Reoperative Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Via a Left Thoracotomy and a Small Laparotomy Without Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Report of a Case

A 66-year-old woman with aortic stenosis underwent an aortic root replacement with a composite graft and coronary artery reconstruction 2 years before presentation. On coronary angiography performed 2 years after operation, saphenous vein graft (SVG) to right coronary artery and SVG to first diagonal branch had both become totally occluded. SVG to left anterior descending artery showed 75% stenosis on the heel side of the distal anastomosis. The patient underwent a second coronary artery bypass via a left thoracotomy (the left internal thoracic artery was anastomosed to the first diagonal branch by interposing it with the left radial artery) and a small laparotomy (the right gastroepiploic artery was anastomosed to the right coronary artery) without a cardiopulmonary bypass. This approach is preferable to avoiding both a resternotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass in patients requiring repeat surgery. Received: September 29, 2000 / Accepted: May 15, 2001     

左主干病变冠心病的非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的探讨左主干病变冠心病非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术（off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting,OPCAB）的可行性和优越性。方法回顾性分析2000年1月-2008年6月392例左主干病变冠心病的冠状动脉旁路移植术临床资料。其中OPCAB组279例（71.2%）,CCABG（体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术）组113例。比较2组术后早期死亡率及并发症的发生情况。结果OPCAB组搭桥（4.17±0.86）支/人,CCABG组搭桥（4.24±0.94）支/人（t=-0.710,P=0.478）。2组新发心房纤颤[31例（11.1%）vs 8例（7.1%）,χ^2=1.459,P=0.227]、围术期心肌梗死[7例（2.5%）vs 3例（2.7%）,χ^2=0.000,P=1.000]、肾功能不全[9例（3.2%）vs 4例（3.5%）,χ^2=0.000,P=1.000]、肺部并发症[15例（5.4%）vs 6例（5.3%）,χ^2=0.000,P=1.000]差异无显著性。OPCAB组手术死亡[2例（0.7%）vs 5例（4.4%）,χ^2=4.368,P=0.037]、呼吸机使用时间[中位数20 h（8-48 h）vs 51 h（14-130 h）,Z=-2.823,P=0.005]、ICU停留时间[51h（38-141）h vs 92 h（42-352）h,Z=-2.618,P=0.009]、术后输血量[500 ml（200-1200）ml vs 800 ml（400-2100）ml,Z=-2.411,P=0.016]、二次开胸[5例（1.8%）vs 10例（8.8%）,χ^2=9.052,P=0.003]、神经系统并发症[3例（1.1%）vs 9例（8.0%）,χ^2=10.647,P=0.001]方面明显优于CCABG组。结论OPCAB在左主干病变冠心病患者中安全可行,临床效果好。     

A Modified Thoracotomy for Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

A bstract The optimal technique of minimally invasive coronary artery revascularization using the in situ internal thoracic artery (ITA), without extracorporeal circulation, is yet to be defined. To obtain adequate exposure for both ITA harvest and left anterior descending coronary artery anastomosis, an anterior chest wall defect is created which can be difficult to reconstruct. Based on the vascular anatomy of the acromiothoracic axis and three described osteocutaneous composite tissue flaps, we present a novel dissection that not only improves exposure, but also preserves chest wall integrity.     

骨骼化乳内动脉在冠状动脉旁路移植术中的应用

目的总结骨骼化乳内动脉(skeletonized internal mammary artery)应用于冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的早期结果和经验。方法2004年1月至2007年6月,139例患者均于静脉复合全身麻醉、在胸部正中切口体外循环下施行CABG;应用骨骼化方法采集左乳内动脉,并与前降支吻合。结果远端吻合口数3.6±1.7个/例,无胸腔积液和胸骨感染;院内死亡2例,死亡率1.4%(2/139),1例死于脑卒中,1例死于呼吸窘迫综合征;发生并发症8例,并发症发生率5.8%(8/139),其中肺部感染3例,切口皮下感染2例,低心排血量综合征3例,均通过抗感染、换药、血管活性药物治疗等措施治愈。生存患者随访2～34个月(20.6±5.9个月),随访率80.3%(110/137);所有患者无心绞痛复发,心功能恢复至～级(NYHA)。结论在CABG中应用骨骼化乳内动脉安全、可靠,早期疗效满意。     

非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后左心功能不全的治疗

目的总结非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)后左心功能不全的治疗经验。方法回顾分析2001年6月~2006年6月期间收治的48例患者的临床资料,其中稳定型心绞痛10例,急性冠状动脉综合征19例,急性心肌梗死12例,陈旧性心肌梗死7例。术前心功能分级(NYHA)Ⅰ级2例、Ⅱ级15例、Ⅲ级28例、Ⅳ级3例。所有患者均行OPCAB,术后发生左心功能不全,给予利尿剂、血管活性药物、磷酸二酯酶抑制剂、控制血压、抗心律失常和使用主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)等治疗。结果48例患者中46例痊愈,2例死亡,其中1例死于多器官功能衰竭,1例死于急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)。术后随访43例,随访时间1个月至4年,除1例患者心功能级、1例仍有心绞痛,冠状动脉造影显示移植的2支血管再次阻塞外,其余患者心功能Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,无心绞痛发作,生活质量明显改善。结论OPCAB术后发生左心功能不全患者,给予利尿剂、正性肌力药物和血管扩张药以维持适当的心脏功能;控制血压、防治心律失常、维持内环境稳定,对高危患者及时使用IABP可有效预防术后左心功能不全的发生。     

Technique for Reoperative Median Sternotomy in the Presence of a Patent Left Internal Mammary Artery Graft

Damage to a patent left internal mammary artery (MA) graft during reoperation can be catastrophic. An organized approach to reenter the mediastinum in the presence of a functioning left IMA graft is described. The sternum is opened using an oscillating saw to carefully divide the anterior and posterior tables. The right side is then dissected out first, exposing the aorta and right atrium. After placing pursestring sutures for cannulation, attention is turned to the left side. An IMA retractor is used to elevate the left edge of the sternum in incremental stages. The dissection is begun at the inferior end of the sternum, exposing the distal anastomosis first and then dissecting superiorly anterior to the IMA. A Doppler flow detector probe is used to assist in locating the artery in the adhesions. (J Card Surg 1994;9:123–127)     

桡动脉在冠状动脉旁路移植术中的应用

桡动脉（RA）作为冠状动脉旁路移植术（cABG）的移植血管已广泛应用，但在其获取、手部侧枝循环的评估、抗痉挛措施、靶血管选择、以及近端吻合口等方面尚未统一的认识。一般认为RA应当连同周围的伴行静脉血管一起获取并且优先用于严重狭窄（〉70％）的冠状动脉。RA近端可以吻合于升主动脉，或者与左侧或右侧乳内动脉一起构成复合移植血管。RA作为移植血管的通畅率主要取决于靶血管狭窄的严重程度和靶血管的位置，而不是取决于近端吻合于主动脉或是乳内动脉。尽管缺乏实验证据，许多研究者提倡预防性抗痉挛治疗。在全动脉化冠状动脉旁路移植的患者中应用RA取代右侧乳内动脉作为第二选动脉移植血管具有优势。     

Myocardial Revascularization of the Canine Circumflex Coronary Artery Using Retrograde Internal Mammary Artery Flow Without Cardiopulmonary Bypass

A new surgical technique using perfusion of the circumflex coronary artery with retrograde blood flow of the internal mammary artery (IMA) is described. This project was undertaken because the IMA is uniquely well supplied with blood: proximally through its attachment to the subclavian artery, along the sternum by the intercostal arteries to the aorta, and distally from the iliac artery by the epigastric and musculophrenic arteries.In this experimental study, the IMA in 16 dogs was ligated and divided at the subclavian artery, then dissected free down along the sternum to obtain sufficient length. The large subclavian end was then anastomosed to the circumflex coronary artery using a metal cannula technique to perfuse the circumflex bed while the anastomosis was being done. In all 16 dogs, the retrograde flow of the IMA was adequate to maintain the circumflex bed. It is postulated that this technique may have some limited use in man.     

Left Thoracotomy and Femoro-Femoral Bypass for Reoperative Revascularization of the Posterior Coronary Circulation

Left thoracotomy and femoro-femoral cardiopulmonary bypass has been used for reoperation in five patients requiring coronary bypass graft into the inferolateral surface of the heart. Five patients had refractory angina pectoris and angiographic occlusion of lateral wall native vessels or previous occluded vein grafts and all had positive exercise test. Four of the five had patent internal mammary to the LAD. Following supine positioning and removal of the saphenous vein and isolation of the femoral artery and femoral vein, a left fifth interspace thoracotomy was made, the patient heparinized and cannulated for cardiopulmonary bypass, the pericardium opened, the heart dissected free, and either the internal mammary artery dissected off the left chest wall or saphenous vein grafts used to bypass the appropriate lesions. The proximal inflow was the descending thoracic aorta making tunnels for the vein grafts through the posterior pericardium. All of the patients did well in the postoperative period. This technique is recommended for reoperations in patients with documented inferolateral ischemia as the primary cause of symptomatology with mitigating circumstances against an anterior approach.     

冠心病合并甲状腺功能减退的冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的探讨冠心病(CAD)合并甲状腺功能减退患者施行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的临床效果。方法选择我科2002年9月至2009年6月,由同一位术者对21例冠心病合并甲状腺功能减退患者行CABG(甲减组),男6例,女15例;平均年龄60.4岁;其中体外循环下心脏不停跳手术3例,体外循环下心脏停跳手术1例,非体外循环心脏不停跳手术17例;术前均口服左旋甲状腺素,游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)、总三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT3)、总甲状腺素(TT4)明显改善后手术。选择同期20例甲状腺功能正常的CABG患者作为对照(对照组),男6例,女14例;平均年龄62.1岁。于术前、术中、术后观察两组患者甲状腺功能指标及临床预后指标。结果甲减组体外循环下手术患者死亡1例,术前有心包积液、心力衰竭,甲状腺激素水平低;其余20例生存者均为心脏不停跳手术,其中17例为非体外循环手术;术后随访2~30个月,左心室射血分数(LVEF)较术前增加(55%±21%vs.48%±17%)。对照组患者均生存。两组间术中心排血指数[2.7±1.4 L/(min.m2)vs.2.8±1.5 L/(min.m2),t=530,P=0.530]、住院时间(12.2±4.7 d vs.10.1±3.9 d,t=0.170,P=0.170)、呼吸机辅助呼吸时间(17.6±9.1 hvs.15.1±13.7 h,t=0.120,P=0.120)比较差异无统计学意义。围术期甲状腺激素水平检测显示,非体外循环下手术对激素水平影响较小。结论冠心病合并甲状腺功能减退患者,术前准备充分,采用心脏不停跳手术方式较为安全,围术期甲状腺素治疗是关键;对重度甲状腺功能减退患者在体外循环下手术风险大。     

Bilateral Thoracoscopic Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Using Internal Thoracic Arteries

Background. Single-vessel coronary artery bypass grafting of the left internal mammary artery (ITA) to the left anterior descending coronary artery using a minithoracotomy has been shown to produce excellent results with a very low mortality. However, this procedure cannot be used in patients with double- or triple-vessel disease. Our goal was to develop a minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting procedure without cardiopulmonary bypass for patients with multivessel disease.

Methods. Both ITAs were thoracoscopically harvested using video imaging. Limited bilateral anterior thoracotomies were performed in the fourth intercostal spaces, thus exposing the right coronary artery and the left anterior descending coronary artery. The right ITA–right coronary artery and ITA–left anterior descending coronary artery anastomoses were performed without cardiopulmonary bypass using 8-0 polypropylene sutures.

Results. This procedure was successfully performed in 3 patients. The patients were extubated in the operating room. Postoperative angiographic studies showed patent left ITA and right ITA grafts.

Conclusions. Bilateral thoracoscopic minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting can be used to treat patients with a proximally diseased left anterior descending coronary artery and right coronary artery. Bilateral thoracoscopic ITA harvesting is a less invasive surgical technique that may become an option for the management of multivessel coronary artery disease.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后移植血管通畅率的影响因素分析

目的分析冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后1年移植血管通畅率及危险因素。方法前瞻性连续纳入哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院2010年6～12月行CABG患者71例,其中男37例,女34例;年龄(59.8±7.7)岁,由同一术者主刀完成手术,术后用标准药物治疗。术后1年行冠状动脉256排多层螺旋CT检查,根据移植血管通畅与否,将患者分为闭塞组(n=16)和通畅组(n=55)。收集术前、术中和术后随访资料,通过单因素分析和logistic多因素回归分析筛选导致移植血管病变的危险因素。结果术后1年移植血管通畅率为91.0%(172/189)。单因素分析结果显示,术前胆固醇水平(t=-2.389,P=0.017)、血管弥漫性病变(χ2=4.449,P=0.042)、靶血管直径(t=5.064,P=0.000)、术后未规范服用抗血小板药物(χ2=10.175,P=0.008)是移植血管病变的潜在危险因素。logistic多因素回归分析结果显示,靶血管狭窄[RR=0.014,95%CI(0.001,0.228),P=0.003]和术后未规范服用抗血小板药物[RR=13.375,95%CI(1.075,175.536),P=0.044]是移植血管病变危险因素。结论 CABG患者术后1年移植血管通畅率较高,移植血管通畅率与靶血管狭窄及术后抗血小板药物的规范服用相关。     

Risk Factors for Graft Occlusion after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

A cohort of 610 well-characterized patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were followed through the first postoperative year. Graft patency was angiographically assessed in 578 (94.8%) of the patients on average 12.1 (SD 1.5) months postoperatively and was related to characteristics of grafts and patients. For internal mammary artery grafts the incidence of graft occlusion was higher in women than in men and was inversely related to body surface area. In multivariate analysis the influence of gender was no longer significant when adjusted for body surface area. With vein grafts the incidence of occlusion was inversely related to body surface area and was positively associated with ejection fraction. Occlusion of vein grafts was less common in patients treated with beta-blockers pre-and peroperatively.