电针对大鼠颅脑伤SS-mRNA表达的影响

目的探讨电针对颅脑伤的作用机理.采用颅脑伤模型,电针治伤,用原位杂交免疫组化法观察电针对颅脑伤时生长抑素(SS-mRNA)表达的改变.方法雄性SD大鼠30只,随机分为(1)颅脑伤组,(2)颅脑伤+电针组,(3)对照组.分别于8h、18h、24h、3d、5d、和7d取材.电针选用督脉经穴-百汇和大椎,疏密波,时间15min,每日一次共7d.所有标本经10%甲醛灌注固定,蔗糖脱水过夜,下丘脑、海马冰冻切片,用漂浮法进行SS-mRNA原位杂交免疫组化显色,镜下以测微尺对SS-mRNA杂交阳性细胞数进行计数测定.实验数据采用Origin统计软件进行处理,组间比较用t检验.结果大鼠下丘脑SS-mRNA阳性神经元主要分布在室周核.在颅脑伤早期(8h),在下丘脑室周核SS-mRNA阳性神经元数目出现下降,尤其伤侧减少明显.在针刺治疗后可见SS-mRNA阳性神经元数目恢复.在海马SS-mRNA阳性神经元主要分布于CA4区.颅脑伤时SS-mRNA阳性神经元在海马各区均有分布,且数目及密度有所增加,尤其在CA1区.针刺治疗组可见SS-mRNA阳性神经元分布较颅脑伤组减少.[HTH〗讨论颅脑伤早期(2-72h)SS免疫反应阳性神经元在下丘脑室周核分布明显减少.结合资料分析,SS对颅脑伤可能起类似阿片肽的镇痛作用.而在海马SS-mRNA基因表达有所增加,尤其表现在CA1.该结果提示海马SS神经元所能通过增加SS-mRNA基因表达,释放SS兴奋海马的锥体细胞和对GABA抑制,发挥与兴奋性氨基酸相类似的作用而参与颅脑伤的发病机理.经针刺治疗颅脑伤后,下丘脑室周核SS-mRNA阳性神经元数目逐渐恢复,而在海马SS-mRNA阳性神经元分布较颅脑伤组减少,表明电针可能通过调整中枢神经系统中SS紊乱而发挥治疗作用.结论1.针刺对SS在颅脑伤中的缓解作用起协同效应;2.针刺对海马神经元保护作用机制可能与电针降低SS-mRNA表达有关.     

颅脑伤时生长抑素mRNA表达及电针对其影响

目的：探讨电针对颅脑伤的作用机理。方法：采用原位杂交组织化学技术，观察了实验性颅脑伤大鼠脑内生长抑素(SS)变化，并观察了电针治疗颅脑伤时对SS mRNA表达的作用。结果：电针可增加下丘脑室周核SS mRNA表达，而在海马则降低SS mRNA表达。结论：颅脑伤时，电针与SS可能在缓解疼痛方面起协同效应，并且电针可能对海马神经元起保护作用。     

急性颅脑伤后大鼠下丘脑β—内啡肽神经元变化的免疫细胞化学观察

实验应用免疫细胞化学和图像分析仪对急性颅脑伤即刻，１，３，６小时后大鼠下丘脑中β－内啡肽进行观察结果发现：损伤即刻１小时后β－内啡肽神经元在数目，阳性反应面积及灰度均明显减少。且胞体内阳性粒变形和破损。     

精氨酸加压素阳性神经元在大鼠下丘脑的定位

目的:观察大鼠精氨酸加压素(AVP)及其mRNA阳性神经元在下丘脑的分布和形态特征。方法:以尼氏染色作参照,运用免疫组化和原位杂交观察AVP及其mRNA在下丘脑的表达。结果:下丘脑AVP及其mRNA阳性的神经元由吻侧到尾侧依次出现于视上核,视上核和视交叉上核,视上核、视交叉上核和室旁核,视上核和室旁核及视上核、下丘脑前核和室旁核。AVP及其mRNA阳性神经元仅占据视上核背内侧;在第三脑室室管膜膜内或膜下可见AVP阳性神经元的胞体或突起;在不同核团内AVP阳性神经元的形态存在差异。结论:AVP及其mRNA阳性神经元在下丘脑不同核团内具有特异性分布;AVP阳性触液神经元可能是调节脑脊液和脑组织之间AVP含量的桥梁。     

不同剂量贫铀污染对大鼠皮层及海马结构生长抑素阳性神经元的影响

目的：探讨贫铀污染对大鼠皮层及海马结构SS阳性神经元的影响。方法：采用不同剂量贫铀颗粒气管灌注大鼠3个月后,观察大鼠皮层及海马结构各区SS阳性神经元形态和数目的变化情况。结果：DU1mg组、DU3mg组和DU5mg组大鼠皮层SS阳性神经元染色较浅,阳性神经元数目与NS组比较均明显减少。海马结构各区DU3mg组和DU5mg组SS阳性神经元染色较浅,阳性神经元数目与NS组比较也明显减少。结论：贫铀污染能引起大鼠皮层和海马结构SS阳性神经元数目减少,并可能通过此途径引起脑功能障碍。     

短期饥饿对老年、成年大鼠下丘脑加压素神经元及血浆皮质酮的影响

免疫组化光、电镜法观察禁食五天老年及成年大鼠下丘脑精氨酸加压素(AVP)神经元,并检测其血浆皮质酮(B),与同龄正常鼠相比.结果:(1)B均值明显升高(P<0.01),(2)各神经核团的阳性神经元有增有减,非同步变化,(3)正中隆起外带阳性纤维密集,面积增加,(4)视上核主部及室旁核的神经元粗面内质网层次增多,线粒体较密集,(5)成年饥饿鼠阳性细胞总数增加,但其视上核主部的减少,并和血浆B的增加负相关(r=-0.98,P<0.01),而老年饥饿鼠阳性细胞总数减少,且和血浆B的相关性不明显.实验结果表明:血浆B和下丘脑AVP神经元均有明显应激反应,不论成年或老年鼠对短期饥饿均呈现合成及分泌AVP较旺盛的结构变化,但老年的饥饿应激反应弱于成年鼠的.     

加压素在自发性高血压大鼠与正常大鼠下丘脑视上核、室旁核神经元内表达

目的观察加压素(AVP)在自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)与正常大鼠下丘脑视上核(SON)、室旁核(PVN)内的分布。方法应用光镜和免疫细胞化学技术。结果SHR的AVP阳性细胞内分泌颗粒密集呈棕黄色,正常大鼠组则染色较浅。SHR大鼠SON内AVP阳性神经元百分数(69.30±18.10%)明显多于正常大鼠(59.53±16.97%,P<0.05),而两组大鼠PVN内AVP的表达无明显差异。结论AVP在下丘脑的血压调节活动中起着重要的介导作用,中枢AVP含量的异常增加可能与高血压的发病有关。     

雌性大鼠去卵巢后下丘脑CREB阳性神经元的形态学变化

目的：观察雌性大鼠去卵巢后，下丘脑视前区(PA)内转录因子环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)阳性神经元的变化，及探讨CREB与GnRH分泌变化的关系。方法：采用免疫细胞化学方法对下丘脑视前内侧区(MPA)和视前外侧区(LPA)内CREB阳性神经元进行形态观察和细胞计数，采用图像分析系统测定CREB阳性神经元内的免疫产物的平均光密度(AOD)值。结果：(1)大量CREB阳性神经元见于对照大鼠的LPA和MPA。(2)去卵巢后CREB阳性神经元的数目和AOD值显著增高。(3)在阳性神经元分布和阳性产物的含量上有时间和亚区差异。结论：大鼠去卵巢后，在较长时间内，下丘脑CREB阳性神经元仍保持比对照组大鼠较多的数目。     

复方刺蒺藜苷对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠行为学及海马CNTF表达的影响

目的：观察刺蒺藜苷对慢性应激抑郁大鼠行为学及海马CNTF表达的影响.方法：将大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、复方刺蒺藜苷组、氟西汀组,采用慢性轻度不可预见性应激配合孤养复制抑郁模型.通过敞箱实验观察抑郁模型大鼠行为学改变并运用免疫组化和原位杂交方法探讨复方刺蒺藜苷对抑郁模型大鼠海马神经元细胞CNTF、CNTFmRNA表达的影响.结果：慢性应激抑郁大鼠敞箱实验中水平穿越格数、竖立次数、理毛时间有减少,中央格停留时间、粪便粒数均有增加.刺蒺藜苷和氟西汀可改善大鼠行为学变化.与模型组相比,复方刺蒺藜苷组大鼠海马神经元CNTF免疫反应阳性颗粒数目增多,神经元平均灰度值降低.结论：刺蒺藜苷能明显改善抑郁动物的各项行为学指标,增加海马CNTF、CNTF mRNA的表达具有抗抑郁作用.     

雄性大鼠去势后下丘脑NOS神经元的分布

目的：探讨雄性大鼠去势术后下丘脑内一氧化氮合酶（NOS）阳性神经元的改变。方法：发育期雄性SD大鼠,分三组：假手术组,去势组和去势＋睾酮替代治疗组,利用黄递酶组织化学染色方法观察与比较各组大鼠与生殖相关各下丘脑核团内NOS神经元数目与密度,结果：在下丘脑的视前内侧核,视前室周核,正中隆起,弓状核均可见到NOS阳性标记细胞。去势术后视前内侧核内NOS神经元数目及密度降低,睾酮替代治疗可逆转,结论：一氧化氮在雄激素对下丘脑的反馈调节中起重要的介导作用。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.