Isotonic hyponatremia following transurethral prostate resection.

The proper treatment of hyponatremia during transurethral resection of the prostate continues to be controversial. Two cases of isotonic hyponatremia are reported here, and the literature regarding the incidence and treatment of hyponatremia during transurethral resection of the prostate is reviewed. In each case, the patient developed neurologic changes during complicated transurethral prostate resection. Despite the rapid decrease in the serum sodium concentration, serum osmolality remained normal due to the resorption of the bladder irrigant glycine. Therefore, etiologies other than cerebral edema are postulated as the cause of the neurologic manifestations. Also, the role of the osmolar gap in directing appropriate therapy is emphasized in an effort to avoid unnecessary use of hypertonic saline. Finally, an appropriate differential diagnosis of the neurologic changes seen during the transurethral resection of the prostate syndrome is discussed.     

Hyponatraemia following transurethral resection of the prostate

In a prospective study of 100 patients undergoing transurethral resection, changes in serum sodium were estimated during the per-operative and post-operative periods. The weight of prostate resected and the volume of irrigant fluid used influenced the changes in serum sodium. In 93 patients these changes were not statistically significant. In only seven patients were significant falls in serum sodium recorded, in one case to a level of 103 mmol/l. All seven exhibited the clinical features of the transurethral syndrome and there was one post-operative death which we attributed to it. The TUR syndrome undoubtedly exists and its incidence in this series was 7%. Its pathogenesis and clinical management are discussed.     

A three-year experience with phleborheography: a noninvasive technique for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis.

The need for a reliable noninvasive method to detect deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is apparent from its prevalence, the fallibility of its clinical diagnosis, and the several drawbacks of phlebography. Experience with phleborheography (a plethysmographic technique for detecting DVT) over three years is presented. Phleborheography (PRG) is found to have an overall accuracy of 93% compared to phlebography. It is recommended that treatment decisions can be based on unequivocal PRG results, and PRG should be used to screen high risk patients. The medical, economic, and social benefits of PRG are described.     

Deep venous thrombosis following Charnley arthroplasty

A venographic investigation has been carried out on 50 patients undergoing Charnley total hip replacement. The overall incidence of thrombus formation was 54%. Most of the thrombi formed in the second postoperative week, with a preponderance for the operated side, and were sevenly distributed throughout the venous system. The preoperative assessment both clinical and venographic was of no value in predicting thrombus formation postoperatively. The fact that few thrombi formed in the "sensitive area" indicates that the Charnley technique of arthroplasty and the heat generated using acrylic cement has little part to play in the formation of postoperative thrombi, rather that a generalized hypercoagulable state is induced by the operation.     

Resection syndrome following transurethral resection of the prostate]

The essence and clinical aspects of the resection syndrome occurring in association with transuretheral prostate resection and the possiblity of determining the direction of the absorption of the washing solution are discussed. By means of radioisotope tests a direct correlation was detected between the extent of the haemorrhage and the intravasation of the washing solution. Great importance is ascribed to the vesico-renal reflux often occurring during resection, which might have a major role in the development of post-resectional pyelonephritis.     

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura following transurethral resection of the prostate

A 65-year old man developed anaemia, profound thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure 2 days after transurethral resection of the prostate. Based on the clinical picture and blood film evidence of microangiopathic haemolysis, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura was diagnosed. The patient was treated with a course of plasma exchange, renal replacement therapy and methylprednisolone and made a good recovery. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is an uncommon cause of haematological and renal abnormalities in the postoperative period. It has a high mortality if untreated, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any postoperative patient with a low platelet count and anaemia, since prompt investigation and treatment is life-saving.     

Coma from hyponatremia following transurethral resection of prostate

Even though hyponatremia may occur following transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), only 14 patients of a large TURP population deteriorated to a comatose state as a result of hyponatremia. These patients were generally older, with larger prostates, and longer resection times than the average for transurethral resection of the prostate. They also consistently had serum sodium levels postoperatively of near 120 mEq./L. or below. It was noted that obtundation can occur immediately or be delayed several hours. Even though no deaths occurred, awareness of the possibility of post-TURP hyponatremia and prompt treatment with hypertonic saline were shown to reduce morbidity significantly.     

Multivariate case-control study of survival following transurethral resection of prostate.

Although prevalence of perioperative mortality following transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) has steadily declined as reported in several review studies, it has been suggested that with extended follow-up after TURP, mortality exceeds that of an age-matched population. The sample selected for this study was drawn from a data base of 2,005 men who entered a urologic health-screening program. The sample included a group of 25 patients who underwent TURP and a group of 50 age-matched control patients with symptoms of prostatism. Patients were followed for six years, a total of 450 observed person-years. Multivariate analyses based on a general linear model approach for the dependent variable of survival were used to assess gains in predictive efficiency due to combinations of TURP versus control, time, and patient variables. F-ratio hypothesis tests of coefficients of multiple determination for the models indicated that TURP did account for a significant amount of the variability of survival but only after five years of follow-up. However, a far larger proportion of the variance in survival was explained by other patient variables of age, preoperative risk, comorbidity factors, and postoperative urinary disease after all effects due to TURP, follow-up years, and operation cohort years were held constant in the survival prediction equation.     

Penile necrosis: an unexpected complication following transurethral resection of the prostate

A 69-year-old man who had undergone a transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia developed necrosis of the glans penis following traction of the urethral catheter     

A case of venous air embolism during transurethral resection of the prostate

Venous air embolism is a rare complication during transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). We report a case of air embolism during TURP under general anesthesia in a 56-year-old man. Incorrect assembly of the resectoscope-drain aspiration system caused rapid entrainment of air into the vein of the prostate bed. Rapid recognition of the condition and prompt treatment are required.     

Morbidity of radical perineal prostatectomy following transurethral resection of the prostate

Radical prostatectomy in patients who have had prior transurethral resection of the prostate has been reported to result in significant morbidity. From 1974 to 1982, 30 patients who had had previous transurethral resection of the prostate underwent radical perineal prostatectomy for localized prostatic cancer. Operative time and blood loss were similar to a group of patients who had not had prior transurethral resection of the prostate. Over-all, 3 patients (10 per cent) had total incontinence and 3 (10 per cent) had stress incontinence requiring a pad or device. No patient undergoing radical prostatectomy less than 4 weeks or more than 4 months after transurethral resection of the prostate had postoperative incontinence. When radical perineal prostatectomy was performed between 4 weeks and 4 months after transurethral resection of the prostate the incidence of incontinence was 50 per cent. Five patients experienced prolonged perineal urinary drainage, all but 1 of whom healed spontaneously. Of the 6 patients with incontinence 3 had prolonged drainage. No patient had a rectal injury and there was no operative mortality. Two patients died without cancer and 1 has evidence of disease recurrence. We conclude that radical prostatectomy may be performed safely with acceptable morbidity following transurethral resection of the prostate and that if 4 weeks has elapsed since resection it might be advantageous to wait 4 months before performing radical surgery to lessen the risk of incontinence.     

Urethral strictures following transurethral resection of the prostate. The role of the catheter

Urethral stricture is the most common late complication of transurethral prostatectomy (TURP). The cause is unknown. A prospective, randomised study was undertaken to investigate the role of the transurethral catheter in stricture formation. A total of 205 patients subjected to TURP were studied. Following resection, they were randomly divided into 2 groups: those drained by a transurethral siliconised latex catheter and those drained by a suprapubic siliconised latex catheter. At follow-up, 6 to 24 months later, 17% of the patients in the transurethral group had developed urethral stricture; the corresponding figure in the suprapubic group was 4%. As a consequence of the higher incidence of stricture in the transurethrally drained group, more patients in that group were dissatisfied with the results of the operation. It was concluded that the post-operative transurethral catheter was an important factor in stricture formation following TURP and that transurethral drainage with a siliconised latex catheter resulted in a higher incidence of stricture. This led to a greater number of patients being dissatisfied with the results of the operation, but the catheter did not affect the results in any other way.     

经尿道前列腺电切术后储尿期症状状况分析

目的:通过对经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)术后下尿路症状(LUTS),尤其是储尿期症状的改变状况分析,提高TRUP术后管理水平和患者生活质量。方法:对我院86例(年龄56～85岁)因患良性前列腺增生(BPH)行TURP者拔除尿管后第1、3、7、15天及第30天进行排尿症状的直接或电话随访,并按术前有和无膀胱逼尿肌不稳定和/或膀胱顺应性差,分为A组和B组。了解两组患者拔管后IPSS评分及储尿期症状评分的变化。结果:86例患者中有15例失访,在有效的71例患者中,其中有膀胱逼尿肌不稳定和/或膀胱顺应性差者28例(A组),不伴有膀胱逼尿肌不稳定和/或膀胱顺应性差者43例(B组)。71例患者拔除尿管后IPSS评分,第1、3、7、15天分别为(8.1±2.5)分、(7.2±3.1)分、(5.3±4.2)分、(6.3±3.8)分、(5.3±4.2)分、(2.4±3.4)分,第1天与第3天比较,以及第15天与第7天比较无统计学差异(P>0.05);而第7天与第1天比较,以及第30天与第15天比较,均有统计学差异(P<0.05)。拔除尿管后第1天LUTS表现以尿频、尿急及急迫性尿失禁等储尿期症状为主,A组IPSS评分(10.4±3.3)分,储尿期症状评分(9.3±3.8)分;B组IPSS评分(6.2±2.8)分,储尿期症状评分(5.2±2.7)分,两组IPSS评分比较及储尿期症状评分比较,均有统计学差异(P<0.05),经舍尼亭及α肾上腺素受体阻滞剂治疗后,拔管后第15天与拔管后第30天两组IPSS评分及储尿期症状评分比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:TURP术后排尿症状特别是储尿期症状与术前膀胱功能密切相关且随术后时间推移而逐渐好转。     

Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in patients following transurethral resection of the prostate

OBJECTIVES: Previous transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) was reported to impose difficulties during open radical prostatectomy. We describe our experience in laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) following transurethral resection of the prostate. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The series included 35 patients: 22 patients underwent transperitoneal LRP (tpLRP) and 13 underwent extraperitoneal LRP (epLRP). The minimal interval between TURP and laparoscopy was 3 months. Patients' charts were reviewed for their preoperative characteristics, intraoperative difficulties and complications, and outcome. RESULTS: Patients' mean age was 67.5+/-4.4 years. 12 patients were cT1a,b and 23 patients were cT1c/T2. Twenty-two patients underwent tpLRP and 13 underwent epLRP. No statistical difference was found between the preoperative characteristics and the pathological results of cT1a,b vs. T1c/cT2 patients, or tpLRP vs. epLRP patients. Thirty-three procedures were completed laparoscopically and 2 were converted to open surgery. Perioperative complications included two leaking anastomoses, prolonged lymph drainage in 1 case, atelectasis (n=1) and duodenal ulcer (n=1). Twelve positive margins were noted, half of them in pT2 tumors. The mean follow-up was 28.5 months. Twenty-five of 35 patients had more than 12 months of follow-up. Among them 19 patients were completely continent (76%) and 6 (24%), reported mild stress incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: Although LRP following TURP is sometimes more technically difficult, simple modifications in the operative strategy help facilitate surgery. LRP following TURP favorably compares to open radical prostatectomy after TURP and laparoscopy in non-TURP patients.