脑脊液细胞学检查诊断中枢神经系统疾病158例分析

目的：探讨脑脊液细胞学检查在中枢神经系统疾病的诊断,治疗及预后判断的意义。方法：采用细胞玻片离心仪自动涂片,瑞-姬氏染色,光学显微镜分类计。结果：化脓性脑膜炎（化脑）21例,急性期均以嗜中性粒细胞为主。结核性脑膜炎（结脑）32例,急性期以混合性细胞为主。病毒性脑膜炎（病脑）46例,以淋巴细胞为主,隐球菌性脑膜炎（隐脑）10例,在脑脊液中均找到隐球菌。脑囊虫病,在急性期嗜酸性粒细胞占8%-15%,慢性期有大量的浆细胞。癌性脑膜病3例,在脑脊液中均找到恶性肿瘤细胞。结论：脑脊液细胞学检查为多种中枢神经系统疾病的诊断和治疗提供了客观依据。     

CT与磁共振联合诊断中枢神经系统感染的临床应用价值探讨

目的:探讨CT联合磁共振(MRI)诊断中枢神经系统感染的临床价值。方法:选取本院2018年10月至2019年10月收治的114例中枢神经系统感染患者为研究对象,给予CT联合MRI诊断,分别与单一方式诊断比较。以脑脊液病细胞学检查结果为金标准,比较不同检查方式的诊断符合率。结果:脑脊液病细胞学检查结果证实,114例中枢神经系统感染患者中有55例为病毒性脑炎,26例为结核性脑膜炎,15例为脑囊虫病,10例为化脓性脑膜炎,8例为隐球酵母菌脑膜炎。与脑脊液病细胞学检查结果相比,CT和MRI联合诊断符合率为(97.37%),明显高于单纯的CT诊断(77.19%)和MRI诊断(78.95%)(P<0.05)。结论:CT与MRI联合诊断中枢神经系统感染疾病的诊断符合率较高,可清晰显示颅脑各组织病理改变情况,对临床制定诊疗计划具有重要指导作用。     

中枢神经系统感染血清心肌酶和脑脊液乳酸脱氢酶的变化及其临床意义

目的通过对中枢神经系统感染患者急性期血清心肌酶和脑脊液乳酸脱氢酶变化进行观察,分析其临床意义。方法将63例中枢神经系统感染患者(感染组)分为病毒性脑炎46例(病脑组)和结核性脑膜炎17例(结脑组),另选体检正常的健康人45例作为对照组。用酶速率法测定患者血清心肌酶,同时腰穿查脑脊液乳酸脱氢酶。结果感染组血清心肌酶及脑脊液乳酸脱氢酶均显著高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01),病脑组与结脑组的血清心肌酶比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),结脑组脑脊液乳酸脱氢酶明显高于病脑组(P0.01)。结论中枢神经系统感染患者急性期血清心肌酶及脑脊液乳酸脱氢酶常有增高,检测血清心肌酶和脑脊液乳酸脱氢酶可作为鉴别中枢神经系统感染性疾病敏感而可靠的诊断指标。     

系统性红斑狼疮合并隐球菌脑膜炎的诊断与治疗

目的:分析系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)合并中枢神经系统隐球菌感染的临床特点、诊断和治疗,以提高对本病的认识和诊治水平.方法:对3例SLE合并隐球菌脑膜炎(隐脑)病例的临床表现,脑脊液(CSF)变化及诊治经过进行回顾性分析.结果:SLE合并隐脑时的临床及实验室检查呈非特异性,易误诊成狼疮脑病或结核性脑膜炎(结脑),CSF涂片镜检或真菌培养发现隐球菌是确诊的关键.结论:早期诊断和有效抗真菌治疗有助于改善SLE合并隐脑患者的预后.     

新生隐球菌性脑膜炎25例临床分析

目的分析新生隐球菌性脑膜炎的临床特点,提高临床医师对本病的诊疗水平。方法回顾性分析我中心感染科确诊的新生隐球菌性脑膜炎25例住院患者临床资料。结果25例患者中,男17例,女8例,以青壮年居多。21例合并有基础疾病,包括艾滋病、淋巴瘤、干燥综合征、重症肌无力。所有患者均有发热、颅高压症状。17例(68%)出现意识障碍;5例(20%)出现抽搐;9例(36%)出现视力下降或视物模糊,6例(24%)出现听力下降。脑膜刺激征阳性14例(56%),病理征阳性12例(48%)。脑脊液检查提示蛋白增高,白细胞计数均在100×106/L以下,糖和氯化物降低。脑脊液压力明显增高。23例患者脑脊液涂片墨汁染色找到隐球菌。16例治愈或好转出院,死亡9例。结论隐球菌性脑膜炎是病情危重的中枢神经系统感染性疾病。脑脊液涂片墨汁染色找到隐球菌可明确诊断。早期诊断,及时抗真菌治疗是提高隐脑救治成功率的关键。     

恶性肿瘤合并新型隐球菌脑膜炎的诊治

目的 为肿瘤科医生诊治新型隐球菌脑膜炎减少误诊提供帮助。方法 12例恶性肿瘤合并新型隐球菌脑膜炎病人均行脑脊液常规检查和肿瘤脱落细胞检查、脑脊液涂片和培养查隐球菌、脑CT扫描。7例病人用两性霉素B治疗，5例病人用氟康唑治疗。结果 脑脊液压力增高10例(10／12)、细胞数增高9例(9／12)、蛋白质增高6例(G／12)、糖及氯化物降低8例(8／12)。脑脊液涂片墨汁染色检出隐球菌10例(10／12)、脑脊液培齐检出隐球菌12例(12／12)。脑CT扫描显示脑室扩张且无肿瘤占位征象5例(5／12)、脑CT扫描未见异常改变7例(7／12)。12例中死亡7例，死亡率(7／12)58．3％；治愈5例，治愈率(5／12)41．7％。结论 新型隐球菌脑膜炎是恶性肿瘤病人合并感染中最常见的中枢神经系统真菌感染性疾病，病情重，死亡率高，应引起肿瘤科医生高度重视。凡临床上出现发热、颅高压症、意识障碍、脑膜刺激征都要想到新型隐球菌脑膜炎存在的可能。     

469例患者异常脑脊液细胞学检查结果分析

目的探讨脑脊液细胞学检查在中枢神经系统感染性疾病的诊断、鉴别诊断及疗效判断的临床价值。方法回顾性分析469例患者异常脑脊液细胞学检查结果。结果 469例患者中,化脓性脑膜炎的患者84例,脑脊液细胞学呈中性粒细胞增多反应,最高可占97.5%;结核性脑膜炎的患者51例,呈中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞等混合细胞增多反应;病毒性脑膜炎的患者295例,呈淋巴细胞增多反应;新型隐球菌脑膜炎3例,脑脊液中检出隐球菌;脑寄生虫脑膜炎23例,以嗜酸性粒细胞增多为主;13例脑囊虫病,未见明显异常。结论脑脊液细胞学检查在中枢神经系统感染性疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要意义。     

磁共振成像联合脑脊液分析在中枢神经系统感染鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨磁共振成像(MRI)与脑脊液分析在中枢神经系统感染鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法随机选取2013年10月至2015年10月期间收治的64例中枢神经系统感染患者为研究组,并选取同期来院治疗的20例头痛患者为对照组,对比分析两组患者的MRI检查结果及脑脊液检查各项指标差异。结果研究组中枢神经系统感染MRI检查阳性率(95.31%)显著高于对照组(5.00%),两组对比有显著差异(P0.05);脑脊液分析中各组的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)及乳酸(LA)水平差异显著(P0.05),其中LDH浓度最高的是结核性脑膜炎组,CK浓度较高的是化脓性脑膜炎组,结核性脑膜炎组和化脓性脑膜炎组患者的LA浓度相对其他组较高(P0.05);脑脊液分析中各组诊断敏感性较化脓性脑膜炎组高,除了隐球菌性脑膜炎组外,其他各组的诊断准确性及特异性均较高。结论 MRI和脑脊液分析在中枢神经系统感染诊断中具有较高的应用价值,MRI和脑脊液分析联合检测有助于诊断鉴别中枢神经系统感染的疾病类型,为临床治疗提供可靠的诊断依据。     

脑脊液C反应蛋白及免疫球蛋白对儿童感染性脑膜炎临床诊断意义

目的:探讨患儿脑脊液中,免疫球蛋白(IgA,IgG,IgM)、C-反应蛋白含量对脑膜炎患儿的感染性质的临床诊断价值。方法:在治疗前分别采集化脓性脑膜炎(化脑)患儿脑脊液17例,病毒性脑膜炎患儿脑脊液21例。结核性脑膜炎患儿脑脊液19例和对照组(21例已排除脑膜炎)儿童脑脊液标本,用速度散射比浊法测定其CSF中IgA、IgG、IgM、CRP含量。结果:感染组中结核性脑膜炎(结脑)、化脓性脑膜炎(化脑),病毒性脑膜炎组(病脑)CRP较对照组均有不同程度的升高(P<0.05),其升高幅度由大到小依次为化脓性脑膜炎组、结核性脑膜炎组、病毒性脑膜炎组。免疫球蛋白的测定结果为除病毒性脑膜炎组的IgA和IgG较对照组升高不明显外(P>0.05),三组病例组的各项指标均高于对照组(P>0.05)。结论:对脑脊液进行IgA、IgG、IgM、CRP的联合检测,有助于对小儿中枢神经系统感染疾病的鉴别诊断。     

隐球菌荚膜抗原胶体金免疫层析法在非HIV患者隐球菌脑膜炎诊断中的价值

目的探讨隐球菌荚膜抗原胶体金免疫层析法在非HIV患者隐球菌脑膜炎中的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析2013-2018年复旦大学附属华山医院3627例疑似中枢神经系统感染的住院患者的临床资料,收集符合隐球菌脑膜炎初诊的患者214例,分析各检验结果对隐球菌脑膜炎的诊断价值。结果隐球菌脑膜炎患者多数表现为脑脊液糖和氯化物水平显著下降,蛋白含量增高,白细胞增多且以单核细胞为主,脑脊液真菌镜检和培养的阳性率分别为75.23%和78.04%,脑脊液隐球菌胶体金免疫层析法检测阳性率高达100%。隐球菌脑膜炎患者随治疗时间的推移,脑脊液和血的隐球菌荚膜抗原滴度逐渐下降。结论胶体金免疫层析法适用于非HIV患者隐球菌脑膜炎的快速诊断,灵敏度高、特异性强,对隐球菌肺炎的患者能提前筛查是否有中枢神经系统感染,对荚膜抗原的动态监测有助于隐球菌病治疗疗效的观察。     

A prospective study of the polymerase chain reaction for detection of herpes simplex virus in cerebrospinal fluid submitted to the clinical virology laboratory.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was prospectively performed with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 51 patients whose CSF was available for analysis and was submitted for viral culture and/or herpes simplex virus (HSV) serology and 20 patients whose CSF was submitted exclusively to the Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory. Primers were used that flanked a 92 bp segment of the HSV DNA polymerase gene (35 cycles). Amplified products were electrophoresed on agarose gel, blotted onto nylon membrane, and probed with a 32P-labelled sequence internal to the primers. For nested PCR, 1 microliter of PCR product was amplified for an additional 35 cycles before electrophoresis and Southern blot analysis. Review of the clinical records revealed that 15 patients had central nervous system (CNS) infections. Specific HSV DNA sequences were detected in CSF specimens of three of the individuals [PCR(2), nested PCR(1)]. Two of these patients had disseminated HSV infection including encephalitis and one patient had aseptic meningitis. The diagnoses of the 12 patients with CNS infection who did not have HSV DNA detected in CSF included encephalitis [varicella-zoster virus (1), cytomegalovirus (1), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (1)], meningitis [Neisseria meningitidis (1), Coccidioides immitis (1), Enterovirus (1), aseptic meningitis (1)], varicella-zoster radiculitis (2), human immunodeficiency virus dementia (2), and transverse myelitis due to Epstein-Barr virus (1). Importantly, HSV DNA was also not detected in the CSF of the 36 patients who did not have CNS infection and 20 samples submitted exclusively to the Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory. Our findings demonstrate the utility of PCR as a rapid, non-invasive method for the routine laboratory diagnosis of CNS infection due to HSV.     

Cure of multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii central nervous system infections with intraventricular or intrathecal colistin: case series and literature review

OBJECTIVES: CNS infections due to multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MRAB) are an emerging problem in neurosurgical patients. Colistin remains one of the few remaining treatment options for MRAB but has poor CNS penetration. We describe our experience with intraventricular or intrathecal colistin for this infection. METHODS: Cases known to have received intraventricular or intrathecal colistin for CNS infections due to MRAB were retrospectively reviewed regarding colistin treatment, colistin efficacy and adverse events. RESULTS: Five patients were identified. All were admissions to the neurosurgical ICU and all were cured of their CNS infections. Three cases were complicated by drug-induced aseptic meningitis or ventriculitis. CONCLUSIONS: This largest case series to date shows that direct instillation of colistin into the CNS may cause chemical meningitis or ventriculitis but it is an effective treatment option for MRAB CNS infection. Further study of dosing regimens is needed.     

Association between viral load of varicella zoster virus in cerebrospinal fluid and the clinical course of central nervous system infection

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) like other alphaherpes viruses stays latent after its primary infection. During its reactivation, it can infect the central nervous system (CNS) causing a variety of clinical presentations. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of VZV DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), it is now recognized in some series as the most common causative agent of viral CNS infection. We aimed to investigate in our study the correlation between VZV viral load in the CSF and the clinical course of its infection, using quantitative real-time PCR. For this purpose, we examined 56 specimens of consecutive patients with positive CSF for VZV DNA in a qualitative test, with a clinical picture of meningitis or encephalitis collected over 10 years in Rambam medical center. We found a significant correlation between VZV viral load and the severity and duration of neurological disease. We believe that using quantitative measurement of VZV DNA in the CSF, could serve as a prognostic marker which would influence treatment decisions.     

Central nervous system infections due to Abiotrophia and Granulicatella species: an emerging challenge?

Although Abiotrophia and Granulicatella species, previously referred to as nutritionally variant streptococci, were initially identified over 40 years ago, isolation of these pathogens from the central nervous system (CNS) was first noted only recently. Recognition of CNS involvement with these organisms is of great concern given the association of Abiotrophia/Granulicatella infections with increased morbidity and mortality as well as greater bacteriologic failure and relapse rates. We describe A. defectiva and G. adiacens CNS infections in two patients and review the existing literature of CNS involvement with these bacteria. The clinical presentation and initial cerebrospinal fluid analysis has varied substantially across reported patients. While most infections have been characterized primarily by a localized infection (e.g., abscess), evidence of meningitis has usually also been present. Furthermore, nearly all cases have followed neurosurgical procedures suggesting possible introduction of the organism into the CNS at the time of surgery. Given the significant negative clinical impact of Abiotrophia/Granulicatella infections, elucidation of the emerging epidemiology of CNS infections with these bacteria is warranted.     

Implications of postneurosurgical meningitis caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

Acinetobacter baumannii is an important cause of postneurosurgical meningitis. The emergence of carbapenem-resistant strains in this setting has caused a therapeutic challenge. We investigated the clinical implications of postneurosurgical meningitis caused by carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients more than 16 years of age with A. baumannii meningitis that developed after a neurosurgical procedure at five university-affiliated hospitals between January 2005 and May 2011. Of 40 cases identified, 22 (55.0 %) were caused by carbapenem-resistant strains. Of those evaluable 36 patients with A. baumannii meningitis, 14 (38.9 %) died of meningitis. Meningitis-related mortality was significantly related to carbapenem resistance (59.1 % versus 7.1 %; P = 0.002). In patients with meningitis caused by carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii, colistimethate-containing regimens (4/13 versus 7/9; P = 0.040), intrathecal or intraventricular (IT/IVR) administration of antibiotics (2/13 versus 8/9; P = 0.001), and combined intravenous and IT/IVR therapy (2/13 versus 6/9; P = 0.026) were significantly associated with cure. This study shows that use of colistimethate and combined systemic and local administration of antibiotics should be considered for the treatment of meningitis caused by carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii.     

Lumbar puncture in the emergency department is useful and safe

A 12 month retrospective study was carried out by the Department of Emergency Medicine at Fremantle Hospital to evaluate lumbar puncture in the Emergency Department. Sixty-four patients underwent lumbar puncture in the study period. The main indication was suspicion of central nervous system (CNS) infection. Fifty-three percent of patients had an abnormal cerebrospinal fluid. Diagnoses in order of frequency were viral meningitis, subarachnoid haemorrhage, bacterial meningitis, and viral encephalitis, confirming the importance of this investigation in the diagnosis of CNS infection. No side effects were recorded. With appropriate selection criteria and supervision, lumbar puncture is a safe, simple and valuable investigation in the emergency department.     

Appropriate use of polymerase chain reaction for detection of herpes simplex virus 2 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients at an inner-city hospital

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests that detect herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are increasingly used to diagnose central nervous system (CNS) infections caused by HSV. To determine proper utilization of this test at an inner-city hospital, we performed a case-control study of adult patients, with HSV detected in CSF by PCR. Retrospective review of characteristics of adult patients hospitalized between 1997 and 2000 with CSF positive for HSV was done and compared to control patients with suspected CNS infection and negative CSF PCR. CSF from 1174 patients was tested; 20 (1.7%) had HSV DNA detected, 19/20 were HSV-2 and 1 was HSV-1. The HSV-2 cases were females (74%), with a median age of 41 years, of African-American ethnicity (100%). Of the cases, 90% had acute aseptic meningitis versus 13% controls (P < .001). Recurrent meningitis occurred in 42% cases and 3% controls (P < .001). CSF parameters significantly associated with HSV-2 positivity was lymphocytic pleocytosis (median leukocyte, 475 cell/mm3, 90% lymphocytes) (P < .001). In conclusion, HSV-1 was rarely detected in CSF of patients with suspected CNS infection. HSV-2 is more frequent, predominantly in young African-American women with lymphocytic aseptic meningitis, and is often recurrent. PCR testing for HSV-2 in CSF at inner-city hospitals can be greatly reduced by the application of these parameters.     

小儿肠道病毒中枢神经系统感染的临床特点

目的探讨小儿肠道病毒（EV）中枢神经系统感染的临床特点。方法采用逆转录聚合酶链反应和病毒基因序列分析方法,对87例无菌性中枢神经系统感染病儿的脑脊液标本进行检测,并对其中61例EV中枢神经系统感染病儿的临床特点和预后进行回顾分析。结果无菌性中枢神经系统感染病儿中EV感染的发生率是70.10%,其中脑膜炎40例（65.57%）,脑炎21例（34.43%）。21例脑炎病儿的脑脊液标本经分型引物检测,17例（80.95%）阳性,其中埃柯病毒12型9例,柯萨奇病毒B3型5例,埃柯病毒7型1例,柯萨奇病毒B5型1例,柯萨奇病毒A9型1例。61例EV中枢神经系统感染均为急性起病,5—10月份高发（85.25%）,发病年龄高峰在3~5岁（44.26%）。EV脑膜炎的主要特征是脑膜刺激症状和脑脊液细胞数增加,主要临床表现为发热、头痛、呕吐,较大儿童可诉有乏力、畏光、肌痛,婴幼儿常伴有腹泻和皮疹。EV脑炎根据主要症状临床分型为昏迷型（3/21）、癫痫型（3/21）、精神障碍型（1/21）、小脑炎型（1/21）、脑干脑炎型（2/21）和混合型（11/21）。常规治疗后脑膜炎和大部分脑炎病儿完全恢复。4例重型柯萨奇病毒B3型脑炎病儿GLASGOW昏迷评分均〈7分,其中1例完全康复;1例运动障碍,经1年康复治疗后生活自理;1例癫痫、1例精神障碍伴癫痫,均可被药物完全控制。结论 EV是小儿中枢神经系统感染最常见的病原体之一;脑膜炎临床症状一般较轻,预后良好;大部分脑炎症状较轻,预后良好,重症脑炎可留有程度不同的后遗症。     

伤寒杆菌性脑膜炎误诊9例分析

目的 寻找伤寒杆菌性脑膜炎误诊原因，提出改进办法。方法 对确诊为伤寒杆菌性脑膜炎的诊疗过程进行回顾性分析。结果 9例伤寒杆菌性脑膜炎患病初均被诊为上呼吸道感染或胃肠炎，出现明显伤寒及神经系统表现后得到确诊及合理治疗。结论 伤寒杆菌性脑膜炎易被误诊为呼吸道、消化道普通感染．为避免或减少误诊，如拟诊伤寒患出现明显神经精神症状．应及早作伤寒病原学及脑脊液检查。