微型外固定支架与钢板、克氏针内固定治疗掌指骨骨折的比较研究

目的 比较采用微型外固定支架、钢板、克氏针内固定治疗掌、指骨骨折的临床效果.方法 微型外固定支架组21例、25处骨折,术后随访4～6月,平均5个月.钢板固定治疗组病例17例、20处骨折,术后随访4～6月,平均5月.克氏针固定治疗组19例、23处骨折.术后随访5～9个月,平均7个月.以RAFS标准评价术后掌指关节及指间关节功能和术后感染及骨折愈合时间.结果 外固定支架优良率为88%(22/25),钢板固定组优良率75%(15/20),克氏针固定组优良率为70%(16/23),三组均有明显差异(P＜0.05).结论 从术后关节功能恢复的优良率、感染率以及骨折愈合时间相比,外固定支架的疗效明显优于其它两组.     

微型外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗开放性粉碎性掌指骨骨折

目的 探讨应用微型外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗掌指骨开放性粉碎性骨折的方法和疗效.方法 2008年3月至2011年8月,应用微型外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗掌指骨开放性粉碎性骨折40例,其中男27例,女13例;年龄19～62岁,平均31.2岁.骨折部位:掌骨17例,指骨19例,掌、指骨同时骨折4例.所有病例采用单边微型外固定支架结合克氏针及可吸收线有限内固定,其中2例采用皮瓣覆盖创面,2例植皮,6例肌腱断裂予直接缝合.结果 术后平均9周骨折愈合.2例发生外固定支架固定针松动,无固定针断裂.3例发生针道轻度感染未影响最终治疗.1例指骨有4°的旋转,无成角畸形.按中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准评定患指运动功能:优12例,良21例,可5例,差2例;优良率82.5％.结论 应用微型外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗掌指骨开放性粉碎性骨折方法可靠,能有效固定骨折,进行早期功能锻炼,恢复手指的活动功能.     

微型外固定支架结合克氏针固定治疗Bennett骨折

目的 评价应用微型外固定支架结合克氏针固定治疗Bennett骨折的临床疗效.方法 应用微型外固定支架结合克氏针固定治疗Bennett骨折46例,术后随访评价骨折愈合情况并按照手指关节总活动度(TAM)系统评定法评价掌指关节功能.结果 术后无并发切口及针道感染,X线片显示全部患者骨折均达到或接近解剖复位,骨折愈合时间为6～ 12周,平均6.8周.掌指关节功能优良率为93.5％.结论 应用微型外固定支架结合克氏针固定治疗Bennett骨折,具有操作简单、创伤小、调整拆除方便、固定可靠、术后可进行早期功能锻炼等优点,是治疗Bennett骨折的有效方法.     

微型外固定支架的临床应用

目的：应用微型外固定支架治疗上肢短骨骨折。方法：本组１２例１５处骨折，均采用手法或切开复位，微型外固定支架固定。结果：本组骨折全部愈合。随访６～１２月，骨折无移位，无断钉及外固定架松动，关节稳定，活动范围正常。３例钉孔有少量渗出，拆除固定钉后钉孔即愈合，无深部感染。结论：微型外固定器体积小，重量轻，稳定性好，损伤小，可以进行早期功能锻炼，关节功能佳，是治疗上肢短骨骨折一种较为理想的固定器材。     

微型外固定支架联合克氏针治疗跖骨头关节内骨折

目的探讨微型外固定支架联合克氏针在跖骨头关节内骨折治疗中的应用和疗效。方法 2010年1月至2013年6月,应用微型外固定支架联合克氏针治疗跖骨头关节内骨折8例,男6例,女2例;年龄21~49岁,平均32岁。4~6周后拔除克氏针和去除外固定支架,进行系统功能训练。结果 2例因皮肤坏死经植皮、皮瓣修复后愈合,其余1期愈合。8例均获随访,随访时间6~10个月,平均8个月,所有骨折均顺利愈合,骨折于术后6~8周临床愈合,患者均没有明显的关节疼痛、行走疼痛。按照Maryland足部功能评价:优7例,良1例,优良率达100%。结论微型外固定支架联合克氏针是治疗跖骨头关节内骨折的有效方法,固定可靠,可早期功能锻炼,利于足部功能恢复。     

自制微型外固定支架在指骨骨折中的应用

目的探讨应用自制微型外固定支架治疗指骨骨折的临床效果。方法自2014年6月至2017年6月,应用自制微型外固定支架治疗指骨骨折16例。术后定期随访,复查X线片,测量指间关节活动度。根据手指总的主动活动度(TAM)、疼痛数字评分表(NPRS)、晨僵3个指标评估患者骨折愈合情况和功能恢复情况。结果本组16例中有1例术后6周复查时,骨折端仍有压痛和异常活动,予拆除外固定支架,切开复位克氏针固定后愈合。其余15例随访48~72周,平均58周,骨折愈合,未出现骨髓炎、钢针断裂及松动。骨折临床愈合时间14~16周,平均15.5周。根据TAM、NPRS系统和晨僵进行评定:优11例,良4例。结论自制微型外固定支架适用于指骨骨折的治疗。它能够维持骨折端的稳定性,提供关节侧副韧带及关节囊所需的张力,可以实现早期功能锻炼的目的,是一种较为理想的治疗方法。     

中节指骨基底背侧撕脱骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨应用克氏针内固定中节基底背侧较大撕脱骨折块和中节指骨基底背侧钻孔缝合治疗中节指骨基底背侧小片撕脱骨折的疗效。方法对60例中36例骨折块较大的中节基底背侧撕脱骨折患者采用骨折复位,0.8mm克氏针内固定骨折块,并首先顺行穿入1.0mm克氏针行近指间关节(pip)平伸位内固定;对24例骨折块小的中节指骨基底背侧撕脱骨折采用骨折复位,中节基底背侧钻孔缝合,同时顺行1.0mm克氏针内固定PIP于平伸位。石膏托外固定掌指关节(MP)80°～90°屈曲位,腕关节背伸位,远指间关节(DIP)平伸位3～4周。术后4～6周拔除内固定骨折块及PIP关节克氏针。结果经术后3～9个月的随访,按指关节主动运动总和(TAM)法评定疗效:优15例,良35例,中10例,骨折全部愈合。结论采用克氏针内固定中节基底背侧较大撕脱骨折块及中节基底背侧钻孔治疗中节背侧小片撕脱骨折的两种手术方法疗效均满意。     

可调式微型外固定架结合克氏针有限内固定治疗开放性近节指骨骨折伴掌指关节脱位

目的 探讨可调式微型外固定架结合克氏针有限内固定在开放性近节指骨骨折伴掌指关节脱位治疗中的应用及疗效.方法 2015年2月-2018年2月,采用可调式微型外固定架结合克氏针有限内固定治疗开放性近节指骨骨折伴掌指关节脱位13例.根据Gustilo分型:Ⅰ型7例,Ⅱ型4例,ⅢA型2例.根据Schenck指间关节骨折和脱位、...     

克氏针治疗掌指骨骨折后致手指屈曲畸形的分析

目的分析掌、指骨骨折治疗后出现手指屈曲畸形的原因。方法2003年1月--2007年12月,采用克氏针固定治疗掌、指骨骨折128例,其中掌骨骨折25例,近节指骨骨折37例,中节指骨骨折42例,混合性骨折24例;闭合性骨折38例,开放性骨折90例,均采用不贯穿关节的交叉克氏针及斜行克氏针固定骨折,外固定均采用石膏,其中指间关节屈曲位固定53例,伸直位固定75例,石膏固定3～4周,克氏针固定6～15周。结果随访3～12月,出现近侧指间关节屈曲畸形、活动受限19例（15％）。结论克氏针治疗掌、指骨骨折时常因躲避克氏针而采用屈曲手指位外固定,再由于克氏针本身对指背筋膜的损伤导致关节屈曲畸形。     

微型钢板与克氏针内固定治疗掌指骨骨折的疗效对比分析

目的 分析采用微型钢板与克氏针内固定治疗掌指骨骨折的疗效.方法 回顾性分析127例掌指骨骨折的临床资料,包括微型钢板组62例和克氏针组65例.结果 掌骨骨折手功能恢复优良率比较,钢板组95.8％,克氏针组72.7％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),指骨骨折两组差异无统计学意义.结论 采用微型钢板内固定治疗掌骨骨折疗效有明显优势,针对指骨骨折则疗效相当.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.