脑动静脉畸形并出血的显微手术治疗

目的 回顾性分析78例脑动静脉畸形（AVM）并出血的显微外科手术治疗结果，探讨AVM并出血的显微手术技巧及适应证。方法 所有病例术前均接受CT检查，术后均接受CT及MRI检查，其中25例接受了DSA检查。所有病例均在全麻状态下进行显微外科手术治疗，少部分AVM未能全切的病例，术后用γ-刀或血管内介入治疗。结果 血肿全清除69例，大部分清除9例；AVM全切除70例，8例部分切除或未能切除，加用γ-刀或血管内介入治疗。手术后死亡6例（8．0％），偏瘫4例（5．1％），失语2例（2．6％），偏盲1例（1．3％），脑神经功能障碍4例（5．1％），无颅内感染。结论 应用显微外科手术治疗脑AVM并出血安全有效，而且并发症、后遗症较少，应成为脑AVM并出血患者治疗的最佳选择，对特殊位置的AVM，不宜强行切除，手术时只作血肿清除，术后加用γ-刀或血管内介入治疗。     

幕上脑动静脉畸形（CAVM）破裂出血的显微外科治疗（附85例分析）

目的通过总结脑动静脉畸形并出血显微外科治疗患者的临床资料和术后随访,探讨脑动静脉畸形（AVM）并出血的显微外科治疗的手术方法及效果,提高AVM的诊治水平。方法回顾性分析85例脑动静脉畸形并出血病人的临床资料,并结合文献进行分析。结果本组病例存活85例,死亡0例。疗效：优49例,良29例,差7例。随访85例,随访时间为出院后1个月～2年,恢复工作68例,自理生活28例,需要他人照顾7例。结论根据病情选择合适的显微外科手术方式能够改善预后,血肿清除加AVM切除是该病首选治疗方法。     

脑动静脉畸形出血的急诊手术

目的 探讨CTA对脑动静脉畸形出血急诊手术的意义. 方法 回顾性分析脑动静脉畸形出血急诊手术患者15例的临床资料,术前均行脑血管3D-CTA检查,根据CTA结果行手术治疗. 结果 全组患者术前3D-CTA检查均提示脑动静脉畸形,入院后急诊行开颅血肿清除及脑动静脉畸形切除术.术后死亡1例,植物状态生存2例,轻残2例,其余恢复良好.术后DSA检查12例,脑动静脉畸形全切除9例,1例行主要供血动脉阻断,未行畸形血管切除,2例有脑动静脉畸形部分残留后行伽马刀治疗. 结论 脑动静脉畸形出血急诊手术清除血肿及切除畸形血管是首选治疗方法,术前3D-CTA检查对手术有重要意义.     

脑血管

20061384 脑AVM的治疗时机和方法的选择／黄延林…∥中华神经外科杂志．-2005，21（10）．-616～619 对63例脑动静脉畸形（AVM）的治疗时机和方法进行分析。手术切除50例，除部分急诊手术外均在显微镜下完成；对重要功能区的脑AVM行血管内栓塞8例，3例术前栓塞，3例栓塞完全，2例栓塞不全行伽玛刀治疗；直接行7L刀治疗2例。结果：44例全切，6例部分切除，均经病理检查证实为脑AVM。8例血管内栓塞治疗显示畸形血管3例消失、5例缩小50％以上；γ-刀治疗4例，见AVM血管影变淡、缩小，周围残留放射反应区。全组随访3个月-9年，效果良好41例，占65．1％；轻残13例，占20．6％；重残6例，占9．5％；术后病死3例，占4．8％。结论：显微手术是脑AVM的主要治疗方法。血管内栓塞是主要而获显效的方法之一，对大型、复杂的AVM栓塞与手术结合是较佳方案。对小型、深部、功能区难以切除及不能接受手术或栓塞者γ-刀治疗更具有治疗适应证。表1参13     

血管内栓塞辅助显微手术治疗复杂难治性脑动静脉畸形

目的　探讨复杂难治性脑动静脉畸形 (AVM)的血管内栓塞辅助显微手术治疗的临床效果。　方法　分析 1999年 11月～ 2 0 0 3年 12月治疗Spetzler分级Ⅲ级以上脑AVM的 3 3例临床资料。Spetzler分级Ⅲ级 2 2例 ,Ⅳ级 9例 ,Ⅴ级 2例。脑AVM体积最大为 7 0cm× 8 6cm× 6 1cm ,最小为 2 5cm× 3 0cm× 2 8cm。所有病例均接受了血管内栓塞辅助显微手术治疗。　结果　 3 3例中 3 1例术后恢复良好 ,其余 2例中度致残。术后行MRI、MRA及DSA检查 ,未见血管流空影像及畸形血管影像。术后 6个月内行DSA血管造影检查证实 3 3例脑AVM完全切除 ,未见畸形血管影像。　结论　Spetzler分级Ⅲ级以上脑AVM是难治性疾病。血管内栓塞辅助显微手术切除可以取得良好的临床疗效。     

颌面部动静脉畸形的临床分型与治疗

目的探讨颌面部动静脉畸形(arteriovenous malformation,AVM)的临床分型与治疗方法。方法106例颌面部AVM患者根据病变表现特点分为四种类型,其中囊状扩张型38例,局限增厚型22例,弥漫增厚型42例,颌骨中心型4例。106例患者分别采用手术治疗8例(Ⅰ组),单纯供血动脉栓塞23例(Ⅱ组),供血动脉栓塞加瘤内硬化剂注射37例(Ⅲ组),供血动脉栓塞加瘤体切除38例(Ⅳ组)。结果全组病例随访1-11年,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的治愈率分别为62．50％、17．39％、89．19％、97．37％。1例患者栓塞治疗时并发脑异位栓塞死亡。结论新的临床分型有利于治疗方法的选择。优良的数字减影血管造影是颌面部AVM必不可少的决定性检查。单纯供血动脉栓塞仅能治愈单支终末供血的局限性病变,而多支动脉供血的病变单纯栓塞后容易复发。供血动脉栓塞加瘤内硬化剂注射或供血动脉栓塞加病变切除是颌面部AVM的有效治疗方法。     

破裂出血的脑动静脉畸形的治疗分析(附42例病例报告)

目的总结单用onyx胶栓塞或结合显微手术治疗以颅内出血为表现的动静脉畸形(AVM)的经验。方法选择2010—2013年临床表现为自发性颅内出血的42例患者,造影明确为脑动静脉畸形,单使用onyx胶栓塞或结合显微手术治疗,进行疗效及并发症分析。结果自发性颅内血肿量较少的I-II级AVM患者中17例仅使用onyx胶栓塞,获得痊愈机会。5例部分栓塞及复查显影的行Y刀治疗。10例颅内血肿量较大,在1~5 d内开颅手术的II-III级AVM患者,术前部分栓塞,降低开颅手术风险。5例IV级AVM,急性期栓塞瘤巢内动脉瘤,降低短期再出血几率,为后期续贯栓塞提供机会。结论对表现为颅内出血的AVM患者,识别血管构筑学特点,并行完全或靶向性栓塞,可获得较好临床疗效。     

大型脑动静脉畸形的显微外科手术治疗

目的：探讨并总结大型脑动静脉畸形（AVM）的显微外科手术治疗策略及手术要点。方法回顾性分析71例大型 AVM病例,按照 Spetzler-Martin 分级,3级者31例,4级者25例,5级者15例,均采用显微手术治疗,其中30例有高出血风险者行术前血管内栓塞。65例全切,6例少量残留,2例残余动静脉畸形外院行伽玛刀治疗。出院行格拉斯哥预后评分（GOS）评价预后。结果1例术前持续昏迷术后轻度改善,余病例主要并发症有偏盲、轻度失语、肌力下降及癫痫等,术后均得到较好恢复。无长期昏迷及死亡病例。术后随访 GOS,恢复良好61例（85．9％）,中残8例（11．2％）,重残2例（2．8％）。结论大型 AVM治疗风险较高,显微外科手术是治疗 AVM的有效手段,术前精确的判断及术中精细的操作是手术成功的关键,术前血管内栓塞为 AVM的治疗提供了新思路。     

皮肤扩张器在头皮巨大动静脉畸形治疗中的应用

目的 探讨皮肤软组织扩张器在头皮巨大动静脉畸形治疗中的应用效果.方法 应用扩张器治疗头皮巨大动静脉畸形患者9例,病灶面积6 cm×9 cm～11 cm×15 cm.Ⅰ期手术,在动静脉畸形周围头皮帽状筋膜下埋置1、2个长方形扩张器,容量为250ml,术后第7天开始注水扩张,隔日注水10～20 ml,30～45 d完成扩张过程.Ⅱ期手术,阻断颈外动脉,缝扎畸形周围供应动脉,切除畸形,扩张头皮瓣转移修复创面.结果 在头皮扩张过程中均未发生畸形生长加速及出血等症状.有1例出现扩张囊腔内感染和血肿,经适当处理后未影响最终扩张效果.所有患者随访6～12个月,动静脉畸形病灶切除后未见复发,扩张头皮瓣完全成活,未遗留秃发畸形.结论 应用皮肤软组织扩张器预扩张头皮、Ⅱ期手术切除病变、扩张头皮瓣修复创面,是治疗头皮动静脉畸形的较好方法.     

中小骨瓣开颅辅以冷光源冲照吸引管治疗脑内血肿

目的探讨脑内血肿的手术方法和技巧。方法根据CT扫描结果设计合适大小的骨瓣,联合应用冲照吸引管和双极电凝清除脑内血肿。采用该方法治疗脑内血肿29例,其中26例为高血压脑出血,2例为外伤性脑内血肿,1例为动静脉畸形脑内出血。结果术后随访6～12月,26例存活,其中完全恢复日常生活6例;部分恢复或可独立生活11例;需他人帮助,扶拐可行5例;卧床,但保持意识清醒3例;植物生存1例。结论中小骨瓣开颅辅以冲照吸引管清除脑内血肿具有组织创伤小,手术时间短,明显降低脑出血病人的死亡率和致残率,提高生存质量,特别适用于深部脑内血肿的治疗。     

前循环动脉瘤的诊治(附56例报告)

目的探讨前循环动脉瘤的诊断方法,治疗时机的选择,术中注意事项及术后处理的相关问题。方法回顾性分析确诊为颅内前循环动脉瘤的56例患者的临床资料,包括检查手段、手术时机、手术方法、术后处理及预后。结果在56例患者61个动脉瘤中,直接手术夹闭57个,行载瘤动脉孤立术2例(均为眼动脉瘤),行动脉瘤包裹术2例(眼动脉瘤1例,前交通动脉瘤1例)。本组治愈40例(71.4%),轻残6例,重残4例,植物生存2例,死亡4例(7.1%)。结论三维DSA使动脉瘤的诊断更加准确;动脉瘤确诊后应尽早手术,翼点入路是治疗前循环动脉瘤行之有效的方法;手术后脑水肿和脑血管痉挛是致残和死亡的主要原因。     

Prise en charge de l’hypertension intracrânienne bénigne : analyse de la série nancéenne

Introduction

Benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) is a rare condition, especially in childhood. The aim of this study was to analyze retrospectively pediatric cases that were diagnosed and managed in the same institution during the 2002-2006 period.

Patients and methods

Eight children (four girls and four boys) with a diagnosis of BIH were reviewed. The mean age at diagnosis was 10.5 years. Follow-up lasted a mean two years. The clinical features were those of intracranial hypertension. One child had previously had optic nerve sheath fenestration and another one occipitocervical decompression because of an associated Chiari I malformation.

Results

One child had a bilateral transverse sinus stenosis on angio-MRI. Seven children had a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure monitoring. Seven children were treated with acetazolamide. Three children are free of symptoms with the association of acetazolamide and depletive lumbar puncture (LP). For three others, a lumboperitoneal shunt had to be inserted. One child is in complete remission after depletive LP only. The clinical symptoms of BIH disappeared for all eight children, including normalization of the visual loss present in three children.

Conclusion

BIH is a condition that threatens visual prognosis. Diagnosis is assessed by clinical, radiological, and raised CSF pressure criteria. First-line treatment is medical (acetazolamide at first intention) and surgery is recommended for refractory cases. The relationship between BIH and obesity is less clear than for adulthood. Depletion of CSF by LP is an important therapeutic factor.     

一侧急性颅内血肿清除术中继发对侧迟发性颅内血肿的治疗体会

目的 探讨一侧急性颅内血肿清除术中继发对侧迟发性颅内血肿的治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析13例急性颅内血肿术中继发对侧迟发性颅内血肿患者的临床资料,采用一次开颅清除双侧血肿.结果 术后按Glasgow(COS)评定预后,其中良好4例,中残4例,重残2例,植物生存1例,死亡2例.结论 采用一次开颅治疗一侧急性颅内血肿清除术中继发对侧迟发性颅内血肿的效果显著,可以提高患者的生存率和生活质量.     

Endoscopic section of the sensory trigeminal root, the glossopharyngeal nerve, and the cranial part of the vagus for intractable facial pain caused by upper jaw carcinoma

In a patient with intractable facial pain caused by a deep-seated carcinoma of the upper jaw, relief was obtained following endoscopic section of the sensory trigeminal root, the glossopharyngeal nerve, and the cranial part of the vagus. Previous stereotactic thalamotomy had failed. The endoscopic method is briefly described and discussed.     

Intracranial pressure changes in craniostenosis

Intracranial pressure changes occurring in patients with craniostenosis were studied by continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure in 20 children. Although clinical or radiologic evidence of intracranial hypertension was present in only one patient, 13 (65%) had persistent or episodic raised intracranial pressure. Intracranial hypertension occurred with involvement of both single and multiple sutures and in four of six patients with hydrocephalus and craniostenosis. Recordings after surgical treatment in nine patients revealed that several months elapsed before intracranial pressure improved significantly or returned to normal, despite apparently adequate bony decompression. This study confirms that continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure adds significantly to clinical assessment in determining the need for, and the efficacy of, surgical treatment in craniostenosis.     

INTRACRANIAL EPIDURAL ABSCESS: A REPORT OF THREE CASES

Intracranial epidural abscess is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening condition requiring prompt recognition and management. Most commonly it arises secondary to infection in the paranasal sinuses, mastoid air cells or the middle ear. It has also been described following craniotomy and trauma. This report describes three cases reported to our institution over a 15 month period, two associated with frontal sinusitis and one with no obvious predisposing factor.     

CSF withdrawal for the treatment of intracranial hypertension in acute head injuries

Summary Long-term ICP recording was carried out in 151 acute head injury patients—131 comatose patients admitted to ICU, and 20 non-comatose patients harbouring intracerebral mass lesions (lacerations or haematomas) in whom a decision to operate was doubtful. CSF withdrawal was used in 39 cases: by intermittent subtraction in 23 patients, and by continuous ventricular drainage (VD) in the remainder. In the acute stage, within 72 hours of injury, CSF subtraction proved of little use in influencing ICP or clinical time course. Conversely, at a latter stage, CSF withdrawal either by repeated intermittent subtraction or by continuous VD could very often control raised ICP. However, some patients had to undergo permanent shunting eventually. Elevated ICP was also safely controlled in four out of eight patients with intracerebral mass lesions and stationary symptoms. Such patients recovered quickly, and operation was avoided.     

Sequential computerized tomography changes and related final outcome in severe head injury patients

Summary The authors analysed the serial computerized tomography (CT) findings in a large series of severely head injured patients in order to assess the variability in gross intracranial pathology through the acute posttraumatic period and determine the most common patterns of CT change. A second aim was to compare the prognostic significance of the different CT diagnostic categories used in the study (Traumatic Coma Data Bank CT pathological classification) when gleaned either from the initial (postadmission) or the control CT scans, and determine the extent to which having a second CT scan provides more prognostic information than only one scan.92 patients (13.3% of the total population) died soon after injury. Of the 587 who survived long enough to have at least one control CT scan 23.6% developed new diffuse brain swelling, and 20.9% new focal mass lesions most of which had to be evacuated. The relative risk for requiring a delayed operation as related to the diagnostic category established by using the initial CT scans was by decreasing order: diffuse injury IV (30.7%), diffuse injury III (30.5%), non evacuated mass (20%), evacuated mass (20.2%), diffuse injury II (12.1%), and diffuse injury I (8.6%).Overall, 51.2% of the patients developed significant CT changes (for worse or better) occurring either spontaneously or following surgery, and their final outcomes were more closely related to the control than to the initial CT diagnoses. In fact, the final outcome was more accurately predicted by using the control CT scans (81.2% of the cases) than by using the initial CT scans (71.5% of the cases only). Since the majority of relevant CT changes developed within 48 hours after injury a pathological categorization made by using an early control CT scan seems to be most useful for prognostic purposes.Prognosis associated with the CT pathological categories used in the study was similar independently of the moment of the acute posttraumatic period at which diagnoses were made.     

Noisy intracranial tumours

Summary Transorbital sound recordings were obtained from 21 patients with intracranial tumours, 28 patients with intracranial aneurysms and 20 control patients. The group of patients with tumours consisted of 12 patients with gliomas, of whom 6 had low-grade gliomas and 6 had high-grade gliomas, and 9 patients with meningiomas. All patients with gliomas, including the subgroup of patients with low-grade gliomas, as well as patients with aneurysms, had significantly different sound recordings in comparison to control patients. Recordings from glioma patients did not differ significantly from recordings of aneurysm patients.Radiological evaluation of the tumours was performed in order to establish which tumour characteristics were associated with abnormal sound recordings. It was found that the type of tumour, i.e., histology or malignancy grade, was a significant associated factor, whereas other tumour characteristics such as size, mass effect and amount of oedema were not.In conclusion, patients with specific types of intracranial tumours produced abnormal sounds which could not be distinguished from abnormal sounds recorded in patients with aneurysms. These results may be important for the interpretation of sounds recorded for the detection of intracranial pathology, especially for aneurysm screening.     

Intracranial hypertension in severe head injuries

Summary Long-term ICP monitoring was carried out in a series of 124 patients with severe head injuries admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. Forty-nine percent of patients were admitted within six hours of injury. Most of them were referred by Community Hospitals. Only patients with diffuse brain lesions or patients operated on for mass lesions and remaining in a coma state after operation are taken into account. Altogether, 46 patients survived, but 15 of them remained severely disabled or in a vegetative state, and 78 died. Twenty-four percent of the whole series succumbed to fulminationg intracranial hypertension. The average survival in this group was 5.1 days. Twenty-nine percent died after exhibiting different levels of intracranial hypertension ranging from 20 to 50 mm Hg. In this group the role of extracerebral complications as a cause of death should not be underestimated. Death caused by cerebral lesions with ICP not exceeding 15 mm Hg was exceedingly rare in the first 72 hours. Normal or fairly raised ICP does not rule out the risk of devastating intracranial hypertension: reliable and harmless P/V tests are needed. All patients who survived after showing sustained intracranial hypertension exceeding 50 mm Hg were under 20 years of age. In the present series the results of treatment of intracranial hypertension were, on the whole, rather disappointing.