慢性胰腺炎合并胰管结石的的外科治疗(附7例报告)

慢性胰腺炎所致的胰管阻塞、胰管结石、顽固性疼痛、胰腺的内、外分泌功能障碍,常伴有胰管的全程扩张,特别是当阻塞位于胰腺头部时：有时胰管亦可以呈多数性的狭窄,临床表现多为持续性腹痛,可伴有胰腺内外分泌功能不全,病理改变为局部性或弥漫性硬化性改变和内、外分泌腺永久性的破坏。此类病人晚期常需手术治疗,手术方式以Puestow胰管-空肠吻合术为主要措施。作者1997～2002年共治疗7例,获得满意效果,报告如下。     

胰管结石性慢性胰腺炎的临床特点与外科治疗

目的探讨胰管结石性慢性胰腺炎的临床特点及外科术式选择与疗效。方法回顾性分析我院外科1983年1月至2006年12月间收治并手术治疗的31例胰管结石性慢性胰腺炎患者的临床资料、手术方式和疗效。结果胰管结石性慢性胰腺炎患者多见于酗酒所致的酒精性胰腺炎,腹痛为最突出临床表现,胰腺内外分泌功能减退较为常见。B超及CT为最常用的检查手段,对胰管结石的诊断准确率分别达到96.8%（30/31）和100%（26/26）,患者多同时存在胰腺萎缩及钙化、胰管扩张等。31例患者共接受32例次手术,胰管取石＋括约肌成形术2例,胰尾空肠吻合3例,改良Puestow术13例,Whipple手术9例,Frey手术5例。手术效果满意。结论胰管结石性慢性胰腺炎临床表现复杂,病因以酒精性为主,腹部B超和CT检查多可明确诊断。手术治疗是缓解症状的主要治疗手段,外科治疗应采用个体化原则。     

胰管开口炎性病变导致的慢性阻塞性胰腺炎的诊断和外科治疗

目的 探讨胰管开口部位炎性病变导致的慢性阻塞性胰腺炎的诊断和外科治疗方式.方法 对我院自2002年1月至2010年11月收治的28例慢性阻塞性胰腺炎患者的临床资料进行回顾性总结.其中13例患者血清淀粉酶和脂肪酶升高伴有反复急性腹痛,经影像学检查显示胰管全程扩张改变,外科探查明确诊断为胰管开口部位炎性病变导致的慢性阻塞性胰腺炎.对此13例患者的临床表现、诊断方法、手术探查发现和治疗方法进行分析,并对术后的状况包括疼痛复发、生活质量、胰腺的影像学变化和血清胰腺酶学进行随访观察.结果 13例患者均具有典型的慢性阻塞性胰腺炎的临床表现,但12例患者的影像学表现有别于十二指肠乳突、壶腹或胰腺导管内肿瘤导致的慢性阻塞性胰腺炎的图像特征,手术探查和影像学揭示多数患者的胆胰共同通道过短或存在胰腺分裂畸形,对12例患者实施十二指肠乳突、壶腹及胰管开口切开成形术或副乳突切开成形术,术后随访结果显示均未再伴有胰腺酶学升高的急性腹痛发作.结论 以胰管扩张为主而不伴有胆管慢性梗阻是胰管开口炎性病变导致的慢性阻塞性胰腺炎的影像学特征,十二指肠乳突炎症或副乳突炎症时容易在过短的胆胰共同通道或胰腺分裂畸形的患者中引发胰管开口的狭窄而发生慢性阻塞性胰腺炎,纠正胰管开口狭窄、改善胰管引流的局部成形术是简单、有效的治疗方法.     

胰管开口炎性病变导致的慢性阻塞性胰腺炎的诊断和外科治疗

目的 探讨胰管开口部位炎性病变导致的慢性阻塞性胰腺炎的诊断和外科治疗方式.方法 对我院自2002年1月至2010年11月收治的28例慢性阻塞性胰腺炎患者的临床资料进行回顾性总结.其中13例患者血清淀粉酶和脂肪酶升高伴有反复急性腹痛,经影像学检查显示胰管全程扩张改变,外科探查明确诊断为胰管开口部位炎性病变导致的慢性阻塞性胰腺炎.对此13例患者的临床表现、诊断方法、手术探查发现和治疗方法进行分析,并对术后的状况包括疼痛复发、生活质量、胰腺的影像学变化和血清胰腺酶学进行随访观察.结果 13例患者均具有典型的慢性阻塞性胰腺炎的临床表现,但12例患者的影像学表现有别于十二指肠乳突、壶腹或胰腺导管内肿瘤导致的慢性阻塞性胰腺炎的图像特征,手术探查和影像学揭示多数患者的胆胰共同通道过短或存在胰腺分裂畸形,对12例患者实施十二指肠乳突、壶腹及胰管开口切开成形术或副乳突切开成形术,术后随访结果显示均未再伴有胰腺酶学升高的急性腹痛发作.结论 以胰管扩张为主而不伴有胆管慢性梗阻是胰管开口炎性病变导致的慢性阻塞性胰腺炎的影像学特征,十二指肠乳突炎症或副乳突炎症时容易在过短的胆胰共同通道或胰腺分裂畸形的患者中引发胰管开口的狭窄而发生慢性阻塞性胰腺炎,纠正胰管开口狭窄、改善胰管引流的局部成形术是简单、有效的治疗方法.     

胰管开口炎性病变导致的慢性阻塞性胰腺炎的诊断和外科治疗

目的 探讨胰管开口部位炎性病变导致的慢性阻塞性胰腺炎的诊断和外科治疗方式.方法 对我院自2002年1月至2010年11月收治的28例慢性阻塞性胰腺炎患者的临床资料进行回顾性总结.其中13例患者血清淀粉酶和脂肪酶升高伴有反复急性腹痛,经影像学检查显示胰管全程扩张改变,外科探查明确诊断为胰管开口部位炎性病变导致的慢性阻塞性胰腺炎.对此13例患者的临床表现、诊断方法、手术探查发现和治疗方法进行分析,并对术后的状况包括疼痛复发、生活质量、胰腺的影像学变化和血清胰腺酶学进行随访观察.结果 13例患者均具有典型的慢性阻塞性胰腺炎的临床表现,但12例患者的影像学表现有别于十二指肠乳突、壶腹或胰腺导管内肿瘤导致的慢性阻塞性胰腺炎的图像特征,手术探查和影像学揭示多数患者的胆胰共同通道过短或存在胰腺分裂畸形,对12例患者实施十二指肠乳突、壶腹及胰管开口切开成形术或副乳突切开成形术,术后随访结果显示均未再伴有胰腺酶学升高的急性腹痛发作.结论 以胰管扩张为主而不伴有胆管慢性梗阻是胰管开口炎性病变导致的慢性阻塞性胰腺炎的影像学特征,十二指肠乳突炎症或副乳突炎症时容易在过短的胆胰共同通道或胰腺分裂畸形的患者中引发胰管开口的狭窄而发生慢性阻塞性胰腺炎,纠正胰管开口狭窄、改善胰管引流的局部成形术是简单、有效的治疗方法.     

纵向Ⅴ形切除腹面胰腺治疗小胰管型慢性胰腺炎

慢性胰腺炎一般可根据主胰管的直径（正常为4～5mm）分为大胰管型（直径＞7mm）和小胰管型（直径＜3mm）两种。前者适用引流手术治疗，后者则常需作不同范围的胰腺切除。然而，上述手术常有围手术期和晚期并发症，还常遗有胰腺内、外分泌功能的破坏。为此，作者设计了一种新的治疗小胰管型慢性胰腺炎的手术方式——一纵向V形腹面胰腺切除术，本文乃介绍这一新手术方法并分析其结果。自1992年起，连续匕例诊断小胰管型慢性胰腺炎的病人采用本手术方法治疗。这些病人的严重疼痛发作至少12个月，均经影像学检查（腹部超声、CT、ERCP）证实主…     

胰管空肠吻合术治疗慢性胰腺炎的疗效评估(英)

慢性胰腺为伴腹痛的病人中，有40%存在主胰管扩张。过去认为这种伴有胰管扩张的胰腺炎病人，腹病多是胰腺组织及胰管压力增高所致。故而胰管减压手术，如改良Puestow手术，即胰管空肠吻合手术被大多数医生所采用。但是近期临床报告表明，胰管减压术后给20%病人腹痛不缓解，并有相似数量的病人虽有术后短期疼痛缓解，但一段时间后出现疼痛复发。本文回顾1981~1993年期间100余例行胰管空肠吻合术的病人，对其中腹痛不缓解的15例病人行再手术治疗及承受诊分析，初步探讨胰管减压术后腹痛不缓解的原因，并对进一步治疗的措施进行评估。     

胰头切除胰管引流术治疗胰管无扩张的慢性胰腺炎

慢性胰腺炎出现并发症或顽固性腹痛的患者常需要手术干预，胰管空肠吻合术通过解除胰管阻塞、引流胰液，从而达到缓解疼痛和部分恢复胰腺功能的目的。然而以前认为这种引流术只适用于胰管扩张的患者，对于胰管无扩张或狭窄的慢性胰腺炎患者，引流效果欠佳，常用的术式为胰腺部分或全部切除术，但造成胰腺功能的下降或缺失，降低了病人     

热带性胰腺炎的手术治疗:危险因素的分析

热帮性胰腺炎属慢性胰腺炎,见于亚、非以及南美洲。该病常侵袭非饮酒者,以糖尿病、胰管结石和腹痛为特征。作者报告7年间91例热带性胰腺炎病人因顽固性腹痛施行手术治疗。男女之比为1.7∶1,平均年龄39岁.并糖尿病52例,糖耐量异常14例,有症状的脂肪泻33例。病人无经常饮酒,并具有下列标准中的二项者即可作出诊断.1.腹部 X 线检查发现胰管结石;2.B 超显示主胰管扩张;3.胰腺造影提示有慢性胰腺炎改变。手术指征:严重或无法缓解的腹痛影响工作,体重明显降低(6个月内降低超过10%)及黄疸。在术中根据病变的性质分为二组:组1为良性病变(n=72).绝大多数行外侧胰空肠吻合(65例),6例同时加作经十二指肠胰管扩约肌切开成形术.其余病人施     

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目的改善慢性胰腺炎的治疗效果？方法回顾性分析1985～2000年收治的58例慢性胰腺炎病人的治疗效果。结果33例接受非手术治疗的病人多数有效，但多有复发。经手术治疗的25例病人效果明显好于非手术治疗组。结论对胰头包块型慢性胰腺炎、梗阻型慢性胰腺炎、假性胰腺囊肿应手术治疗；对病变弥漫且无胰管梗阻者，应采取内科治疗，若药物难以控制，可采用胰腺去神经术；对合并胆石的慢性胰腺炎，应积极进行手术处理。     

慢性胰腺炎的手术适应证和术式选择

目的提高慢性胰腺炎的外科治疗效果. 方法回顾性总结分析55例慢性胰腺炎外科治疗资料.发病因素:嗜酒5年以上、胆系结石、急性胰腺炎病史分别占38.2%,29.1%和20.0%.主要临床表现:慢性腹痛、梗阻性黄疸、体重减轻、消化不良、糖尿病分别为98.2%,38.2%,34.5%,20.0%和10.9%.全组均因慢性腹痛或伴有胰管和(/或)胆管梗阻、结石、胰腺钙化、肿块、假性囊肿等行外科治疗,共采用了10种术式. 结果无手术死亡和严重并发症.术后效果良好43例(78.2%),症状减轻好转10例(18.2%),无效2例(3.6%). 结论慢性胰腺炎长期慢性腹痛并胰胆管梗阻、结石、肿块、假性囊肿适于外科治疗,应根据病变类型和特点选择不同的术式.胰管梗阻扩张、结石或假性囊肿宜行胰管或囊肿空肠吻合,胰头肿块并胆、胰管梗阻可行胰头十二指肠切除或胆胰管空肠吻合术.     

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??Rationality of surgical managements according to the pathological anatomy of chronic pancreatitis GAO Hong-qiao, CAI Meng-shan, MA Yong-su, et al. Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
Corresponding author: YANG Yin-mo, E-mail: yangyinmo@263.net
Abstract Objective To investigate the outcome after surgery directed by pathological anatomy of chronic pancreatitis and provide evidence for surgical procedures. Methods The clinical material of 60 patients with chronic pancreatitis who underwent surgical treatment between 2000 and 2010 were investigated retrospectively. Result 43 cases (71.7%) presented with abdominal pain, Perioperative mortality was 1.7% (1 case). Forty-two patients with abdominal pain were all relieved after surgery, but long-term recurrence occered in 17 cases (40.5%). Modified Puestow procedure was performed on 21 patients with dilatation of pancreatic duct and/or lithiasis, long-term pain recurrence occered in 8 cases (38.1%); Six patients undergoing pancreatic head resection had no recurrence in the long-term follow-up; Pain recurrence rate of 11 cases with only cholangioenterostomy was 81.2% (9 cases) within 2 years. Chronic pancreatitis with common bile duct obstruction occurred in 33 cases(55%), cholangioenterostomy alone or combined with partly pancreatic resection or pancreatic duct drainage procedures could alleviate symptoms of biliary obstruction, 4(33.3%) cases after pure biliary drainage emerged abdominal pain, 5 cases of pancreatic head resection had no recurrence of jaundice and abdominal pain after long-term follow-up. Conclusion Surgical procedures should be selected according to the pathological anatomy of chronic pancreatitis. Reasonable pancreatic head resection and adequate bile and/or pancreatic drainage could significantly improve the long-term outcomes.     

Indications and outcomes of surgical management of chronic pancreatitis: literature review

Surgical management of chronic pancreatitis remains a challenge for surgeons. Last decades, the improvement of knowledge regarding to pathophysiology of chronic pancreatitis, improved results of major pancreatic resections, and new diagnostic techniques in clinical practice resulted in significant changes in the surgical approach of this condition. Intractable pain, suspicion of malignancy, and involvement of adjacent organs are the main indications for surgery, while the improvement of patient's quality of life is the main purpose of surgical treatment. The surgical approach to chronic pancreatitis should be individualized based on pancreatic anatomy, pain characteristics, exocrine and endocrine function, and medical co-morbidity. The surgical treatment approach usually involves pancreatic duct drainage procedures and resectional procedures including longitudinal pancreatojejunostomy, pancreatoduodenectomy, pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy, distal pancreatectomy, total pancreatectomy, duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection (Beger's procedure), and local resection of the pancreatic head with longitudinal pancreatojejunostomy (Frey's procedure). Recently, non-pancreatic and endoscopic management of pain have also been described (splancnicectomy). Surgical procedures provide long-term pain relief, improve the patients? quality of life with preservation of endocrine and exocrine pancreatic function, and are associated with low mortality and morbidity rates. However, new studies are needed to determine which procedure is safe and effective for the surgical management of patients with chronic pancreatitis.     

Pancreatic duct pressure in chronic pancreatitis

The wide variety of surgical procedures available for the relief of pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis attests to a lack of understanding of the precise mechanisms responsible for the onset of pain in this condition. In the development of surgical procedures designed to “decompress” the pancreatic duct in chronic pancreatitis, it has been tacitly assumed that pancreatic duct hypertension exists and is important in the pathophysiology of the disease. In 19 patients with chronic pancreatitis and dilated pancreatic ducts, pancreatic duct pressure was significantly higher than in control patients. In view of the dramatic relief of preoperative pain after procedures for decompressing the pancreatic ducts, ductal hypertension has been confirmed as an important mechanism of pain production in this group of patients.     

Surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis without pancreatic duct dilation

In 11 patients with chronic pancreatitis without dilation of the main pancreatic duct, 4 had segmental lesions of the pancreas and 7 had diffuse lesions of the pancreas. Patients with the segmental lesion had a relatively good pancreatic function and were relieved from pain by surgical treatment for the segmental lesion. On the other hand, patients with the diffuse lesion had far advanced dysfunction of the pancreas and were not improved by drainage operation of the pancreatic duct. For such cases, total or near total pancreatectomy has been indicated to relieve pain at the price of creating insulin dependent diabetes. To control pain and to reserve pancreatic function as long as possible in these cases, we performed the resection of all the pancreatic nervous plexus for such 3 patients and have obtained good results, although follow-up periods are still short. This new approach may offer a means of relieving pain with preservation of endocrine function in selected patients with chronic pancreatitis, especially in patients who have not dilated pancreatic duct.     

Organ-preserving surgery in chronic pancreatitis: the duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection

Chronic pancreatitis is a inhomogeneous disease of multifactorial genesis and a variable clinical course. Upper abdominal pain is the leading clinical symptom of the majority of the patients. The primary treatment of these patients is conservative, but if the treatment fails in pain relief or organ complications occur surgical treatment is indicated. The most common organ complications due to chronic pancreatitis are stenosis of the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct, duodenal stenosis, stenosis of the portal vein with portal hypertension, pancreatic pseudocysts and the development of pancreatic fistula. Due to the pathophysiological concept of an elevated duct pressure as a source of pain, duct decompression by drainage procedures is the favored surgical procedure by many surgeons. Nevertheless, even in patients with a dilated pancreatic main duct, only half of the patients will benefit from drainage operations. Long-term severe upper abdominal pain and complications of the neighboring organs due to an inflammatory mass in the head of the pancreas should be indicative for resective procedures which should be organ-preserving as much as possible and take into account the endocrine function of the pancreatic gland. Simultaneous multiple organ resections like pylorus-preserving partial duodenopancreatectomy or total pancreatectomy are not necessary for a benign disease and should be only performed in patients with proven malignancy. The aim of the surgical procedure is to reduce pain and frequency of relapsing pancreatitis without impairing the endocrine function of the pancreatic gland.     

胰管梗阻的诊断和治疗

提出胰管梗阻所致胰高压在胆胰疾病中造成病人剧烈腹痛和消化道功能紊乱的作用以及手术缓解胰高压的重要性。方法：２７例诊断为胰管梗阻的患者中,１１例为慢性胰腺炎,１６例为晚期胰腺癌或壶腹周围癌。其中慢性胰腺炎有６例为胰管多发性狭窄伴扩张,手术将胰管纵行劈开并与空肠行大口侧侧吻合,另５例仅出口狭窄者行胰管空肠侧端吻合;１６例晚期肿瘤患者,仅５例行胰管空肠内引流术。结果：１１例慢性胰腺炎内引流手术后经长期随访除一例偶有上腹轻度疼痛外,其余１０例症状均明显好转。其余消化道症状亦皆明显好转。１６例晚期肿瘤所致的胰管梗阻病人,５例行胰管空肠吻合术,术后病人疼痛均明显好转。结论：胰管阻塞可引起胰高压,后者可能是造成慢性疼痛和消化不良的重要原因,在胆胰手术过程中应充分地认识其重要性,以选择适当的术式。