上尿路结石的急诊ESWL治疗

报告８４例上尿路结石患者经急诊ＥＳＷＬ后效果满意，结石一次治疗粉碎率为１００％，结石一周内排净率为１００％。９例急性无尿患者经急诊ＥＳＷＬ后均在１～１２ｈ内迅速排尿，肾功能得已恢复。５６例急性肾绞痛患者经急诊ＥＳＷＬ后绞痛解除，结石排净。１９例输尿管结石在输尿管镜取石过程中将结石推入肾脏后即行ＥＳＷＬ均获一次治疗成功。急诊ＥＳＷＬ是治疗尿石症引起的急性无尿、急性肾绞痛等患者的简单、有效方法之一，能获得立竿见影之效果。     

输尿管肾镜术处理上尿路血尿

目的　提高上尿路血尿的诊治水平。　方法　血尿病例 12 1例 ,经B超、KUB加IVU、CT及膀胱镜检查怀疑为上尿路来源 ,行输尿管肾镜进一步明确诊断并采取相应治疗措施。　结果　输尿管肾镜术对上尿路血尿的诊断率为 92 % (111/ 12 1) ,诊断输尿管中下段小结石 4 5例 ;肾盂输尿管肿瘤 32例 ,其中 <10mm者 3例 ;肾出血性疾病 19例 ;输尿管息肉 15例。 19例肾出血性疾病和 10例未发现明确病灶者治疗后随访 6个月～ 8年 ,长期成功率 79% (2 3/ 2 9)。　结论　应用输尿管肾镜术诊断和处理上尿路血尿效果良好 ,值得推广。     

输尿管软镜治疗儿童肾结石11例临床分析

目的探讨输尿管软镜在儿童肾结石的应用价值。方法回顾性研究2011年10月至2013年3月对11例儿童肾结石患者行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石取石术,男9例,女2例;年龄6~15岁,平均(9.7±3.1)岁;结石大小13~21mm,平均(16.0±2.7)mm。术前2周留置F5双J管,术中经导丝置入输尿管软镜鞘,置入输尿管软镜,寻及结石,使用200μm钬激光光纤碎石,功率设定在0.8~1.0J,频率设定为8~10Hz。术后留置F5双J管,术后1月复查泌尿系彩超及腹部正位片了解结石清除情况。结果输尿管软镜一次性结石清除率为82%。手术患者均无输尿管穿孔、黏膜撕脱、菌血症等并发症。手术时间40~85min,平均(57.0±12.2)min;术后住院3~5d,平均(3.5±0.8)d。结论输尿管软镜治疗儿童肾结石是安全、有效的。     

Endoscopic management of upper urinary tract stones.

In a two year period from March 1983, 157 patients with upper urinary tract stones were managed primarily by endoscopy. Of 90 patients with renal stones, extraction was achieved in 91% of patients with complete extraction in 76%. Of the remaining patients with ureteric stones, successful extraction was achieved in 75%. Ten patients required open surgery which was for failed extraction in 9. Morbidity is low with a mean hospital stay of 4.7 days for patients with kidney stones, and of 3.7 days for patients undergoing extraction of ureteric stones.     

Bacteriology of upper urinary tract stones

Extensive cultures of stones and urine were performed in 215 patients who underwent an operation for upper urinary tract calculi. Microorganisms could be cultured from the stone in 1 of every 3 patients. Despite the extended culture technique urease-producing microorganisms could be cultured from the stone in only 48% of the patients with calculi that contained magnesium ammonium phosphate. This finding suggests that an infection with urease-producing microorganisms is not obligatory for the formation of this type of stone. Of the patients with calcium oxalate phosphate stones 32% had positive stone cultures, which distinguished them from patients with pure calcium oxalate stones, only 8% of whom had a positive stone culture (p less than 0.001).     

Flexible nephroscopy for upper urinary tract pathology

Flexible nephroscopy was introduced in the Urological Department of Saint John Emergency Clinical Hospital in 2002 and rapidly became a routine procedure. During September 2002-October 2006, flexible nephroscopy was performed in 113 patients for: lithiasis (107 cases), uretero-pelvic junction stenosis (3 cases), caliceal diverticulum (1 case), caliceal urothelial tumors (2 cases). In all cases a 24F flexible nephroscope was used. The energy sources consisted in an electrohydraulic lithotripsy device or Ho:YAG/Nd:YAG lasers. The success rate in patients with lithiasis was 94.4%. Antegrade endopyelotomy was successfully performed in all 3 cases. Evaluation at 6, 12 and 18 months revealed a normal pyelocaliceal system in 2 cases and a significant reduction of hydronephrosis in the third one. In the patient with caliceal diverticulum, evaluation at 6 and 12 months described a large communication with the pyelocaliceal system and no lithiasis recurrence. No recurrences occurred in the patients with conservatively treated caliceal urothelial tumors. Minor complications were encountered in 7% of the cases. Flexible nephroscopy decreases the necessity for multiple access trajects, supracostal access trajects or multiple procedures, thus reducing the morbidity associated with percutaneous interventions.     

Endoscopic management of upper urinary tract stones

Since 1981, 525 renal and ureteric calculi have been removed with percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCN) or transurethral ureteroscopy as the primary modalities of therapy. Successful extraction of the stone at the first attempt was achieved in 92 per cent of cases by PCN and 70 per cent of cases by ureteroscopy, whilst further endoscopic surgery improved the overall success rates to 98 per cent and to 80 per cent respectively. Complication rates from these procedures have both been low as has the morbidity, with most patients leaving hospital within 4 days and returning to work within 2 weeks. The successful development of endoscopic lithotomy and the use of in situ destruction techniques has meant that we now reserve open surgery for difficult multibranched staghorn calculi and ureteric stones embedded in the urothelium. With the advent of extracorporeally generated shockwave lithotripsy it is likely that even these types of stone will be amenable to minimally invasive procedures.     

上尿路结石规范化治疗的临床研究

目的:探讨上尿路结石规范化治疗临床应用的可行性。方法:规范化治疗1 071例(实验组),774例常规治疗(对照组),将两组碎石成功率、结石排净率、并发症、住院费用、住院时间等行比较研究。结果:实验组的总体碎石成功率高于对照组(肾、输尿管上段结石87.2%vs 75.5%,输尿管中下段结石:98.6%vs 84.8%),结石排净率也明显高于对照组(分别为肾、输尿管上段结石组82.0%vs 63.1%,输尿管中下段结石:94.8%vs83.6%);在肾、输尿管上段结石,且直径≤20mm的患者,实验组的并发症率低于对照组(3.6%vs 7.7%,P=0.005),而输尿管中下段结石患者,两组的并发症率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),实验组患者对治疗满意度高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:上尿路结石规范化治疗比常规治疗安全、有效、而且经济。     

体外冲击波碎石治疗尿路结石术后复发性结石

目的探讨尿路结石术后复发结石的原因及治疗。方法1988年～1999年应用ESWL治疗尿路结石取石术后复发性结石88例。结果结石粉碎率为100％,三个月结石排净率为93．1％。结石残留、梗阻因素、尿路感染和代谢紊乱是尿路结石术后复发的主要因素。结论ESWL是治疗尿路结石术后复发性结石的有效方法,提出首次治疗结石应以消除结石,解除梗阻,防治感染,纠正代谢紊乱为原则。     

上尿路结石并发真菌感染的微创经皮肾镜治疗

目的：探讨输尿管镜和微创经皮肾镜探察取石术，以及术后局部灌注抗真菌药治疗上尿路结石并发真菌感染的有效性。方法：对49例上尿路结石并发真菌感染患者，采用输尿管镜探察和微创经皮肾镜取石术后经皮肾微造瘘管或输尿管外支架管灌洗抗真菌药治疗。结果：49例真菌感染均得到较好控制，尿液真菌培养阴性；45例结石取净，术后肾功能有不同程度的恢复，无一例出现大出血和真菌败血症。结论：输尿管镜探察和微创经皮肾镜取石术，以及术后局部灌注抗真菌药治疗上尿路结石并发真菌感染，是一种微创安全并能同时取石和控制感染的可靠方法。     

Results of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for the treatment of upper urinary tract stones

The treatment results of 697 renal units in 687 patients treated for upper urinary tract stones using a Piezolith 2500 at the Ageo Central General Hospital during the 5-year period between August 1999 and July 2004 were analyzed. The stone-free rate and the success rate were calculated according to the stone size and location. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the effect of the patient age, sex, affected side, stone location and stone size on the stone-free rate and the success rate. Overall, the stone-free rate and the success rate at 3 months after treatment were 82.6% and 91.9%, respectively. The stone-free rates in renal and ureteral stones were 60.5% and 88.7%, respectively. The success rates for renal and ureteral stones were 93.6% and 91.6%, respectively. In a univariate logistic regression analysis, patient age and stone size were significant negative factors for both the stone-free rate and the success rate and the stone location in ureter was a significant positive factor only for the stone-free rate. In a multivariate analysis, stone location in the ureter had a positive effect on the stone-free rate, although a negative effect on the success rate. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for upper urinary tract stones was an effective and safe treatment modality. However, if pre-treatment factors indicate unfavorable outcome, the other treatment options should be considered for the first line therapy.     

Flexible ureteropyeloscopy: diagnosis and treatment in the upper urinary tract

Flexible ureteropyeloscopy was performed on 59 patients with 2.7, 3.2 or 3.6 mm. endoscopes with a deflectable tip. Techniques for use of these flexible endoscopes are discussed in detail. The endoscope could be passed into the ureter in 58 patients and into the kidney in 52 (88 per cent). The entire collecting system was visualized in 23 of the most recent 29 patients (79 per cent). A diagnosis was achieved in all 23 patients with an intrarenal filling defect demonstrated radiographically. The source of gross hematuria alone could be defined in 9 of 17 patients. Surveillance for tumor was achieved in 5 of 5 patients and for residual calculus in 4 of 4. The endoscope was used to establish continuity successfully in 3 patients with an obstructed ureteropelvic junction. An instrument with a deflectable tip and some technique for irrigation are essential for intrarenal inspection and complete visualization of the ureter. This procedure is valuable in selected patients and it rapidly may become the technique of choice for the diagnosis of intrarenal filling defects. It also is of value in patients with benign, essential hematuria.     

经皮肾造瘘治疗上尿路结石伴尿源性脓毒血症休克患者的疗效观察

目的:探讨经皮肾造瘘治疗上尿路结石伴尿源性脓毒血症休克患者的疗效。方法:回顾性选取2018年1月至2020年10月本院收治的85例上尿路结石伴尿源性脓毒血症休克患者作为研究对象。根据不同的肾盂减压方式进行分组,将采用常规留置输尿管支架的患者设为常规组(48例),采用经皮肾造瘘的患者设为经皮肾造瘘组(37例)。比较两组患...     

Flexible endoscopy of the upper urinary tract. A new minimally invasive method for diagnosis and treatment

Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) utilizing flexible, actively deflectable instruments has become a valuable asset in the diagnosis of upper urinary tract pathology and the treatment of stone disease. Flexible endoscopic surgery of the proximal ureter and in the intrarenal collecting system constitutes the natural extension of rigid instrumentation in the upper urinary tract. At our institution retrograde ureteral and intrarenal surgery has become an +integral part of our diagnostic and therapeutic armamentarium. This is documented by almost 300 treatments and diagnostic procedures performed in the upper urinary tract over the past 3 years.     

上尿路结石腔内手术中迷走心血管反射的防治

目的探讨上尿路结石腔内手术中迷走心血管反射的防治;方法总结我院2002年12月至2008年12月行上尿路结石腔内手术中发生迷走心血管反射及诊治的经验。结果本组1023例上尿路结石腔内手术,术中发生迷走心血管反射38例,发生率为3．7％。其中2例死亡,1例成为植物人,其余均经积极抢救治愈。结论上尿路结石腔内手术中迷走心血管反射时有发生,严重时可导致病人死亡,应引起高度重视,主要的防治措施为术中给予足够剂量的阿托品。     

The severity of infection stones compared to other stones in the upper urinary tract

A retrospective study of the case records of 391 adult patients with spontaneously passed or surgically removed concrements from the upper urinary tract during the period 1982-1983 was performed. According to chemical analysis, 66% of the stones were calcium stones, 30% were infection stones, 4% were uric acid/urate stones and 1% were cystine stones. Of the infection stones 12 (10%) were staghorn calculi. The infection stones placed a greater strain on the patients than the calcium stones. Thus, infection stones were significantly more often recurrent stones and required surgery significantly more often than the calcium stones. Only 6% of the patients with infection stones had proved abnormalities predisposing to upper urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infection with a urease-producing microorganism was detected in only 52% of the patients with infection stones. As infection with a urease-producing microorganism is a prerequisite for the formation of infection stones in the urinary tract a careful microbiological investigation to find and treat the infection responsible for the stone formation is mandatory.     

Flexible ureteroscopic approach in upper urinary tract pathology

In many prestigious centers, flexible ureteroscopy (FU) has rapidly evolved into a routine application. Our goal was to evaluate the efficiency of FU in upper urinary tract pathology. Between October 2002 and January 2006, 106 patients underwent FU for upper urinary tract pathology: retrograde (23 for diagnosis, 7 for follow up after conservative treatment of upper urinary tract TCC and 67 therapeutical) and antegrade (9 cases) procedures. Therapeutical retrograde FU was indicated for: stones (59 cases), symptomatic pyelocaliceal diverticulum with intra-diverticular lithiasis (7 cases) and pyelocaliceal TCC (3 cases). Antegrade FU was performed 9 cases with ureteral or uretero-enteric strictures. In all cases we used a 7.5F Storz flexible ureteroscope. As energy sources we used Nd:YAG laser and an electrohydraulic lithotripsy device. Diagnosis retrograde FU identified upper urinary tract abnormalities in 95.7%. In the patients with lithiasis, the procedure was considered a success if complete stone clearance or lithotripsy in fragments smaller than 3 mm was achieved. The over-all success rate in these cases was 72.7%. In 57.1% with pyelocaliceal diverticula laser incision of the narrow isthmus was practiced, followed by electrohydraulic lithotripsy of the stones. All the 4 cases were stone-free at the end of the procedure. In 66.7% of patient with TCC, evaluation at 6 and 12 and 18 months demonstrated no tumoral recurrence. In 77.8% patients with ureteral or uretero-enteric strictures who underwent antegrade FU, postoperative evaluation at 6 and 18 months showed good results. No intra- or postoperative complications were described. According to our experience, FU could be an efficient method in upper urinary tract pathology diagnosis and treatment in selected cases. FU has opened a vista of endless limits in upper urinary tract endoscopy.