几种药物对提高高原部队战士体力作业效率的效果观察

目的 :研究并筛选提高高原部队战士体力作业效率的药物。方法 :在海拔 370 0m将已习服半年的 4 0名士兵随机分为 4组 ,每组 10人 ,用踏车式心脏功量机让受试者做坐位踏车运动。初始负荷为 2 5W ,每 3min递增 5 0W ,递增至 2 2 5W 3min时踏车终止。记录初始负荷和每次负荷递增后 2 .5min时的血氧饱和度 (SaO2 )和运动心率 ,踏车终止后第 1、2、3、4、5min时的恢复心率 ,计算其平均值。然后 3组受试者分别口服酪氨酸 ,乙酰唑胺 ,依那普利加硝苯地平 ,对照组给予炒面胶囊 ,均每天 2次 ,连服 15d。在服药第 10天、第 15天、停药第 10天、第 2 0天时重复上述运动实验。结果 :服药第 10天酪氨酸组SaO2 为 (85 .8± 1.8) % ,高于依那普利组 (83.7±1.6 ) %和对照组 (83.3± 0 .9) % ,有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。服药第 15天酪氨酸组和乙酰唑胺组SaO2 分别为 (86 .0± 1.8) %和 (86 .4± 1.7) % ,均高于对照组 (83.2± 1.6 ) %的水平 ,运动心率分别为 (132 .6± 11.3)b·min- 1和 (133.1± 3.7)b·min- 1,均低于对照组 (14 5 .7± 6 .4 )b·min- 1,有非常显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ;依那普利组SaO2 高于对照组 ,运动心率低于对照组 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;酪氨酸组恢复心率低于对照组 ,差异显著 (P <0 .0 5     

武警某部男战士和学员有氧耐力训练心率的研究

目的 :指导和监控部队有氧耐力训练强度 ,为提高训练效果提供参考资料。方法 :对 6 32名 18- 2 2岁男战士和学员依照GJB1337- 92和GJB2 5 5 8- 96规定的方法分别测定安静心率和训练心率。结果 :(1)安静心率均值 6 9.3± 6 .4b·min- 1,中等训练心率 16 1.2± 6 .2b·min- 1;最小训练心率为 147.4± 6·2b .min- 1,最大训练心率为 173.2± 6 .4b·min- 1;(2 )依测定结果制作了 6 0 %、70 %和 80 %三个有氧耐力训练心率表 ,使不同年龄、不同安静心率的人可以直接快捷地查到适宜训练心率。结论 :武警某部有氧耐力训练的适宜训练心率为 147～ 173b·min- 1。适宜训练心率依安静心率递增而递增 ,依年龄递增而递减。     

海训对官兵降钙素基因相关肽及心血管系统的影响

目的探讨海训对官兵血浆降钙素相关基因肽 (CGRP)水平及心血管系统的影响。方法用放射免疫法测定血浆CGRP浓度 ,用常规方法检测血压、心率 ,分别在海训前、初次和末次海训时、海训结束后对某部 30 0名官兵检测上述指标并加以比较。结果 :海训前、初次、末次海训时及 3个月海训结束后官兵的血浆CGRP浓度分别为 (4 2 .9± 9.2 )、(4 7.9± 6 .8)、(4 8.9± 7.1)和(4 2 .2± 6 .2 )ng·L- 1,表明训练时明显增加 (P <0 .0 1) ,训练结束后恢复正常 ;末次训练时收缩压为 (19.2± 1.5 )kPa、舒张压为 (11.9± 0 .9)kPa、心率为 (12 7.0± 8.4 )b·min- 1较训练前及训练结束后显著升高 (P <0 .0 1) ,但与初次训练时比较无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;末次海训时指战员血浆CGRP值与血压、心率有显著相关性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论海训时官兵心血管系统产生一定的变化 ,可能与血浆降钙素相关基因肽水平有关。     

高原移居者与世居者心肺功能的比较研究

目的 :观察高原移居者与世居者心肺功能的异同 ,以探讨心肺功能在高原低氧习服-适应中的作用。方法 :在海拔 4 30 0m高原 ,以移居汉族和世居藏族青年各 2 5人为受试对象 ,用电子肺功能仪测定肺功能 (FVC、FEV1、MVV等 6项参数 ) ,用血氧饱和度仪测定血氧饱和度和心率。结果 :( 1)高原移居 1年与 2年者的用力肺活量 (FVC)分别为 ( 4 .2 8± 1.2 0 )L与 ( 4 .92±1.18)L ,1秒钟用力呼出量 (FEV1)分别为 ( 3.89± 1.0 4 )L与 ( 4 .16± 1.17)L ,最大通气量 (MVV)分别为 ( 2 88.90± 4 9.4 8)L与 ( 2 80 .36± 50 .84 )L ,都明显的低于高原世居者的 ( 17.33± 0 .90 )L、( 6.32± 1.16)L与 ( 319.76± 4 5.2 9)L。 ( 2 )高原移居者的心率明显高于高原世居者 ;移居高原 1年者的心率 ( 89.1± 7.9)b·min 1明显高于移居 2年者的心率 ( 80 .9± 11.0 )b·min 1,而后者又高于高原世居者 ( 71.2 +10 .2 )b·min 1。 ( 3)高原移居者与世居者的动脉血氧饱和度十分接近。结论 :在海拔4 30 0m停留 2年的移居者其心肺功能仍然没有达到高原世居者的水平。     

不同训练强度士兵的应激适应能力

目的观察不同训练强度士兵的应激适应能力 ,为进一步提高部队的应激适应能力研究提供科学依据。方法采用抽样调查的方法 ,选取同一地区甲、乙两支训练强度不同的部队作为研究对象 ;比较两部队训练强度、体能及应激反应适应能力之间的差异。结果甲部队士兵动态心率平均值以及最大摄氧量均明显高于乙部队士兵 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,说明甲部队的体能训练强度和士兵体能状况优于乙部队 ,甲部队在同一应激过程中的收缩压、最大心率〔(13.6± 1.2 )kPa ,(89.3± 12 .4 )b·min 1〕均明显低于乙部队的〔(15 .0± 1.70 )kPa ,(95 .2± 15 .9)b·min 1,P <0 .0 1〕 ;而视觉反应时间和记忆字长〔(1393.9± 336 .2 )ms ,(8.2± 1.1)位〕则明显高于乙部队〔(12 84 .2±372 .2 )ms ,(7.9± 1.1)位 ,P <0 .0 5〕。结论体能较好的甲部队在面对同一应激源时 ,应激反应水平较低 ,表现出了较强的应激适应能力 ;而体能较差的乙部队情况则相反。提示 ,适当的提高训练强度 ,有利于战士应激适应能力的提高。     

心率变异性在脑力负荷评价中的应用

目的探讨用心率变异性(HRV)来评价脑力负荷的可行性。方法受试者在计算机前输入随机数字,模拟脑力劳动。采用Holter8800型动态心电图分析仪连续记录其心电信号,并将心电信号转变为数字信号,应用Holter分析软件分析HRV频域指标:总功率(TP)、低频(LF)、高频(HF)、LFHF。结果输入数字的速度随时间的延长而逐渐增加,输入正确率却逐渐下降。输入速度与HRV的TP和LF呈明显的正相关(r值分别为0.851和0.827,P<0.05),并呈现剂量-反应关系,而HF和LFHF与输入速度之间没有明显相关。休息和脑力劳动开始时HRV各指标的值分别为:TP:(2745.4±1301.6)、(686.2±420.7)ms2Hz;HF:(670.6±393.8)、(202.6±171.7)ms2Hz;LF:(870.5±553.7)、(206.0±187.9)ms2Hz。脑力劳动时HRV各指标与休息时相比,均明显降低,这是一个总的趋势。然后它们在低水平上随着负荷量(强度和时间)的增加而波动且有逐渐升高的趋势。结论心率变异性可以用作脑力劳动负荷的评价指标,但其变化规律有待于进一步的研究。     

中药复方对热应激大鼠的抗热效果

目的 研制中暑防治新型中药复方及其效果评价。方法Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组和给药组,观察在高温条件下(仓温:38℃、RH:80％)中药复方对大鼠肛温、心电图、血浆LDH水平的影响及其抗疲劳作用。结果热暴露1 h后,大鼠1 d和3 d给药组肛温与各自的对照组比较,升高幅度分别降低17％和13％(P<0.05);1 d和3 d对照组的大鼠心率分别为(530±52)b·min-1和(576±23)b·min-1,显著高于正常组[(465±19)b·min-1,P<0.05],而1 d和3 d给药组分别为(506±21)b·min-1和(523±27)b·min-1,与正常组无显著性差异。给药组心电图R波幅,与各自的对照组都有显著性差异(P<0.05)。但1 d和3d给药组之间在肛温、心率、R波幅均无显著性差异。热暴露后,对照组血清LDH活力升高75.6％(P<0.05),药物组升高15.2％(P>0.05);抗疲劳试验表明,药物组比对照组大鼠游泳时间提高3.85倍(P<0.01)。结论本抗热中药复方可以显著增强大鼠热耐受能力,减轻机体热损伤,并提高运动能力。     

长波脉冲电磁场对作业人员血流动力学参数的影响

目的 :　研究长波脉冲电磁场对作业人员健康的影响 ,为制订防护措施提供依据。方法 :受试者为 71名海军指战员 ,分为暴露组 (4 1人 )和对照组 (30人 )。以脉图法研究了某导航台长波脉冲电磁场对两组人员血流动力学参数的影响。结果 :暴露组的脉率 (P)为 (71.4±12 .4 )b·min- 1、微循环半更新率 (ALK)为 0 .0 4 6± 0 .0 11、心肌氧耗指数 (HOI)为 1683± 4 75 ,均分别较对照组的 (81.6± 10 .5 )b·min- 1、0 .0 5 4± 0 .0 0 7、195 9± 368非常显著降低 (P <0 .0 1)。此外 ,暴露组的平均收缩压为 (13.5 3± 1.5 9)kPa、平均舒张压为 (10 .5 9± 1.36)kPa、平均动脉压为(12 .0 8± 1.4 5 )kPa、主动脉排空系数 (BK)为 (0 .2 0 8± 0 .0 63)、左心有效泵力指数 (VPeI)为 (799±192 )N·min- 1·m- 2 也分别较对照组的 (14.99± 1.4 5 )kPa、(11.36± 1.39)kPa、(12 .92± 1.4 4 )kPa、(0 .2 4 8± 0 .0 81)kPa、(90 5± 12 5 )N·min- 1·m- 2 显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :长波脉冲电磁场对作业人员血流动力学参数有一定影响 ,呈现心血管功能减弱状态。     

依托咪酯或丙泊酚对老年冠心病非心脏手术围插管期心率变异性的影响

目的 研究依托咪酯和丙泊酚对老年冠心病患者行非心脏手术时在全身麻醉诱导气管插管期间心率变异性(HRV)的影响.方法将90例择期行中上腹部手术的老年冠心病患者随机分成依托咪酯组(E组)和丙泊酚组(P组),每组各45例.分别于麻醉前、麻醉诱导后及气管插管后用心率变异功率谱分析技术观察两组患者的HRV变化.结果麻醉诱导后,E组总功率(TP)和HRV低频(LF)[(756±535)ms2/Hz和(316±301)ms2/Hz],P组LF、HRV高频(HF)、LF/HF及TP[(187±168)ms2/Hz、(89±48)ms2/Hz、2.3±1.6和(616±462)ms2/Hz]均较麻醉前显著降低(P<0.05);组间比较,麻醉诱导后,E组LF、HF、LF/HF及TP均显著高于P组(P<0.05).气管插管后,两组LF、HF、LF/HF及TP均较麻醉前显著升高(P<0.05);组间比较,气管插管后两组HRV各指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论丙泊酚在麻醉诱导时对老年冠心病自主神经功能的抑制作用强于依托咪酯;而对于气管插管引起的心血管反应而言依托咪酯和丙泊酚药效相似.     

扩张型心肌病自主神经功能及昼夜变化

目的 研究扩张型心肌病(DCM)自主神经功能及昼夜变化。方法 采用临床病例对照,DCM组31例与正常人31例根据性别、年龄配对,运用动态心电图和计算机数据处理技术,结合心率变异(HRV)长时程时域分析与昼夜6个时点频域分析,观察平均心动周期、24小时全部正常心动周期的标准差(SDNN)、低频(LF)与高频(HF)功率、LF/HF比值等指标的变化。结果 (1)DCM患者24小时平均心动周期较对照组短,昼夜平均心动周期差减小(P<0.01);DCM组SDNN为93.78±45.06ms,正常人149.72±31.32ms,差异有显著意义(P<0.01)。(2)DCM组患者各时点的LF、HF均较对照组降低。对照组白天LF明显高于HF,DCM组LF稍高于HF,但LF/HF值升高;对照组夜间HF高于LF,但DCM组LF高于HF,LF/HF值升高。结论 DCM患者自主神经功能受损,交感神经及迷走神经活性降低,昼夜节律异常,交感-迷走神经功能平衡失调。夜间交感神经功能相对亢进,可能是夜间恶性心律失常及猝死的原因。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.