宫腔镜、诊断性刮宫诊断绝经期妇女子宫内膜增厚病变的临床价值分析

目的 分析比较宫腔镜、诊断性刮宫在诊断绝经期妇女子宫内膜增厚病变中的临床价值。方法 收集160例绝经期妇女,其中106例患者在经阴道超声（TVS）检查后完成宫腔镜检查,另外54例患者在TVS检查后完成诊断性刮宫检查,以手术病理为金标准,比较宫腔镜、诊断性刮宫诊断子宫内膜增厚病变的临床效能。结果 106例行宫腔镜检查妇女病理证实子宫内膜癌11例（10.38%）,子宫内膜息肉60例（56.60%）,子宫内膜增生15例（14.15%）,子宫内膜萎缩11例（10.38%）,其他9例（8.49%）;54例行诊断性刮宫检查妇女病理证实子宫内膜癌7例（12.96%）,子宫内膜息肉26例（48.15%）,子宫内膜增生10例（18.52%）,子宫内膜萎缩8例（14.81%）,其他3例（5.56%）。宫腔镜检查诊断子宫内膜息肉、增生、萎缩的敏感性以及诊断子宫内膜癌的特异性、子宫内膜增生、萎缩的阴性预测值均高于诊断性刮宫检查,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 相比诊断性刮宫,宫腔镜检查绝经期妇女子宫内膜增厚病变可提高诊断效能,对病变性质判断更可靠。     

宫腔镜和超声波对子宫内膜息肉诊断价值的比较

目的：探讨宫腔镜与超声波在诊断子宫内膜息肉上的价值，为子宫内膜息肉的诊断提供参考依据。方法：调查2004年12月至2010年12月在广州某医院进行妇科检查的患者1338例，患者均进行超声、宫腔镜及诊刮后送病理检查，以病理检查作为金标准，超声波和宫腔镜的诊断结果与之进行比较。结果：病理诊断子宫内膜息肉428例，超声诊断子宫内膜息肉的灵敏度、特异度、正确指数分别为61．21％、91．87％、0．53；宫腔镜诊断子宫内膜息肉的灵敏度、特异度、正确指数分别为95．33％、99．23％、0．95，两种检验方法比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。超声波与宫腔镜联合检查和超声检查诊断子宫内膜息肉的比较中，超声波的检出率为61．45％，超声波与宫腔镜联合检出率为99．30％，两种检验方法比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：超声波是一种无创伤、操作简单的检查方法，可作为子宫内膜息肉的筛查手段，但漏诊率偏高。宫腔镜诊断的符合率高，准确且直观，但操作较繁杂。超声波与宫腔镜联合检查可弥补各自的缺陷，是诊断子宫内膜息肉的较好的方法。     

超声联合宫腔镜检查子宫异常出血的诊断价值

目的:超声和宫腔镜联合检查诊断子宫异常出血的原因。材料与方法:经腹部超声检查测量子宫内膜厚度,超声和宫腔镜联合检查观察子宫腔内病变并在超声监测下诊断性刮宫。结果:75例患者中,子宫内膜厚度16mm者55例,其中子宫内膜息肉、子宫粘膜下肌瘤以及子宫内膜息肉合并粘膜下肌瘤43例,子宫内膜癌5例,子宫内膜增生7例;子宫内膜16mm者20例,其中子宫内膜息肉3例,宫颈息肉7例。结论:超声检查可以作为子宫异常出血患者的首选检查方法,超声和宫腔镜联合检查可进一步提高病因诊断。     

阴道超声检查对子宫内膜息肉的诊断价值

子宫内膜息肉是常见的宫腔内良性病变，非弥漫性子宫内膜增生可产生子宫内膜息肉，息肉是非赘生性的，系内膜局限部位受激素刺激而形成。近年来，随着阴道超声的开展，其作为一种无创性的诊断手段，为子宫内膜息肉提供了一种简捷有效的诊断与鉴别手段。本文对我院1年来阴道B超诊断子宫内膜息肉的89例患者的超声诊断资料与宫腔镜术后病理检查结果对照做回顾性分析，旨在探讨经阴道超声检查对此病的诊断价值。     

经阴道超声诊断不孕症常见宫腔病变的分析——300例与宫腔镜检查结果的比较

目的:探讨经阴道超声检查不孕症患者常见宫腔内疾病的发生率准确性。方法:分析300例同时接受阴道超声及宫腔镜检查的不孕症患者常见宫腔内病变,比较2种方法的各项指标。结果:所占比例最高的宫腔内病变为子宫内膜息肉,其次为宫腔粘连、宫腔畸形,最低的是子宫内膜结核;对各种常见宫腔内病变的诊断,2种检查方法符合率比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:阴道超声在诊断不孕症患者中最常见的宫腔内病变是子宫内膜息肉、宫腔粘连、宫腔畸形,黏膜下肌瘤、内膜结核较少见;子宫内膜息肉、宫腔粘连中各项指标均高,最有利于开展临床工作;对诊断子宫异常增生、慢性非特异性子宫内膜炎,宫腔镜可以定位取材,明显优于阴道超声。     

子宫内膜息肉的诊治进展

子宫内膜息肉(endometrial polyps,EP)为妇女最常见的子宫内膜病变之一,在生育期主要表现为月经量过多、月经周期不规律、不孕等,绝经期表现为不规则阴道出血。因此,正确诊断子宫内膜息肉并给予相应的治疗是缓解及消除患者症状的关键。临床上首选超声作为诊断方法,随着宫腔镜的广泛应用,目前对EP的诊断水平有了显著提高,但仍需参考病理诊断确诊。关于对EP的治疗,临床上尚未形成明确的指南。现就其诊治进展的研究现状作一价值分析。     

宫腔镜诊治子宫内膜息肉100例临床分析

<正>子宫内膜息肉(endom etria 1 polyp,EP)是常见的子宫内膜病变之一,常表现为月经过多、经间期出血或不孕,绝经后妇女则表现为少量点滴状出血。不规则阴道出血的妇女中,EP的发生率约为25%。妇科检查往往无异常发现,易误诊为功能失调性子宫出血。常因久治不愈或严重贫血而导致子宫切除。传统诊断方法是B超检查、诊断性刮宫或子宫切除术后病理诊断,但漏诊率高。近年来随着宫腔镜的广泛应用,EP诊断及治疗水平不断提高,宫腔镜可根据子宫内膜的形状、色泽情况及血管分布等,对EP作出较为明确的诊断和治疗,现将我院行宫腔镜手术治疗的100例患者的临床资料进行分析、总结。报道如下:     

不孕症合并子宫内膜息肉的临床处理及预后

子宫内膜息肉是最常见的良性子宫内膜病变之一,可能通过机械梗阻和炎症刺激影响妊娠的发生而导致不孕。经阴道超声是内膜息肉的主要筛查手段,宫腔镜检查及直视下病理活检则是内膜息肉诊断的金标准。宫腔镜手术切除息肉可以提高自然妊娠和辅助生殖技术的成功率,然而息肉切除是否作为辅助生殖技术实施前的常规治疗目前尚有争议。子宫内膜息肉术后复发的预防、促排卵过程中新发息肉的处理是目前的两个临床难题,需要一系列设计严谨的临床及基础研究为息肉的处理提供更有说服力的理论和实践依据。     

宫腔镜诊治子宫内膜息肉临床分析

目的：总结宫腔镜诊断子宫内膜息肉的准确性和治疗效果。方法：选取2007年1月－2012年9月宫腔镜检查诊断子宫内膜息肉120例患者临床资料。结果：120例患者在B超声监护下完成宫腔镜子宫内膜息肉切除术,手术恢复良好。没有出现一例手术并发症。手术后病理检查诊断子宫内膜息肉109例,宫腔镜诊断正确率91％应用宫腔镜治疗,月经增多有效率82％,阴道不规则流血有效率100％。结论：B超声监护下诊断治疗子宫内膜息肉是安全有效的。     

宫腔镜诊治研究新进展

近年微型器械的应用带动了无创技术。宫腔镜与阴道超声、子宫声学造影、彩色多普勒超声、子宫输卵管造影等的比较研究证实，宫腔镜检查是现代诊断宫腔内病变的金标准。大量随访研究证实宫腔镜电切术治疗宫腔内良性病变的有效性，被誉为微创外科手术成功的典范，成为治疗功能失调性子宫出血的首选外科方法，治疗子宫纵隔的标准术式和治疗子宫内膜息肉的金标准。并发症防治研究日益深入，第二代宫腔镜手术蓬勃发展，远期预后有待评估。     

Detection of feeding artery improves the ultrasound diagnosis of endometrial polyps in asymptomatic patients

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether transvaginal power Doppler imaging of the vascularity improves the ultrasound detection rate of endometrial polyps in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-one patients with endometrial polyps confirmed by operative hysteroscopy and histologic examination. They were all examined with grey-scale and subsequent power Doppler enhanced ultrasound preoperatively according to the same protocol. Double layer endometrium and detailed endometrial morphology were described at grey scale scan. With power Doppler imaging pattern of endometrial vascularity. In the presence of a single feeding artery the ultrasound diagnosis of an endometrial polyp was made. RESULTS: With grey-scale imaging 20 polyps (49%) were recognized, while the subsequent application of power Doppler diagnosed the remaining 21 polyps increasing the overall detection rate to 10% (P < 0.01). The grey-scale detection rate for the polyp was 11/30 (0.37) in the asymptomatic patients and 9/11 (82%) in the symptomatic patients. No difference in endometrial thickness was observed. With power Doppler imaging, the detection rate for the feeding arteries was 97% (29/30) in the asymptomatic polyps and a similar 91% (10/11) in the symptomatic polyps. In the 21 polyps, where imaging of the vascularity was the only diagnostic marker, all but two were asymptomatic. CONCLUSION: Power Doppler enhanced ultrasound detection of the feeding vessels can be a simple, non-invasive and highly effective first line test for the diagnosis of endometrial polyps in asymptomatic patients.     

Is dosage of hormone replacement therapy related with endometrial polyp formation?

PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION: To evaluate the effect of different doses of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on endometrial polyp formation. METHODS: 398 menopausal women were initially evaluated through transvaginal ultrasound and patients who already had endometrial polyps were excluded from the study. One hundred and six (26.6%) eligible patients were enrolled and randomized into two groups of 53 patients to receive two different doses of HRT. RESULTS: Six patients with endometrial polyps were detected in the first group and one patient in the second one (p = 0.0502 for total chi-square and p = .1172 for chi-square with continuity correction) after a mean duration of treatment of 26 months and 28,5 months, respectively. There was no difference in the mean number or the mean volume of the polyps between the two subgroups with positive results. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that endometrial polyp formation may be related with HRT dosage.     

三苯氧胺对子宫内膜的影响

目的：观察乳腺癌患者服用三苯氧胺（TAM）后对子宫内膜的影响。方法：26例乳腺癌患者服用TAM（TAM组）后出现阴道异常出血或B超检查发现子宫内膜增厚而行宫腔镜检查及子宫内膜病理检查。另外以同时期无TAM服药史的非乳腺癌患者因绝经后阴道出血而行宫腔镜检查的78例作为对照组。结果：TAM组发生子宫内膜息肉和宫颈息肉共13例（50.0%）,而对照组为14例（17.9%),两组比较,差异有显著性（P＜0.05)。TAM组发生子宫内膜增生9例（34.6%),明显高于对照组的12例（15.4%,P＜0.05)。结论：乳腺癌患者长期服用TAM后子宫内膜病变增多,故对这些患者应进行B超监测子宫腔镜检查。     

Evaluation of endometrial polyps

OBJECTIVE: Endometrial polyps are relatively common in all groups of women. More polyps are being diagnosed with the widespread use of transvaginal ultrasound scanning and sonohysterography. The reported incidence of malignancy is low. The potential benefit of a noninvasive technique to distinguish benign from malignant polyps is obvious. This study was undertaken to evaluate endometrial polyps by color flow Doppler ultrasound scanning and histopathologic examination. STUDY DESIGN: This was an observational study of patients with an endometrial polyp on sonohysterography who underwent interrogation of their polyp with color Doppler ultrasound scanning and subsequently polypectomy. Polyp volume, resistive index, pulsatility index, indication for scan (bleeding vs incidental), and patient age were correlated with histopathologic type of the polyp (nonfunctional, proliferative, secretory, hyperplastic, or malignant). RESULTS: Of 61 patients studied, 42 patients (68.9%) were scanned for abnormal bleeding, and 19 patients (31.1%) had their polyps discovered incidentally. There were no statistically significant differences between histologic categories and the resistive index, pulsatility index, or size of the polyp. The age of patients with nonfunctional polyps was significantly greater than any other group (P <.001). Ninety-four percent of the functional polyps were discovered because of abnormal bleeding; 38% of the nonfunctional polyps were discovered incidentally (P <.001). CONCLUSION: The data suggest that the objective assessment of blood flow impedance (resistive index, pulsatility index) in endometrial polyps and the size of these polyps cannot replace surgical removal and pathologic evaluation to predict histologic type. Patients with nonfunctional polyps were older and less likely to have vaginal bleeding.     

A randomised controlled trial comparing transvaginal ultrasound, outpatient hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy with inpatient hysteroscopy and curettage

Objective To compare the use of outpatient and inpatient procedures in the investigation of abnormal uterine bleeding.
Design A randomised controlled trial.
Setting Two university teaching hospitals.
Participants Four hundred women with abnormal uterine bleeding (postmenopausal bleeding, menorrhagia, intermenstrual bleeding, postcoital bleeding, or irregular periods) above the age of 35 years, between June 1993 and January 1995.
Main outcome measures 1. Incidence of detection of abnormal pathology by vaginal ultrasound, outpatient hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy compared with inpatient hysteroscopy and curettage; 2. Number of 'lesions' (e.g. fibroids, polyps, endometrial hyperplasia or malignancy) found by hysteroscopy that would have been missed by the combination of endometrial sampling and ultrasound; 3. Comparison of the quality of tissue obtained for histology by outpatient endometrial sampling and inpatient curettage; and 4. An evaluation of patient acceptability of outpatient and inpatient procedures.
Results 1. A combination of transvaginal sonography, Pipelle endometrial biopsy and outpatient hysteroscopy has similar efficacy to inpatient hysteroscopy and curettage for the investigation of abnormal uterine bleeding; 2. Hysteroscopy will detect some fibroids and polyps missed by a combination of transvaginal ultrasound and Pipelle endometrial sampling; 3. The quality of histological samples obtained by outpatient Pipelle were comparable to those obtained by formal inpatient curettage; and 4. Outpatient procedures were well tolerated, with good patient acceptability.
Conclusion Transvaginal sonography and endometrial biopsy can safely be used as the initial investigations in the management of abnormal uterine bleeding. Hysteroscopy can be used as a second line investigation. Outpatient hysteroscopy with local anaesthesia is well tolerated although general anesthesia may occasionally be necessary.     

A randomised controlled trial comparing transvaginal ultrasound, outpatient hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy with inpatient hysteroscopy and curettage

OBJECTIVE: To compare the use of outpatient and inpatient procedures in the investigation of abnormal uterine bleeding. DESIGN: A randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Two university teaching hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred women with abnormal uterine bleeding (postmenopausal bleeding, menorrhagia, intermenstrual bleeding, postcoital bleeding, or irregular periods) above the age of 35 years, between June 1993 and January 1995. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: 1. Incidence of detection of abnormal pathology by vaginal ultrasound, outpatient hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy compared with inpatient hysteroscopy and curettage; 2. Number of 'lesions' (e.g. fibroids, polyps, endometrial hyperplasia or malignancy) found by hysteroscopy that would have been missed by the combination of endometrial sampling and ultrasound; 3. Comparison of the quality of tissue obtained for histology by outpatient endometrial sampling and inpatient curettage; and 4. An evaluation of patient acceptability of outpatient and inpatient procedures. RESULTS: 1. A combination of transvaginal sonography, Pipelle endometrial biopsy and outpatient hysteroscopy has similar efficacy to inpatient hysteroscopy and curettage for the investigation of abnormal uterine bleeding; 2. Hysteroscopy will detect some fibroids and polyps missed by a combination of transvaginal ultrasound and Pipelle endometrial sampling; 3. The quality of histological samples obtained by outpatient Pipelle were comparable to those obtained by formal inpatient curettage; and 4. Outpatient procedures were well tolerated, with good patient acceptability. CONCLUSION: Transvaginal sonography and endometrial biopsy can safely be used as the initial investigations in the management of abnormal uterine bleeding. Hysteroscopy can be used as a second line investigation. Outpatient hysteroscopy with local anaesthesia is well tolerated although general anesthesia may occasionally be necessary.     

绝经后乳腺癌患者服用他莫昔芬发生子宫内膜息肉危险因素的探讨

目的:探讨绝经后因乳腺癌服用他莫昔芬(TAM)与子宫内膜息肉发生的相关性。方法:随诊了46例绝经后服用TAM超过6个月的妇女,其中22例经宫腔镜手术及内膜病理证实为内膜息肉(A组),24例宫腔镜检查未发现息肉(B组)。比较2组服用TAM的时间、剂量,经阴道超声波(TVS)检查的结果,并分析与子宫内膜癌相关的危险因素。结果:息肉组妇女的体重明显重于非息肉组(P=0.013),且比非息肉组服用TAM的时间长,TAM的累计剂量增加(P值均为0.002)。经阴道超声波检查示息肉组子宫内膜增厚或者宫内异常回声的发生率明显高于非息肉组(P=0.019)。结论:肥胖,长期服用TAM超过2年或累计剂量超过15g是绝经后妇女服用TAM发生子宫内膜息肉的高危因素。TVS提示内膜增厚或者宫内异常回声有诊断价值,可作为预测内膜息肉发生的指标。     

The value of sonohysterography in detecting intracavitary benign abnormalities

The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the diagnostic value and the usefulness of sonohysterography in the detection of uterine intracavitary benign abnormalities, compared with other diagnostic methods (transvaginal ultrasonography and diagnostic hysteroscopy). From January 2003 to December 2003, a total of 73 patients (47 premenopausal (middle age 38.9) and 26 postmenopausal women (middle age 60.5)) underwent transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) and sonohysterography (SHG), consisting of an intrauterine infusion of saline solution during transvaginal ultrasound. The women referred to our Ultrasonography Center because of intermenstrual (38) or postmenopausal bleeding (19), or an abnormal or a poorly defined endometrial interface (16) as seen as baseline ultrasonography. The findings at TVS and SHG were compared with hysteroscopy (HS). In one case, the SHG was technically impossible to perform. In premenopausal group the sensitivity of SHG had been 100% in detecting submucosal fibroids, endometrial polyps and hyperplasia and 75% in detecting normal uterus. The specificity had been always 100%. In postmenopausal group the sensitivity of SHG had been 75% in detecting submucosal fibroids, 93.8% in endometrial polyps and 100% in hyperplasia and normal uterus. The specificity had been 100% in submucosal fibroids and hyperplasia and had been 90.0 and 95.5% in endometrial polyps and normal uterus, respectively. SHG allows to obtain a precise diagnosis of benign uterine pathology and it is more accurate in the diagnosis of intracavitary abnormalities than that obtained by TVS. Preoperative use of SHG may assist in choosing the best surgical treatment for the patient.     

The endometrial echo revisited: have we created a monster?

Transvaginal ultrasound has been explored as an inexpensive, noninvasive, convenient way to indirectly visualize the endometrial cavity. For more than a decade numerous studies have indicated that a thin, distinct, well-visualized echo (<4-5 mm) in postmenopausal women with bleeding is as effective as any diagnostic modality in excluding endometrial cancer (99% negative predictive value). Unfortunately, this is not the same as saying that a thick endometrial echo is pathologic. In fact, the positive predictive value of an echo greater than 5 mm is less than 10% for any disease and only 4% for serious disease (cancer or hyperplasia). No studies validating the clinical significance of a nonthin endometrial echo observed in an incidental imaging study have ever been performed. Because 5 mm has been a "cutoff" for excluding endometrial cancers in women with bleeding, many clinicians have assumed that any findings greater than 5 mm need endometrial sampling to exclude disease. The number of postmenopausal women with quiescent fibroids, or polyps, or heterogeneous uterine echoes for technical reasons (previous scarring, axial uterus) is unknown but not insignificant. Furthermore, if transvaginal ultrasound is to be used, it must be performed appropriately, further recognizing that in a substantial number of patients it may not be possible to obtain technically adequate endometrial assessment. So, although transvaginal ultrasound can be a reliable method of excluding disease in many postmenopausal women with bleeding, the incidental finding of a non-thin endometrial echo has not been investigated and should not automatically trigger a need for formal tissue sampling.