手辅助腹腔镜肝切除术

目的探讨经蓝碟(Lapdisc)系统手助腹腔镜下肝切除的可行性及临床效果。方法经Lapdisc辅助腹腔镜下完成23例肝切除,男14例,女9例;年龄28~72岁,平均年龄(48·8±6·4)岁。其中肝血管瘤8例,原发性肝癌7例,肝转移癌3例,肝囊肿3例,肝内胆管结石2例。结果所有病人经Lapdisc辅助腹腔镜下均顺利切除病灶,无中转开腹手术,平均手术时间(190·3±45·7)min,平均出血量(420·5±56·8)ml,平均住院时间(8·3±2·3)d。无胆漏、腹腔出血及感染等术后并发症,平均随访(7·4±2·4)个月,未见长期并发症。结论Lapdisc辅助腹腔镜下肝切除安全可行,在肝脏外科具有广阔应用前景。     

手助腹腔镜肝血管瘤切除3例

目的探讨手助腹腔镜下切除位置深在或巨大肝血管瘤的安全性及可行性。方法2012年5—12月,实施3例手助腹腔镜肝血管瘤切除术。其中2例S6段肝血管瘤位置深在,1例为S7段10．7cm×6．7cm×7．0cm巨大肝血管瘤。术者直接将左手伸入腹腔,辅助完成腹腔镜肝血管瘤切除术。结果3例均顺利完成手术。手术时间分别为150、230和220min。出血量分别为200、350和500ml。无中转开腹手术。术后住院时间分别为6、5和8d。无术后出血及感染等并发症。结论手助腹腔镜下切除位置深在或巨大肝血管瘤是安全可行的。     

经蓝碟(LapDisc)手助腹腔镜肝血管瘤切除术

目的探讨经蓝碟(LapDisc)手助腹腔镜下肝血管瘤切除的可行性及方法. 方法完成LapDisc手助腹腔镜下肝血管瘤切除8例,男6例,女2例,年龄30～72岁,平均47.6岁. 结果 8例手术均获成功,平均手术时间196.3 min(110～350 min),平均出血量307.5 ml(100～750 ml),平均住院时间7.9 d(6～15 d).无胆漏、腹腔出血及感染等术后并发症. 结论对有手术适应证的肝血管瘤行LapDisc手助腹腔镜下肝血管瘤切除安全可行.     

手助腹腔镜左肝大肿瘤切除：附31例报告

目的 探讨手助腹腔镜左肝大肿瘤切除的可行性和安全性。方法 对31例病变位于左肝的大肿瘤患者（肝细胞癌19例，肝内胆管细胞癌2例，肝海绵状血管瘤7例，肝转移性鳞癌、肝囊腺瘤和肝梭形细胞瘤各1例）采用手助腹腔镜行规则性或不规则性肝切除术。结果 31例手助腹腔镜肝切除均获得成功，包括肝左外叶切除21例，左半肝切除5例，不规则性肝切除5例。瘤体直径平均8．3cm。术中16例行肝门阻断，平均阻断时间14．3min。平均手术时间为109min，平均出血量112mL，术后无严重并发症发生，术后平均住院日为7．8d。结论 只要病例选择得当，手助腹腔镜左肝大肿瘤切除是安全可行的。     

手助腹腔镜切除左肝巨大肿瘤九例

目的探讨手助腹腔镜左肝巨大肝肿瘤切除的可行性和安全性。方法本组9例患者，平均年龄45．3岁，肿瘤均位于左肝，包括肝细胞癌（4例），肝内胆管细胞癌（1例），肝转移性鳞癌（1例），肝海绵状血管瘤（2例），肝梭形细胞瘤（1例）。AFP阳性3例，CEA阳性1例，术前肝功能均为Child—Pust,A级，手术按游离左肝韧带、阻断肝门和肝实质切除的步骤进行。结果9例手助腹腔镜肝切除均获得成功，肝左外叶切除6例，左半肝切除3例，无中转开腹。平均手术时间为111．7min，平均出血量97．8ml，8例行肝门阻断，平均阻断时间为13．4min。术中未发生大出血和气体栓塞，术后均无出血、胆漏和肝衰竭等严重并发症发生。肝功能均在7～10d恢复正常。AFP和CEA阳性者均转阴，术后平均住院日为8．4d。4例肝细胞癌术后1个月行预防性肝动脉造影和化疗1次。术后随访4～11个月，所有患者均无瘤生存。结论只要病例选择得当，手助腹腔镜左肝巨大肝肿瘤切除是安全可行的微创手术方式。     

腹腔镜肝切除30例

目的　探讨腹腔镜肝切除的安全性和可行性。方法　对病变位于肝脏外周部位(Ⅱ~Ⅵ段)的30例病人,肝细胞癌11例,肝内胆管细胞癌2例,转移性肝癌1例,肝囊腺癌2例,肝血管瘤6例,肝腺瘤2例、肝局灶性结节增生2 例,肝内胆管结石 4 例。采用全气腹下、手助下、辅助下行腹腔镜肝切除术。结果　30例腹腔镜下肝切除均获得成功,肝不规则切除 18 例,规则性肝叶(段)切除12例,平均手术时间为97 min,平均出血量220 ml,术后无严重并发症发生,术后平均住院日为 8 d。结论　腹腔镜肝切除是安全可行的,特别是应用手助或辅助肝切除,降低手术难度,有效控制出血,缩短手术时间,是值得选择的微创肝切除方式。     

手助腹腔镜大肝肿瘤切除86例

目的探讨手助腹腔镜大肝肿瘤切除的可行性和安全性。方法对病变位于肝外周部位(Ⅱ～Ⅵ段)且直径5cm的86例大肝肿瘤患者,采用手助腹腔镜行规则或不规则性肝切除术。其中肝细胞癌56例,肝内胆管细胞癌3例,肝海绵状血管瘤23例,肝转移性鳞癌、肝局灶性结节增生、肝囊腺瘤和肝梭形细胞瘤各1例。结果 86例手助腹腔镜肝切除术均获得成功,肝左外叶切除41例,左半肝切除8例,不规则性肝切除37例,术中52例行肝门阻断,平均阻断时间为14.5min,平均手术时间为109min,平均出血量为112ml,瘤体直径平均为8.3cm,术后无严重并发症发生,平均住院日为7.9d。结论只要病例选择得当,手助腹腔镜大肝肿瘤切除术是安全可行的。     

腹腔镜肝切除30例

目的探讨腹腔镜肝切除的安全性和可行性。方法对病变位于肝脏外周部位(Ⅱ～Ⅵ段)的30例病人，肝细胞癌11例，肝内胆管细胞癌2例，转移性肝癌1例，肝囊腺癌2例，肝血管瘤6例，肝腺瘤2例、肝局灶性结节增生2例，肝内胆管结石4例。采用全气腹下、手助下、辅助下行腹腔镜肝切除术。结果30例腹腔镜下肝切除均获得成功，肝不规则切除18例，规则性肝叶(段)切除12例，平均手术时间为97min，平均出血量220ml，术后无严重并发症发生，术后平均住院日为8d。结论腹腔镜肝切除是安全可行的，特别是应用手助或辅助肝切除，降低手术难度，有效控制出血，缩短手术时间，是值得选择的微创肝切除方式。     

腹腔镜右肝肿瘤切除术的初步探讨(附15例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜右肝肿瘤切除术的可行性、安全性。方法:回顾分析2012年9月至2014年2月为15例右肝肿瘤患者行腹腔镜肝切除术的临床资料。其中肝血管瘤9例,原发性肝癌6例。结果:12例成功完成完全腹腔镜下手术,3例行手辅助腹腔镜手术,无一例中转开腹。其中10例行肝右后叶切除术,5例行右前叶肿瘤切除术。术中13例需阻断肝门,阻断时间平均(17.3±3.5)min。手术时间平均(150±55)min,术中出血量平均(168±39)ml,术后平均住院(11.2±2.7)d。结论:腹腔镜右肝肿瘤切除术受技术问题、手术风险性、肿瘤治疗原则的限制,对术者腹腔镜技术要求较高,操作过程复杂,但在严格把握手术适应证、熟练掌握腹腔镜技术的前提下,肝右叶的肿瘤行腹腔镜肝肿瘤切除术是安全、可行的。     

手助腹腔镜技术在大肝癌切除中的应用

目的 探讨手助腹腔镜技术在大肝癌切除中的应用价值.方法 2004年3月至2007年12月,在腹腔镜下肝内小病灶切除的基础上共对56例病变位于肝外周部位(Ⅱ～Ⅵ段)的直径大于5 cm大肝癌患者成功施行了手助腹腔镜肝切除术.其中肝细胞癌53例,肝内胆管细胞癌2例,肝转移性鳞癌1例.采用手助腹腔镜技术行规则性左肝叶切除或不规则性右肝切除术.结果 56例手助腹腔镜肝切除均获得成功,肝左外叶切除27例、左半肝切除6例,肝V、Ⅵ段不规则性切除23例.31例行肝门阻断,平均阻断时间为16.7 min,平均手术时间为105.3 min,平均出血量97 ml,瘤体平均大小8.6 cm,切除的肝组织最大径平均10.5 cm,术后无严重并发症发生,术后平均进食时间为2.1 d,术后平均住院7.3 d.结论 在严格掌握患者手术指征的前提下,手助腹腔镜大肝癌切除是安全可行的.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.