中部地区危重新生儿转运系统中二级NICU的作用分析

【目的】 探讨二级NICU在危重新生儿转运系统(neonatal emergency transport system, NETS)中的桥梁作用。 【方法】 以随州市妇幼保健院二级NICU为中心收集2005年5月-2010年4月主动转运危重新生儿和同期被动接诊的新生儿信息,对NETS作用效果的有关资料进行统计学分析。 【结果】 主动转运逐年增加,被动接诊逐年减少;主动转运的病残率低于被动转运;主动转运疾病的转归好于被动接诊。 【结论】 在中部地区地市设置二级NICU,对保证危重新生儿转运救治成功以及降低新生儿死亡率和神经系统病残率具有重要意义。     

危重新生儿转运46例临床分析

危重新生儿转运系统(NETS)是院前急救的重要环节。我院NICU于2002-11省内首家正式启动NETS，至2003-04共转运危重新生儿46例，现总结分析如下。     

宜宾市新生儿转运系统应用现状分析

目的探讨四川省宜宾市新生儿急救转运系统(NETS)的应用现状。 方法选择2015年1月至2016年12月,通过宜宾市第一人民医院NETS转运至本院新生儿科的1 184例危重新生儿为研究对象。根据这1 184例患儿采取NETS转运至新生儿科的时间,将其分别纳入2015年组(n＝645)与2016年组(n＝539)。采用回顾性分析方法,收集2组患儿的一般临床资料,疾病种类(按照入院第一诊断结果进行分类),转诊医院、转诊距离和时间,住院治疗情况,住院时间和费用,以及转归情况。采用成组t检验,对2组患儿的转诊距离、转诊时间进行比较。采用Wilcoxon秩和检验,对2组患儿给氧治疗时间、经鼻持续正压通气(nCPAP)时间、气管插管机械通气时间、住院时间及住院费用进行比较。采用χ²检验,对2组患儿采取NETS转运时的日龄及转诊医院构成比、给氧治疗率、nCPAP治疗率、气管插管机械通气治疗率进行比较。本研究遵循的程序符合宜宾市第一人民医院伦理委员会制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,征得患儿监护人知情同意,并与其签署临床研究知情同意书。2组采取NETS转运患儿的性别、出生胎龄及出生体重构成比等一般临床资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结果①2015年1月至2016年12月,采取NETS转运至本院新生儿科的危重新生儿共计1 184例,转运途中无1例死亡。②2016年组患儿采取NETS转运时的日龄≤24 h者所占比例为81.1%(437/1 184),显著高于2015年组的71.2%(459/1 184),2组比较,差异有统计学意义(χ²＝15.676,P<0.001)。③采取NETS转运患儿的前3位疾病为：新生儿肺炎632例(53.4%,632/1 184);新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病122例(10.3%,122/1 184);新生儿高胆红素血症91例(7.7%,91/1 184)。④采取NETS转运的患儿来自54家医院,转诊距离为(45.8±28.4) km,转诊时间为(71.6±43.2) min。2015年组与2016年组患儿所在转诊医院级别构成比、不同级别医院转诊患儿例数、转诊距离及时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。⑤采取NETS转运患儿接受给氧治疗者为393例(33.2%,393/1 184),接受nCPAP治疗者为158例(13.3%,158/1 184),接受气管插管机械通气治疗者为182例(15.4%,182/1 184)。2组患儿给氧治疗率、nCPAP治疗率、气管插管机械通气治疗率、给氧治疗时间、nCPAP时间、气管插管机械通气时间、住院时间、住院费用比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。⑥采取NETS转运患儿的治愈好转率为93.7%(1 109/1 184);放弃治疗率为3.7%(44/1 184);进一步转诊至上级医院治疗者为31例(2.6%,31/1 184)。2组患儿治愈好转、转诊至上级医院治疗、放弃治疗构成比比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论本院NETS应用状况良好,较好地解决了宜宾市及周边地区基层医院医疗设备落后和人员技术水平不足的问题。     

新生儿经鼻持续气管正压通气对二氧化碳潴留的影响

目的 探讨新生儿使用经鼻持续气管正压通气(nCPAP)前、后各时段二氧化碳(CO2)潴留情况.方法 选取2009年6月至12月在本院新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)住院的46例使用呼吸机进行nCPAP治疗的新生儿为研究对象,纳入nCPAP组,接受nCPAP治疗时间均超过72 h.选择同期在本院因黄疸住院治疗的20例新生儿纳入对照组(未接受nCPAP治疗).分别测定nCPAP组使用nCPAP前及使用后30 min,6h,12 h,24 h,48 h和72 h的血气分析结果,并与对照组的结果进行统计学分析(本研究遵循的程序符合本院人体试验委员会制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,分组征得受试对象监护人的知情同意,并与其签署临床研究知情同意书).两组患儿孕龄、日龄、性别等比较,差异无统计学意义( P＞0.05).结果 nCPAP组68例新生儿在使用nCPAP前及使用后72 h内各时段血气指标结果显示,nCPAP治疗对新生儿动脉血二氧化碳分压( PaCO2)的影响,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).nCPAP组与对照组新生儿的血气指标比较,差异亦无统计学意义(P＞0.05).nCPAP组新生儿过高PaCO2在上机后各时间段比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 在新生儿持续使用nCPAP治疗的72 h以内,不会导致CO2潴留.     

郴州市区域性危重新生儿院前转运网络的研究与实践（附911例临床分析）

目的探讨危重新生儿院前网络转运的意义。方法建立危重新生儿院前转运网络,将危重新生儿转运至网络中心新生儿监护中心（NICU）治疗,使危重新生几得到及时救护。结果3年间共转运新生儿911例,转运新生儿逐年增加,病死率逐年下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论建立完善的网络转运系统,对提高危重新生儿转运救治成功率,降低死亡率有重要意义。     

气泡式鼻塞持续气道正压通气联合氨溴索早期防治早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征疗效研究

目的 探讨早期应用气流驱动式(IFD)气泡式鼻塞持续气道iF压通气(BNCPAP)联合大剂量氨溴索防治早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)的疗效.方法 选取2009年10月至2011年9月于本院产科分娩后30 min内转入本科的79例早产儿为研究对象,并按照转入顺序随机分为治疗组(IFD-BNCPAP+大剂量氨溴索,n=42)及对照组(常规治疗,n=37).观察两组患儿生命体征、NRDS发生率、机械通气(MV)使用率、通气时间,住院时间、MV治疗前及12h后血气分析、呼吸指数(RI)及氧合指数(OJ)、肺动态顺应性(Crs)、呼吸道阻力(R)、压力容量(P-V)曲线斜率及并发症发生率,并对结果进行统计学分析(本研究遵循的程序符合本院人体试验委员会所制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,分组征得受试对象监护人的知情同意,并与之签署临床研究知情同意书).结果 两组患儿NRDS发生率和MV使用率比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗组通气时间及住院时间较对照组明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组MV治疗前及12 h后二氧化碳分压(PaCC2)、OI及RI比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),pH值比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);两组上机24 h及72 h后,Crs,R及P-V曲线斜率比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).治疗组并发症发生率低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 早期应用IFD-BNCPAP联合大剂量氨溴索可提高肺顺应性,改善肺氧合功能,对NRDS具有良好疗效.     

1951例高危新生儿急救转运临床分析

目的探讨建立高危新生儿转运系统（NETS）的临床意义。方法建立NETS并与市、县、镇30多家医院形成转运网络,包括现场抢救、途中监护,将高危新生儿转运至笔者所在医院NICU治疗。结果1999年5月至2008年5月转运高危新生儿1951例,途中无1例死亡,治愈好转出院1890例,放弃26例,死亡35例。结论建立高危新生儿转运系统,尽早转运、及时救治是降低城市及周边地区新生儿病死率、致残率及改善患儿预后的重要措施。     

妇幼保健网在完善区域性新生儿转运网络中的实践

[目的]探讨与特区基层妇幼保健网的合作,优化区域性新生儿转运网络(neonatal transport network,NTN)和转运手段的可行性.[方法]通过与特区区级妇幼保健网络协作,拓展基层区域性转运系统(newborn emer-gency transport service,NETS)综合服务内涵.[结果]两个模式阶段中,全区活产婴儿数年均增加35.9%,新生儿窒息及主要并发症缺氧缺血性脑病、NTN转运病死率、新生儿病死率、新生儿死亡率、NTN年均转运新生儿数、NTN量占本院NICU量之比及其与同期全区活产婴儿数之比分别为18.8%、5.08%,1.6%、5.6%、5.13‰、532、42.3%、0.71%,13.62%、2.82%,0.9%、2.3%、3.58‰、213、28.9%、0.28%.[结论]加强与妇幼保健网络协作,拓展NETS服务内涵,提升了NTN质量,降低了新生儿病死率和死亡率.     

32例新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床分析

目的 探讨分析新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的临床特点.方法 收集2006年5月-2010年5月医院新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)行机械通气＞48 h的新生儿痰培养资料,对所有患儿的痰液标本进行病原菌菌种的分离及耐药性的分析.结果 82例在NICU行机械通气的患儿中,VAP患儿32例,发病率为39.02％;32例VAP患儿共分离出病原菌32株,其中革兰阴性杆菌占71.88％,且多为耐药,革兰阳性球菌占21.88％,真菌占6.24％;VAP患儿死亡率为15.62％,非VAP患儿死亡率仅为2.00％,VAP患儿的死亡率高于非VAP患儿,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 对于NICU机械通气患儿,认真分析痰培养中病原菌的结构,对于VAP的早期诊治具有一定作用.     

南宁市危重症孕产妇转运平台建设效果评价

目的 探讨危重症孕产妇转运平台在降低危重症孕产妇死亡率中的作用与效果.方法 回顾性收集南宁市6个产科急救中心和六县一区共13个县级产科急救中心2010至2014年的孕产妇活产数、高危数、死亡数等数据,就危重症孕产妇转运平台建立运行后,对高危孕产妇救治及死亡情况进行研究分析.结果 各年份的死亡孕产妇例数相比,差异无统计学意义(χ2=5.325,P=0.256).2014年的高危孕产妇高于2010年、2011年、2012年、2013年(χ2值分别为122.056、433.176、43.802、33.479,均P<0.05);2014年危重孕产妇例数高于2010年、2011年、2012年(χ2值分别为11.727、16.524、24.672,均P<0.05);2014年危重孕产妇和高危之间比例高于2010年、2011年、2012年(χ2值分别为8.329、9.211、21.709,均P<0.05);但2014年死亡孕产妇与危重之间的比例要低于2010年、2011年、2012年、2013年(χ2值分别为10.887、11.581、4.053、4.034,均P<0.05).2010-2014年各级医院危重症孕产妇构成比例基本相同,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05).一级医院2014年危重孕产妇转诊率较2010年明显升高,差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.352,P=0.037);二级医院2014年危重孕产妇转诊率较2010年和2011年明显升高,差异有统计学意义(χ2值分别为23.358、20.530,均P<0.05).一级医院转诊所花费的时间从2010年的84min下降至2014年约48min,各年份间危重孕产妇转运平均时间比较,差异有统计学意义(F=22.578,P<0.05),且2014年转诊时间均明显短于2010年、2011年、2012年、2013年(t值分别为7.945、6.946、4.443、2.873,均P<0.05).二级医院转诊所花费的时间从2010年的76min下降至2014年的约42min,各年份间危重孕产妇转运平均时间比较,差异有统计学意义(F=130.734,P=0.000),且2014年转诊时间均明显短于2010年、2011年、2012年、2013年(t值分别为19.626、16.460、9.357、6.595,均P<0.05).2010-2014年南宁市孕产妇共死亡人数111例,直接原因导致的死亡人数为53例,占总死亡人数的47.75%;间接原因导致的死亡人数为58例,占总死亡人数的52.25%.统计学分析显示,2013年直接产科原因致死的孕产妇所占死亡人数比例显著低于2010年(χ2=3.978,P<0.05).结论 危重症孕产妇三级转诊平台的有效运行和不断改进,是提高危重症孕产妇救治成功率和降低孕产妇死亡率的有效保障.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.