Eighty-four subjects with small bowel contrast radiography and terminal ileal biopsies were reviewed. Using small bowel radiography as a screening test for the diagnosis of terminal ileum inflammatory bowel disease resulted in a sensitivity of 45% (17/37) and a specificity of 96% (17/19). Between the years 1994 and 1996 the percentage of pediatric colonoscopies that resulted in terminal ileal intubation was 21.5%; between the years 1999 and 2000 the percentage increased to 65.6%. CONCLUSIONS: A normal small bowel radiography alone should not be used to rule out pediatric inflammatory bowel disease when the symptoms suggest it. Colonoscopy with terminal ileal intubation is feasible and safe; it should be attempted in all children with symptoms consistent with inflammatory bowel disease.     

Azathioprine hypersensitivity presenting as sweet syndrome in a child with ulcerative colitis

Sweet syndrome is a cutaneous lesion characterized by tender, red inflammatory nodules or papules. We describe a pediatric case of Sweet syndrome presenting 10 days after treatment with azathioprine. As azathioprine is widely used in children with inflammatory bowel disease, clinicians should be aware of this unusual adverse reaction.     

Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease

Background

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease is increasing in the pediatric population worldwide.

Need and purpose of review

There is paucity of high quality scientific data regarding pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Most of the guidelines are offshoots of work done in adults, which have been adapted over time to diagnose and treat pediatric patients. This is in part related to the small numbers in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease and less extensive collaboration for multicentric trials both nationally and internationally.

Methods

A literature search was performed using electronic databases i.e. Pubmed and OVID, using keywords: pediatric, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’s disease, Ulcerative colitis, epidemiology and guidelines. This article amalgamates the broad principles of diagnosing and managing a child with suspected inflammatory bowel disease.

Main conclusions

25% of the patients with inflammatory bowel disease are children and and young adolescents. The primary concern is its impact on growth velocity, puberty and quality of life, including psychosocial issues. Treatment guidelines are being re-defined as the drug armamentarium is increasing. The emphasis will be to achieve mucosal healing and normal growth velocity with minimal drug toxicity.

     

Psychological factors affecting pediatric inflammatory bowel disease

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Psychological factors affecting pediatric inflammatory bowel disease, intervention and other therapeutic resources are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS: Children with inflammatory bowel disease are at risk for more difficulties in psychosocial functioning than healthy children, particularly depression, anxiety and social difficulties. Psychosocial difficulties are generally similar to those found in other pediatric chronic illnesses and are clinically significant in only a subset of those with inflammatory bowel disease. Conflicting results have been reported for the areas of family dysfunction and body image, and few studies have been published in the areas of stress/coping and eating disorders. One pilot study suggests psychotherapy is effective for depressed adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease. SUMMARY: The scant existing research limits conclusions about which children are most at risk for experiencing problems. Future research should investigate a range of psychosocial outcomes and risk factors for developing problems. Prevention and intervention strategies aimed at improving psychosocial functioning in children with inflammatory bowel disease should be developed and evaluated.     

Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases in childhood. Case contribution and critical considerations]

The term "inflammatory bowel disease" describes 2 major categories of chronic disease: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Non specific chronic colitis and allergic colitis in childhood can usually be distinguished by clinical and histopathologic criteria. This study regards a retrospective analysis of 23 patients suffering from chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical manifestations began between 4 and 18 years of age. The Authors report remarkable frequency in pediatric age and common diagnostic delay, especially in Crohn's disease. The possibility of extraintestinal symptoms (erythema nodosum, arthritis, iridocyclitis) is also showed. Moreover they analyse present diagnostic proceedings: in childhood the employ of 99 mTc-HmPAO-labelled granulocytes is a new and non invasive test useful in the follow-up of the patients. In the treatment corticosteroids and sulfasalazine are used in various combinations associated with general supportive measures. Finally the Authors confirm that chronic inflammatory bowel disease may cause, especially in childhood, remarkable involvement on the growth and several psychological disorders.     

Workshop report: developing a pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases network and data platform in Canada

The purpose of the workshop was to receive input from the Canadian pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases research community to develop a research funding opportunity for a Canadian pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases network and data platform supported by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research, in partnership with the Foundation for Children with Intestinal and Liver Disorders. Leaders from across the country came together, with the objectives of identifying the scientific goals for a Canadian pediatric inflammatory bowel disease network, the required infrastructure, and an appropriate governance structure needed to achieve such a network and data platform, as well as other elements needed to ensure the successful implementation of a network.     

Ultrasound of the bowel in children: how we do it

Advances in US like high-resolution transducers, harmonic imaging and panoramic modality have overcome some of the obstacles for sonography of the small and large bowel that existed in the past. In a number of centers, bowel US is an established routine method both in adults in children. Bowel US has the distinct advantages of being widely available, relatively cheap, free of radiation and easy to perform. In addition, US of the bowel demonstrates both mural and extramural pathological changes. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease have frequent imaging studies due to disease recurrences and need of follow-up after treatment. Thus this group of pediatric patients benefits most from an optimized and standardized bowel US. This review provides a comprehensive step-by-step approach how to perform US of the bowel in children with emphasis on imaging inflammatory bowel changes. It is meant to serve like a recipe and facilitate the routine performance of US of the bowel in children.     

The bioavailability of oral methotrexate in children with inflammatory bowel disease

OBJECTIVES: Methotrexate is used to treat patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Although no available pharmacologic data support the assumption that the bioavailability of methotrexate is diminished in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, most such patients receive methotrexate parenterally. METHODS: The oral bioavailability of methotrexate was determined in 11 pediatric patients being treated with methotrexate for inflammatory bowel disease. Serial plasma methotrexate concentrations were determined after equal subcutaneous and oral doses of methotrexate. RESULTS: The mean bioavailability of methotrexate in patients with inflammatory bowel disease was 84% +/- 38%. Interpatient variability in drug exposure was similar after oral and subcutaneous administration. CONCLUSIONS: The bioavailability of methotrexate in patients with inflammatory bowel disease is no different from that observed in other disease states. Subcutaneous administration of methotrexate does not appear to decrease the interpatient variability in drug exposure. There is no sound pharmacologic basis for favoring administration of methotrexate via the subcutaneous route for patients with inflammatory bowel disease.     

Utility of capsule endoscopy in pediatric gastroenterology

Wireless endoscopy is a new noninvasive diagnostic method that is able to visualize small bowel lesions. The instrument is small and carries a battery and microcamera that takes two photographs per second. It is indicated in cases of bleeding of unknown origin and for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease, among other disorders. To date, it has mainly been used in adults. We believe that this instrument could play an important role in the pediatric age group since it is noninvasive and can be used to diagnose small bowel lesions, thus avoiding unnecessary diagnostic tests. We report the case of a girl with suspicion of Crohn's disease that was unconfirmed by conventional endoscopic techniques. The capsule showed small bowel lesions compatible with Crohn's disease. Corticosteroid treatment was initiated and the patient is now in clinical remission.     

Role of wireless capsule endoscopy in reclassifying inflammatory bowel disease in children

ObjectiveTo evaluate the role of wireless capsule endoscopy in identifying small bowel lesions in pediatric patients with newly diagnosed colonic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) type unclassified (IBDU), and to assess whether capsule endoscopy findings result in altered patient management.MethodsTen pediatric patients recently diagnosed with IBDU through standard investigations were recruited from the pediatric gastroenterology clinic at McMaster Children's Hospital to undergo capsule endoscopy using the Pillcam SB^TM (Given Imaging) capsule. Findings consistent with a diagnosis of Crohn's disease required the identification of at least three ulcerations.ResultsThree out of ten patients had newly identified findings on capsule endoscopy that met criteria for Crohn's disease. Three more patients had findings suspicious for Crohn's disease, but failed to meet the diagnostic criteria. Three additional patients had findings most consistent with ulcerative colitis, and one had possible gastritis with a normal intestine. Findings from capsule endoscopy allowed for changes in the medical management of three patients. In all ten cases, capsule endoscopy allowed for a better characterization of the type and extent of disease. No adverse outcomes occurred in the present cohort.ConclusionThis prospective study reveals that wireless capsule endoscopy is feasible, valuable, and non-invasive, offering the ability to potentially better characterize newly diagnosed pediatric IBDU cases by identifying lesions in the small bowel and reclassifying these as Crohn's disease.