老年患者呼吸道嗜血杆菌的分离及耐药性分析

目的 了解老年呼吸道嗜血杆菌的分离、鉴定及其β-内酰胺酶的产生率和耐药性.方法 采用自配的专用嗜血杆菌培养基分离细菌,在血琼脂平板和M-H平板上做卫星试验对分离出的细菌进行鉴定,阳性者部分用NHI卡进行确认.用头孢硝噻吩法测试β-内酰胺酶的产酶率,并用琼脂扩散法进行药敏试验.结果 1 138份标本共检出119株嗜血杆菌,检出率10.5%,其中流感嗜血杆菌25株（21.0%）,副流感嗜血杆菌94（79. 0% ）株,嗜血杆菌β-内酰胺酶的产生率为23.5%;左氧氟沙星、氨苄西林、复方新诺明对嗜血杆菌的耐药率较高,为15.0%～54.6% （流感嗜血杆菌）、19.2%～56.5%（副流感嗜血杆菌）;而阿莫西林/克拉维酸、氨曲南和二代三代头孢对嗜血杆菌的耐药率则较低（均＜10 %）.结论分离出的嗜血杆菌主要以副流感嗜血杆菌为主,对阿莫西林 /克拉维酸、氨曲南和二代三代头孢菌素的敏感性高于其他抗生素,可作为首选治疗用药.     

鲁中地区2011—2013年流感嗜血杆菌耐药性分析

目的了解流感嗜血杆菌的检出情况,并对其耐药情况进行动态演变,分析与其相关的一系列因素,为基层医院尤其是鲁中地区的临床治疗提供合理、可靠的依据。方法收集我院2011——2013年1019例成人社区获得性肺炎患者痰培养检查中检出的38株流感嗜血杆菌,采用K-B纸片法进行药敏试验,采用头孢硝噻吩纸片定性试验测定被检测菌株的β内酰胺酶试验。结果从1019例社区获得性肺炎患者痰培养检查中检出38株流感嗜血杆菌,总分离率为3.7%。结论 38株流感嗜血杆菌中产β内酰胺酶检出率为26%,对四环素、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、阿莫西林等药物耐药率呈上升趋势(13%~26%)。其中以环丙沙星耐药率最高;对复方新诺明、庆大霉素耐药率最高,共检出21例,耐药率高达55%,对亚胺培南、美洛培南、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟、头孢呋辛等药物敏感,耐药率8%。     

淋球菌、支原体和沙眼衣原体在慢性前列腺炎中的感染分布及耐药性分析

用培养法对淋球菌和支原体进行分离鉴定和药敏试验,用头孢硝噻吩法对淋球菌进行β-内酰胺酶检测,用单克隆抗体胶体金标法测定沙眼衣原体。结果:在2900份前列腺液标本中,淋球菌、支原体和沙眼衣原体的分离率分别为3.3％,12.8％和0.9％。淋球菌β-内酰胺酶的产生率为12.6％,淋球菌对青霉素     

临床分离流感嗜血杆菌和副流感嗜血杆菌的耐药性研究

目的 了解上海部分医院分离的流感和副流感嗜血杆菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性、对β内酰胺类和喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制以及耐药菌株的克隆传播情况.方法 以琼脂稀释法测定氨苄西林等13种抗菌药物对2006年上海5所医院临床分离的156株嗜血杆菌属细菌的体外抗菌活性,头孢硝噻吩纸片法检测β-内酰胺酶,PCR扩增检测TEM和ROB型β-内酰胺酶基因和喹诺酮类耐药株的喹诺酮耐药决定区,以肠杆菌科基因间重复序列聚合酶链反应(ERIC-PCR)比较细菌的同源性.药物敏感性试验结果采用χ2检验,ERIC-PCR条带模型转换数据进行聚类分析.结果 109株流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄西林敏感率为74.3%,而对氨苄西林舒巴坦、头孢菌素类、氟喹诺酮类等敏感率为100.0%.109株流感嗜血杆菌和47株副流感嗜血杆菌β-内酰胺酶产酶率分别为25.7%和19.1%(χ2=0.776,P=0.378),产酶株均检测到TEM基因.109株流感嗜血杆菌中仅1株对环丙沙星耐药,其gyrA基因存在84位丝氨酸突变为亮氨酸,parC基因存在206位甘氨酸突变为精氨酸.ERIC-PCR结果显示,106株流感嗜血杆菌在85%相似度水平可被分为73型.结论 上海地区流感嗜血杆菌临床菌株对除氨苄西林外的其他常用抗菌药物仍保持很高的敏感率.受试流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄西林耐药的主要机制均为产TEM型β-内酰胺酶.在包括氨苄西林耐药株在内的流感嗜血杆菌中,克隆传播尚不普遍.     

流感嗜血杆菌血清分型及其产酶率的初步研究

目的 了解上海地区流感嗜血杆菌感染株，携带株的血清型及主要血清型的β内酰胺酶产生率。方法 收集急性上，下呼吸道感染患的痰及咽拭子等标本５３４份及无呼吸道感染对照组咽拭子标本２５５份，应用改良哥伦比亚巧克力培养基进行分离培养；应用玻片凝集法及反向间接血凝法对分离出的Ｈｉ进行血清分型，并检测Ｈｉｂ和不可分型株产β内酰胺酶情况。     

2012年中国成人社区获得性呼吸道感染主要致病菌耐药性的多中心研究

目的 调查2012年我国11家医院成人社区获得性呼吸道感染病原菌的耐药性.方法 收集2012年1-12月全国11家中心分离的599株成人社区获得性呼吸道感染病原菌,其中肺炎链球菌381株,流感嗜血杆菌137株,卡他莫拉菌81株.采用琼脂稀释法测定抗菌药物的MIC值.结果 50％(300/599)的菌株分离自60岁以上的患者,16.2％(97/599)的菌株分离自40岁以下的患者.按照肺炎链球菌口服青霉素的折点判定标准,56.7％(216/381)的肺炎链球菌为青霉素不敏感菌株(PNSSP),肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类的耐药率超过90％(345/381),对口服头孢菌素的耐药率为39.9％ ～50.7％(152 ～ 193株).肺炎链球菌对左氧氟沙星和莫西沙星的敏感度分别为97.8％(372/381)和99％(377/381).PNSSP对头孢曲松、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢克洛、头孢呋辛的耐药率显著高于青霉素敏感菌株(PSSP).流感嗜血杆菌对除氨苄西林(71.5％,272/381)和头孢克洛(75.2％,286/381)外的抗菌药物的敏感度均超过90％.流感嗜血杆菌中β-内酰胺酶阳性率为21.9％(30/137),且β-内酰胺酶阳性菌株对氨苄西林、头孢克洛、氯霉素和四环素的耐药性显著高于β-内酰胺酶阴性菌株.氟喹诺酮类药物对流感嗜血杆菌的作用效果明显.除克林霉素、阿奇霉素和克拉霉素对卡他莫拉菌作用较差外,其他药物对卡他莫拉菌均具有较高的抗菌活性.结论 大环内酯类和口服头孢菌素类药物对肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌的抗菌活性有限,左氧氟沙星和莫西沙星对肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌仍具有较高的抗菌活性.     

鼠疫杆菌对新型抗菌药物的敏感性试验

目的通过鼠疫杆菌对新型抗菌药物的敏感性试验,寻找比链霉素敏感性更高且毒性小的药物.方法采用纸片扩散(K-B)法,按照美国临床试验室标准委员会(NCCLS)(1995年版)法规.结果鼠疫杆菌在4类药物中以β-内酰胺类的敏感性最好,喹诺酮类次之,氨基糖甙类尚可,大环内脂类则较差;鼠疫杆菌对30种抗菌药物有27种高度敏感,其敏感顺序为头孢唑肟＞氨苄青霉素/舒巴坦＞氨苄青霉素＞头孢他啶＞头孢克肟＞头孢噻吩＞头孢噻肟＞氨曲南＞头孢三嗪＞头孢西丁＞阿莫西林/棒酸＞头孢唑啉＞头孢吡肟＞头孢哌酮＞诺氟沙星＞氧氟沙星＞萘啶酸＞头孢肤肟＞壮观霉素＞依诺沙星＞环丙沙星＞氟罗沙星＞洛美沙星＞链霉素＞亚胺硫霉素＞吡哌酸＞阿齐霉素;对红霉素中介;对螺旋霉素和交沙霉素耐药.鼠疫杆菌强毒株与弱毒株对各种抗菌药物的敏感性试验结果经t检验(t=0.74,P＞0.05)无显著性差别.结论体外药敏试验表明鼠疫杆菌对头孢唑肟最敏感;喹诺酮类以氟哌酸优于其它同类药物.     

肺炎患儿肺炎链球菌的分离及耐药性分析

目的 调查肺炎患儿肺炎链球菌的分离及耐药性.方法 通过对415例肺炎患儿痰及咽拭子标本培养,分离SP,予以细菌鉴定和药敏的试验.结果 415例标本中共分离出肺炎链球菌96株（23.13%）,炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率为41.67%.在检测的β-内酰胺类抗菌药物中,头孢噻肟与头孢曲松较为敏感,分别为66.66%、79.16%.对青霉素敏感和不敏感的肺炎链球菌其对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢呋辛、红霉素、阿奇霉素及克林霉素的敏感性也各不相同,P〈0.01.结论 肺炎儿童SP分离率高,SP对万古霉素、左氧氟沙星敏感性高,对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢呋辛及氯霉素比较敏感,对青霉素耐药率比较严重.     

老年下呼吸道感染患者铜绿假单胞菌临床检测与耐药性分析

目的分析老年下呼吸道感染患者铜绿假单胞菌耐药性。方法选择我院2009年6月至2010年12月送检的老年下呼吸道感染住院患者痰标本112份,分离培养出112株铜绿假单胞菌菌株,并进行体外药敏试验。结果铜绿假单胞菌对多种抗生素耐药,特别是对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、庆大霉素、哌拉西林、妥布霉素、环丙沙星耐药率均超过40%;对亚胺培南、氨曲南敏感性较好,耐药率分别为12.5%,16.96%。31株β-内酰胺酶阳性菌药敏检测结果显示,β-内酰胺酶阳性菌对哌拉西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、妥布霉素100%耐药,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟、阿米卡星耐药性高达70%以上,对亚胺培南、氨曲南敏感性较好,耐药性分别为19.35%与16.13%。结论亚胺培南与氨曲南对铜绿假单胞菌有较强的抑制作用,可作为老年下呼吸道感染铜绿假单胞菌治疗的首选药物。     

老年病科老年病房分离铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性分析

目的 分析老年病房分离铜绿假单胞菌对临床常用抗菌药的耐药特征, 为临床用药提供参考. 方法 收集我院老年病房2004年1月至2005年12月的住院患者分离菌株,药敏试验采用K-β扩散法. 结果 共分离出230株铜绿假单胞菌,其中224株来自痰标本.哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的敏感率最高,为64.8%,其他依次为阿米卡星、环丙沙星、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦;头孢他啶的耐药率最高,为50.9%,其他依次为哌拉西林、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南等.其对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南的耐药率皆显著高于同期非老年病房分离株(P<0.01);多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌(MDRP)105株,占分离菌株的45.6%;71.5%的患者在标本分离的前2月里,接受过多种抗菌药物治疗. 结论 密切结合药敏试验,合理有序的应用抗生素、减轻抗生素的选择性压力,对于防治铜绿假单胞菌的耐药及传播,控制老年病房的院内感染具有重要意义.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.