头状骨移位治疗月骨无菌性坏死

目的 介绍以骨间前动脉背侧支为蒂的头状骨移位治疗晚期月骨无菌性坏死。方法 对18例Lichtman分Ⅲ、Ⅳ期月骨无菌性坏死患者采用坏死月骨摘除，以骨间前动脉背侧支为蒂的头状骨移位替代坏死月骨。结果 术后随访1～5年，平均32个月，移位头状骨有可靠血运，16例腕痛消失，2例仍有轻度腕痛，优良率100％。结论 应用该法替代月骨支撑腕关节，符合腕关节功能解剖，是治疗Ⅲ、Ⅳ期月骨无菌性坏死的有效方法。     

头状骨移位替代坏死月骨的解剖研究及其临床应用

目的　介绍一种治疗晚期月骨无菌性坏死的新术式。方法　对 5 0侧上肢标本进行显微解剖并观测腕部的血管结构。对 10 0侧腕骨标本中头状骨与月骨进行对比观测 ,并做相关性分析。设计以骨间前动脉背侧支为蒂的头状骨移位术 ,替代坏死碎裂的月骨。临床应用 2 0例 ,术后随访 1～ 13年。结果　头状骨与月骨的几何形状、外径和关节面的弧高、弧长极其相似 ,相关性显著。移位的头状骨有可靠的血运。 2 0例头状骨移位替代坏死月骨者术后腕痛消失 ,保持了腕高、腕骨间的稳定和腕关节的功能。结论　该术式符合腕关节的功能解剖和力学传导 ,是治疗晚期月骨无菌性坏死的较好方法。     

头状骨带蒂移位与血管蒂骨瓣植入治疗月骨无菌坏死

目的 报道带骨间前动脉背侧支血管蒂的头状骨移位术与以桡动脉茎突返支为蒂的桡骨瓣植入术联合应用治疗月骨晚期缺血性坏死的结果。方法 对46例患者行坏死月骨摘除头状骨带蒂移位后以血管蒂骨瓣植入填塞头状骨空隙。结果 术后随访16～48个月，平均21．5个月，43例腕痛完全消失，3例明显缓解，握力平均达健侧的80％，腕关节活动范围达健侧的75％。结论 两种术式的联合应用对Ⅲ、Ⅳ期月骨缺血性坏死疗效显著。     

头状骨带蒂移位与血管蒂骨瓣植入治疗月骨无菌坏死

目的：报道带骨间前动脉背侧支血管蒂的头状骨移位术与以桡动脉茎突返支为蒂的桡骨瓣植入术联合应用治疗月骨晚期缺血性坏死的结果。方法：对４６例患者行坏死月骨摘除,头状骨带蒂移位后以血管蒂骨瓣植入填塞头状骨空隙。结果：术后随访１６～４８个月,平均２１．５个月,４５例腕痛完全消失,１例明显缓解,握力平均达健侧的８０％,腕关节活动范围达健侧的７５％。结论：２种术式的联合应用对Ⅲ、Ⅳ期月骨缺血性坏死疗效显著。     

头状骨移位替代治疗晚期月骨无菌性坏死

目的 寻找一种临床治疗晚期月骨无菌性坏死方便有效的方法。方法 作于1985年始，在对50侧新鲜成人上肢标本及100侧长春出土腕骨标本解剖观测的基础上，设计了以骨间前动脉背侧支为血管筋膜蒂的头状骨移位术，用于替代坏死碎裂的月骨，以治疗晚期月骨无菌性坏死。结果 临床应用22例，术后随访1～13年，全部病例均消除了腕痛，腕关节功能和手的握力有了明显改善，均恢复了原有工作。结论 本手术方法既切除了病灶又保持了腕骨的稳定和腕关节功能，对治疗晚期月骨无菌性坏死是一种疗效好、副作用小、功能满意的方法。     

带蒂头状骨替代月骨

自1985年以来,在对50侧新鲜成人上肢标本解剖观察的基础上,设计了以骨间掌侧动脉背侧支为血管筋膜蒂的头状骨移位,替代晚期缺血坏死、关节面完全破坏的月骨,重建桡腕关节功能。临床应用6例,随访6个月～4年,手术效果满意。介绍了解剖依据,手术优缺点,适应证等。     

腕骨间融合联合带蒂豌豆骨移位治疗月骨缺血性坏死

对采用腕骨间融合联合带蒂豌豆骨移位治疗月骨缺血性坏死的疗效作一评估。用此法治疗月骨缺血性坏死（Ⅲ期，Ｌｉｃｈｔｍａｎ）８例．月骨切除后用带血管蒂豌豆骨移位替代月骨；腕骨间融合采用舟骨、大多角骨、小多角骨融合５例，舟骨、头状骨融合３例。随访８～４４个月，平均２９个月。８例腕痛全部缓解，腕关节活动比术前改善：背伸达正常侧的５８．８％，屈曲达５１．４％。握力比术前增加４６．９％。Ｘ线片结果：带蒂豌豆骨移位骨位置正常，无骨硬化；１例术后２年发现豌豆骨萎缩。８例病人中有６例恢复原工作，２例因社会原因改换工作。我们认为腕骨间融合联合带蒂豌豆骨移位是治疗月骨缺血性坏死Ⅲ期的一种有效方法．     

带蒂豌豆骨移位替代月骨治疗月骨缺血性坏死

作者从１９８６年３月～１９９３年６月采用带血管蒂豌豆骨移位替代月骨治疗月骨缺血性坏死１８例。术前按Ｌｉｃｈｔｍａｎ分期，Ⅱ期２例，Ⅲ期１６例。Ⅲ期１６例中有８例同时行腕骨间融合术。随访２５～５１个月，平均３年１个月。１７例腕痛缓解，腕关节活动和握力均有改善。Ｘ线片结果：带蒂豌豆骨植入位置正常。腕高比值、ＭｃＭｕｒｔｒｙ指数和桡舟角与术前比较没有显著差异。按周连圻介绍的标准进行评定：优１２例，良５例，可１例，优良率达９４％。我们认为带蒂豌豆骨移位替代月骨是治疗月骨缺血性坏死Ⅲ期的一种有效方法。     

自体骨膜联合带蒂骨瓣移植替代月骨

目的 探讨治疗晚期月骨无菌性坏死、月骨陈旧性脱位的新术式。方法 对2例晚期月骨无菌性坏死及1例陈旧性月骨脱位行月骨摘除后,自体骨膜联合带血管筋膜蒂骨瓣移植替代月骨术。结果 随访8～36月,2例腕痛消失,1例腕痛缓解,保持了腕高、腕骨间的稳定和腕关节功能。X线照片示替代月骨骨瓣的位置及密度基本正常。结论 应用自体骨膜联合带蒂骨瓣移植作为月骨的替代物,对晚期月骨无菌性坏死及陈旧性脱位的治疗,操作简便、创伤小、临床效果好。     

带蒂豌豆骨移位修复月骨缺血性坏死

月骨缺血性坏死的病因尚未完全明确 ,对于Lichtman 期的患者早期可试用外固定治疗 , 期以上的治疗目前多主张以手术为主。杨志明等 [1]用带蒂豌豆骨移位替代月骨治疗月骨坏死取得了成功。我们自 1 992年 6月～ 1 998年 5月亦采用带蒂豌豆骨移位替代月骨治疗 1 2例 ,临床上取得满意效果 ,报告如下。1　临床资料　　本组 1 2例均为男性。年龄 2 2～ 34岁。右腕 7例 ,左腕 5例。煤矿风钻工人 8例 ,农民 4例。早期症状主要为腕痛 ,握力减退 ,经对症治疗无好转 ,直至腕关节不能持重物、无力而就诊。检查 :腕背侧轻度肿胀 ,月骨压痛 ,叩击痛明显 …     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.