肺气肿胶囊中微量盐酸克仑特罗的LC-MS/MS法测定

建立了LC-MS／MS法测定肺气肿胶囊中微量盐酸克仑特罗的含量。采用Phenomenex Luna（2）C18色谱柱，柱温30℃，流动相为甲醇-0．1％甲酸溶液（40：60），流速0．2ml／min，以盐酸班布特罗为内标，电喷雾离子化，选择性正离子方式检测，检测离子分别为m／z 2277．0／202．9（盐酸克仑特罗）和m／z 368．5／294．0（内标）。盐酸克仑特罗在1～200ng／ml浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9992），平均回收率为98．1％，RSD为1．18％，检测限为4．4pg。     

HPLC-MS法同时测定人血浆中依那普利及其代谢物依那普利拉的浓度

目的建立一种可同时检测人血浆中依那普利及其代谢物依那普利拉的浓度HPLC-MS方法。方法采用HPLC-MS法，色谱柱为Thermo Hypersil-HyPURITY C18 （150mm×2．1mm，5μm），流动相为20mmol·L^-1醋酸铵（pH3．0，0．15％TFA）-甲醇＝47：53（v／v），流速为0．25mL·min^-1；正离子检测，电喷雾电离，喷雾电压4．5kV，选择性离子监测，分别监测m／z377（依那普利）、m／z349（依那普利拉）和m/z425（贝那普利）。结果依那普利和依那普利拉的定量下限均为1．56ng·mL^-1；线性范围均为1．6～400ng·mL^-1（n＝9，r1＝0．9997，r2＝O．9998）；提取回收率均〉80％，日内、日间变异均〈8．5％。结论该方法灵敏、快速、重现性好，可用于依那普利人体生物利用度和药物动力学研究。     

HPLC—MS／MS法测定人体血清中替加色罗的浓度

目的：建立一种测定人体血浆中替加色罗血药浓度的液相色谱-质谱／质谱的方法。方法：色谱柱：Lichrospher C18（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相：甲醇-水（含2．5mmol·L^-1醋酸铵，1％甲酸）（75：25），流速：0．5mL·min^-1，柱温：25℃。内标为苯海拉明。质谱条件为电喷雾电离源（ESI），选择正离子检测，替加色罗：[M＋H]^＋离子m／z 302．2，碎片子离子m／z 173．1，碰撞能量28V；内标：苯海拉明[M＋H]^＋离子m／z 256．2，碎片子离子m／z 165．1，碰撞能量36V。结果：本法线性范围：0．0361～7．215ng·mL^-1，r=0．9991（n=5），最低定量浓度为0．0361ng·mL^-1；方法的准确度在90％-115％之间；提取回收率（绝对回收率）〉70％。批内、批间RSD〈10％。结论：本方法专属性强，灵敏度高，线性关系良好，适用于人体血浆中替加色罗的测定及药代动力学研究。     

UPLC-MS/MS测定beagle犬内西罗莫司血药浓度

目的建立测定beagle犬内西罗莫司（SRL）血药浓度的UPLC-MS／MS联用方法。方法色谱柱为AgilentC18柱（50mm×2．1mm,1．7μm,）;预柱为C18柱（4．0mm×3．0mm,5μm）;流动相为乙腈-水（90：10,v／v）;流速为0．30ml／min;柱温为50℃;进样室温度为4℃。离子源为ESI源;正离子方式检测;扫描方式为多反应监测（MRM）;用于定量分析的离子反应分别为m／z936．6→m／z409．7（西罗莫司）和m／z826．6→m／z415．4（内标他克莫司）。取全血样品经液-液萃取后进样20μl。结果SRL在0．50～12．00ng／ml浓度范围内呈良好的线性（r=0．9997）,定量下限0．5ng／ml,日内、日间精密度（RSD）均小于15％,方法回收率均大于90％,萃取回收率大于76％。结论本方法具有样品处理简单,方法灵敏、快速、选择性强,满足西罗莫司在beagle犬体内药物检测的要求。     

人血浆中辛伐他汀的HPLC-MS/MS测定

建立了HPLC-MS／MS法测定人血浆中辛伐他汀的浓度，并以24名健康志愿者进行了两种辛伐他汀片的生物等效性研究。采用C18柱，流动相为0．5％甲酸溶液和乙腈，梯度洗脱。质谱采用电喷雾离子化，定量分析离子分别为m/z482．0-441．0（辛伐他汀）和m／z468．0→427．0（洛伐他汀，内标）。辛伐他汀在0．2-50ng／ml范围内线性关系良好。方差分析和双单侧t检验表明两制剂生物等效。     

大鼠血浆五味子甲素、乙素、醇甲和酯甲高效液相色谱串联质谱测定方法的建立

目的：建立大鼠血浆中五味子甲素、乙素、醇甲和酯甲的高效液相色谱串联质谱（LC-MS／MS）分析方法，为五味子提取物中四种主要成分的药代动力学研究提供理想的测定手段。方法：采用高效液相色谱串联线性离子阱质谱同时检测五味子提取物中四种主要成分，采用电喷雾（ESI）离子源，多反应监测模式（MRM）进行检测。色谱柱为ZORBAX SB-C18（2．1×100mm，3．5μm），流动相为甲醇-水（75：25，0．1％甲酸），流速为0．2mL／min。双环醇（BY）为内标（IS），血浆样品经甲醇沉淀、高速离心后进样分析，各成分监测离子分别为：甲素m／z 439→393，乙素m／z 423→377，醇甲m／z 455→409，酯甲m／z 559→437，BYm／z 413→399。结果：五味子甲素、醇甲、乙素、酯甲在0．01～2．0μg／mL的浓度范围内线性关系良好，，最低定量限为0．01～0．02／mL，R2〉0．99。五味子四种成分的日内和日间精密度RSD均〈15％，绝对回收率〉80％。结论：本研究成功建立了大鼠血浆中五味子甲素、乙素、醇甲和酯甲的高效液相色谱串联质谱定量方法，该方法专属性强、快速、灵敏、可靠，可满足五味子提取物中四种主要成分药代动力学研究的要求。     

高效液相色谱-质谱法测定伪麻黄碱血药浓度

目的建立高效液相色谱-质谱（HPLC-MS）法测定伪麻黄酸碱的血药浓度。方法将血浆样品采用甲醇沉淀后，以格列吡嗪为内标进行测定。色谱柱为Agitent Zorbax SB-C18柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为5mmol／L醋酸铵-甲醇（10：90，V／V），流速为1．0mL／min，离子检测方式设为选择性离子检测（SIM），检测离子极性为正离子，采用气动辅助电喷雾离子化（ESI）方式．检测对象为伪麻黄碱（M＋H离子，m／z148．4），内标格列吡嗪（M＋Na离子，m／z468．1）。结果线性范围为5．01～1002μg／L（r=0．9997），最低检测限为5／μg／L。方法回收率为89．6％～95.1％，日内、日间精密度RSD分别小于5.2％和7.1％。结论该方法选择性好，灵敏度高．简便易行，适用于伪麻黄碱药代动力学和生物等效性研究。     

高效液相色谱－质谱联用测定人血浆中奥美拉唑的浓度

目的：建立高效液相色谱－质谱联用法测定人血浆中奥美拉唑的浓度。方法以泮托拉唑为内标,血浆样品经乙腈沉淀、取上清稀释后,进样,经HPLC－MS／MS分析。采用Ultimate XB－C18（2．1 mm ×150 mm,3μm）,流动相甲醇（0．1％甲酸）∶水（0．1％甲酸）＝（70∶30,V／V）;流速：0．2mL? min －1,柱温：40℃,电喷雾离子源（ESI）,以多离子反应监测方式（MRM）进行正离子监测,奥美拉唑和内标泮托拉唑的定量分析离子对分别为m／z 346．2→m／z 198．0和m／z 384．0→m／z 200．0。结果奥美拉唑的线性范围为5．00～2000．00μg? L－1,定量下限为5．00μg? L －1。方法回收率在96．4％～107．9％,日内和日间精密度（RSD）均小于15％。结论该方法操作简便、灵敏、准确、快速,适用于奥美拉唑的人体药代动力学研究。     

人血浆中奥美沙坦的HPLC-MS/MS测定

建立了HPLC—MS／MS法测定人血浆中的奥美沙坦，以替米沙坦为内标。采用C18色谱柱，流动相为甲醇-水（64：36，含0．2％乙酸）。质谱条件为电喷雾离子源，多离子反应监测，定量分析离子为m／z447→429（奥美沙坦）和m／z515→497（替米沙坦）。血浆样品采用固相萃取处理，线性范围为4～1000ng／ml，检测限为1ng／ml。     

GC-MS法同时检测人尿液中10种常见安眠药物

目的：建立同时检测人尿液中10种常见安眠药物的方法。方法：采用乙醚提取,气-质联用（GC—MS）法检测。系统地对体系pH值、提取时间等样品预处理条件以及色谱柱等GC—MS分析条件进行考察优化。运用选择离子模式（SIM）进行检测,每种成分选择2～3个特征离子。所选离子分别为：巴比妥m／z 156、141（定量离子）、185,苯巴比妥m／z 204（定量离子）、117,异戊巴比妥m／z 156（定量离子）、141、227,司可巴比妥m／z 168（定量离子）、195、239,地西泮m／z 256（定量离子）、283,硝西泮m／z 264、280（定量离子）,阿普唑仑m／z 273、308（定量离子）,咪达唑仑m／z 310（定量离子）、325,氯丙嗪m／z 58（定量离子）、318,氯氮平m／z 326、256（定量离子）。结果：在选定的试验条件下,10种安眠药物在相应范围内线性关系良好,方法回收率在92．6％～97．3％之间,RSD在2．46％～5．19％之间,检出限为0．02～0．30gg／ml。结论：本法简便、快速、灵敏、可靠,可应用于患者尿液样品中药物成分的分析检测。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.