微卡辅助治疗肺结核合并糖尿病的临床研究

目的探讨微卡（母牛分枝杆菌菌苗）治疗肺结核合并糖尿病的疗效。方法将120例肺结核合并糖尿病病人按入院先后顺序分为微卡加化疗组即治疗组,与单纯化疗组即对照组,每组各60例;治疗组为病人头3个月每15d臀部深部肌肉注射微卡（22．5μg）,随后的3个月每月臀部深部肌肉注射1次微卡（22．5μg）,其余治疗同对照组。观察痰菌阴转情况及病变吸收、空洞闭合情况。结果治疗组与对照组3个月时痰菌阴转率分别为56．6％和26．6％,12个月时为93．3％和73．3％有显著差异（P〈0．05）;X线吸收率及空洞缩小、闭合率均有明显差异（P〈0．05）。结论微卡能提高痰菌阴转率,有助于病灶吸收,空洞闭合,可作为肺结核合并糖尿病化疗的辅助治疗。     

母牛分枝杆菌菌苗对复治性肺结核的辅助治疗作用

目的观察母牛分枝杆菌菌苗（微卡）在复治性肺结核治疗中的疗效。方法将146例痰抗酸杆菌（AFB）阳性复治肺结核患者分成微卡治疗组（n：90）和对照组（n=56）疗程各6个月,前者采用复治化疗方案加用微卡治疗,后者仪用复治方案治疗。结果疗程结束时微卡治疗组和对照组痰阴转率分别为85．56％（77／90）、67．86％（38／56）,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。微卡治疗组和对照组有效率分别为81．11％（73／90）、44．64％（25／56）,两组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．001）。结论微卡能改善难治性肺结核患者的细胞免疫功能,有助于痰菌阴转和病灶吸收,可作为复治性肺结核化疗的辅助药物。     

γ-干扰素雾化吸入联合治疗11例耐多药肺结核的临床疗效对比分析

目的观察和评价r-干扰素雾化吸入治疗耐多药肺结核（MDR—PTB）的临床疗效。方法将22例耐多药肺结核（MDR-PTB）患者随机分为实验组11例和对照组11例,分析单纯正规抗结核治疗与在正规抗结核治疗的同时加用r-干扰素雾化吸入治疗耐多药肺结核的不同方法,探讨治疗效果。两组化疗方案相同,治疗组r-干扰素雾化吸入疗程为6个月,结束时对比观察两组疗效。结果所有病例均完成化疗疗程。实验组和对照组痰菌阴转率6个月时分别为81．8％和36．4％,痰菌阴转率实验组明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）;胸部X线片对比,实验组和对照组的病灶吸收率分别为90．9％和45．5％,实验组明显优于对照组（P〈0．05）;实验组和对照组不良反应发生率分别为63．6％和54．5％,两组间对比无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论应用r-干扰素雾化吸入治疗MDR-TB,有助于痰菌阴转和病变的吸收,疗效确切,药物不良反应低,值得临床推广使用。     

微卡辅助治疗老年复治肺结核的临床观察

目的观察抗结核药物联合母牛分枝杆菌菌苗（微卡菌苗）治疗老年复治肺结核的疗效。方法采用随机配对的方法将60例老年复治肺结核分为微卡治疗组和对照组,每组30例。两组化疗方案均为2HRZSE／4HRE,治疗组联合应用微卡菌苗。结果治疗组第2个月涂片阴转率为67％,第6个月涂片阴转率为93％,疗程结束1年后随访复发率为13％;对照组第2个月涂片阴转率为40％,第6个月涂片阴转率为80％,疗程结束1年后随访复发率为26％。两组差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。治疗6个月后治疗组的吸收好转率分别为67％和90％,而对照组的病灶吸收好转率分别为40％和73％,治疗组显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论抗结核药物联合微卡菌苗治疗老年复治肺结核能提高痰菌阴转率,降低复发率。微卡菌苗可作为老年复治肺结核有效的辅助治疗。     

微卡方案治疗耐多药肺结核临床疗效观察

目的观察和评价化疗并用微卡治疗耐多药肺结核的疗效。方法102例耐多药肺结核患者随机分为治疗组52例和观察组50例,治疗组以硫酸卷曲霉素、丙硫异烟胺、乙胺丁醇、左氧氟沙星、力克肺疾片、微卡治疗方案,对照组以硫酸卷曲霉素、丙硫异烟胺、乙胺丁醇、左氧氟沙星、力克肺疾片的治疗方案,疗程为12个月。结果全部102例患者完成化疗疗程,6个月末痰菌阴转率：治疗组与观察组分别为76．9％和48．0％,疗程结束痰菌阴转率分别为86．5％和56．0％,治疗组显著高于观察组（P〈0．01）,治疗组与观察组疗程结束后肺部病灶吸收好转率分别为84．6％和54．0％,空洞闭合率分别为88．5％和58．0％,治疗组显著高于观察组（P〈0．01）。结论微卡用于耐多药肺结核的治疗,能提高痰菌阴转率,有利于病灶吸收,空洞闭合,可作为耐多药肺结核的免疫治疗和化疗的辅助治疗。     

左氧氟沙星治疗耐多药肺结核的疗效分析

目的观察和评价左氧氟沙星对耐多药肺结核（MDR-TB）的疗效及毒副作用。方法85例耐多药肺结核（MDR-TB）患者随机分为治疗组43例和对照组42例,化疗方案：治疗组为左氧氟沙星＋力克肺疾＋阿硫异烟胺＋利复喷丁＋乙胺丁醇,对照组为力克肺疾＋丙硫异烟胺＋利福喷丁十乙胺丁醇,左氧氟沙星均采用0．2,每日2次,口服,疗程均为18个月。结果所有病例均完成化疗疗程。治疗组和对照组痰菌阴转率3个月时分别为63％和29％,12个月时分别是77％和31％,满疗程18月时分别为91％和48％;痰菌阴转率治疗组明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）;胸部X线对比,治疗组和对照组的病灶吸收分别为95％和45％;空洞闭合情况分别为84％和43％;治疗组明显优于对照组（P〈0．05）;治疗组和对照组不良反应发生率分别为33％和31％,两组间对比无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论应用含左氧氟沙星的治疗方案治疗MDR—TB,有助于痰菌阴转和病变的吸收,疗效确切,药物不良反应低,值得临床使用。     

短程化疗方案治疗合并糖尿病肺结核的近期疗效分析

目的 了解短程化疗方案治疗合并糖尿病肺结核的效果，探讨合并糖尿病肺结核的抗结核疗程。方法回顾性分析1999--2004年在汕头市结核病防治所治疗的符合选例标准的78例合并糖尿病肺结核患者接受短程化疗的疗效。结果满疗程血糖控制良好组（Ⅰ组）痰菌阴转率92．3％，与同期接受短程化疗的单纯肺结核痰菌阴转率94．5％比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。血糖控制不良组（Ⅱ组）痰菌阴转率为66．7％，Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组痰菌阴转结果比较，有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。满疗程Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组病灶吸收好转率分别为89．5％和52．4％（P〈0．01），空洞闭合率分别为67．6％和15．4％（P〈0．01），2组病灶吸收好转率、空洞闭合率结果分别比较均有显著性差异。结论合并糖尿病肺结核患者中血糖控制良好者采用短程化疗方案治疗，近期效果良好，血糖控制差者，疗效较差；对血糖控制不良者或满疗程肺结核仍呈活动性者，应考虑适当延长疗程；早期诊断、早期合理抗结核及合理降糖治疗，对提高治疗效果有积极的意义。     

蛋白质营养不良对初治涂阳肺结核患者抗痨疗效的影响

目的探讨蛋白质营养不良对初治肺结核患者抗痨疗效的影响。方法对185例初治涂阳肺结核合并蛋白质营养不良患者与193例营养状况正常的初治涂阳肺结核患者均采用2HREZ（S）／7HRE治疗,观察痰菌阴转率、X线好转率。结果2个月强化期结束时蛋白质营养不良组与营养状况正常组的痰菌阴转率分别为55．7％,65．8％（P〈0．05）;病灶吸收好转率分别为73．5％,83．9％（P〈0．05）;空洞闭合率分别为13．5％,30．4％（P〈0．05）均有显著差异。9个月疗程结束时,蛋白质营养不良组与营养状况正常组的痰菌阴转率分别为96．2％,97．4％（P〉0．05）;病灶吸收好转率分别为92．4％,95．3％（P〉0．05）;空洞闭合率分别为82．7％,84．8％（P〉0．05）均无显著差异。结论蛋白质营养不良影响肺结核患者的早期抗痨治疗效果。     

母牛分支杆菌菌苗在初治肺结核治疗中的作用

目的 观察和评价母牛分支杆菌菌苗（微卡菌苗）在初治肺结核免疫治疗中的疗效及安全性。方法 采用随机配对分组法将342例初治菌阳肺结核患者分入微卡菌苗治疗组（M组,171例）和对照组（C组,171例）。M组化疗方案为2HRZE／2HR,C组为2HRZE／4HR。M组加用微卡菌苗治疗6个月,C组不用微卡菌苗。结果 M组第1个月涂片阴转率36．8％,培养转率19．3％;第2个月涂片阴转率80．1％,培养阴转率85．9％。C组第1个月涂片阴转率19．9％,培养阴转率19．3％;第2个月涂片阴转率54．4％,培养阴转率67．8％。头2个月痰菌阴转率M组显著高于C组（P＜0．01）。疗程满6个月后M组涂片阴转率98．2％,培养阴转率99．4％;C组涂片阴转率98．8％,培养阴转率98．8％。M组与C组治疗6个月痰菌阴转率无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。病灶吸收好转及空洞缩小关闭速度,M组优于C组。M组的细胞免疫功能显著改善。1年后随访M组和C组的的细菌学复发率分别是3．0％和5．6％（P＞0．05）。结论 微卡菌苗能改善初治肺结核患者的细胞免疫功能,加快痰菌阴转、病灶吸收及空洞缩小关闭的速度,缩短短程化疗疗程。不良反应少且较轻微。复发率底。微卡菌苗可用作初治肺结核的免疫治疗和短化的辅助治疗。     

微卡辅助治疗复治肺结核的疗效观察

目的评价微卡辅助治疗复治肺结核的疗效。方法将112例复治肺结核患者随机分为两组，两组患者的化疗方案均采用3HRZE／6HRE，治疗组加用微卡辅助治疗。结果治疗3、6、9个月后治疗组痰菌阴转率分别是78．6％、85．7％及92．9％，对照组为60．7％、68．3％及73．2％，两组结果差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），治疗组疗效强于对照组。结论微卡能提高复治肺结核痰菌阴转率，促进病灶吸收及空洞闭合，值得在临床推广应用。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。