钛合金表面涂层应用于生物骨的研究

目的 探讨人工材料自身在生物体内具有与生物体活性陶瓷相同的牛物相容性。方法 用化学方法赋予Ti及Ti合金与生物骨的结合性能，采用NaOH水溶液处理后，在Ti及Ti合金表面上形成的Na2O-TiO2成份是从外到里逐渐减少的这种梯度结构层：采用X射线光电子能谱仪及扫描电子显微镜观察了其表面结构的变化。结果 利用动物试验研究了Ti及Ti合金与生物骨的结合性能。结论 本方法赋予的Ti及其合金的生物活性层，其强度、韧性及与生物骨的结合性能均很优异，可望能作为承受大载荷状态生物骨的修复材料。     

钛合金表面涂层应用于生物骨的研究

目的探讨人工材料自身在生物体内具有与生物体活性陶瓷相同的生物相容性.方法用化学方法赋予Ti及Ti合金与生物骨的结合性能,采用NaOH水溶液处理后,在Ti及Ti合金表面上形成的Na2O-TiO2成份是从外到里逐渐减少的这种梯度结构层;采用X射线光电子能谱仪及扫描电子显微镜观察了其表面结构的变化.结果利用动物试验研究了Ti及Ti合金与生物骨的结合性能.结论本方法赋予的Ti及其合金的生物活性层,其强度、韧性及与生物骨的结合性能均很优异,可望能作为承受大载荷状态生物骨的修复材料.     

Consciousness as the highest integrative function of brain]

This study has attempted to show that consciousness (sense) can develop only in the living systems during natural evolution based on self-organization. While modelling the systems experimentally, it is impossible to reproduce consciousness phenomena. This fact points to the global differences in the principles of management of living systems as compared to the artificial ones. Due to the existence of various forms of consciousness (from the simplest forms, such as sensing, perception, and feeling to the most complicated ones, such as motivation and desire), the living organisms are capable to interpret the complex neurodynamics of the brain into a simple and functionally significant integral form for them. Owing to consciousness, the behavior of living systems at the highest level of evolution (a human being) becomes an indeterminate behavior with the clearly expressed position of will freedom; it is also important that through consciousness an individual can influence different physiological mechanisms of living organisms.     

When Leopards Lose Their Spots: Knowledge of Visual Properties in Category-specific Deficits for Living Things

Several cases of category-specific semantic deficits for living things have now been reported, most of whom have a greater difficulty with knowledge of visual properties of living things than with non-visual properties. This has motivated two different kinds of account of category-specific deficits for living things. One account is that the impairment for living things arises as a result of general damage to visual properties, and so it predicts that impairment for visual properties of living things will be accompanied by some degree of impairment for visual properties of other categories. The second accountposits explicitcategory-based organisation of semantic memory, such that visual properties of living and non-living things are stored separately, and so can be independently impaired. We investigated the semantic impairment of a patient SE, who had received a diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis several years previously, resulting in a mild category-specific semantic deficit for living things. Both off-line and on-line tasks revealed that SE had a highly selective impairment for the visual properties of living things, with no sign of problems for the visual properties of non-living things. This raises a challenge for models in which category-specific deficits emerge as a result of a general deficit determined by some other factor. We suggestone way in which these models may accountfor the data by encoding inter-relations between the function and form of objects in semantic memory.     

Development and psychometric evaluation of the Chronic Illness Anticipated Stigma Scale

The Chronic Illness Anticipated Stigma Scale (CIASS) was developed to measure anticipated stigma (i.e., expectations of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination) among people living with chronic illnesses. The CIASS is a 12-item scale with three subscales differentiating among sources of anticipated stigma, including friends and family members, work colleagues, and healthcare workers. Results support the reliability, validity, and generalizability of the CIASS in two samples of people living with chronic illnesses. The CIASS was correlated with other stigma-related constructs as well as indicators of mental health, physical health, and health behaviors. The CIASS can help researchers gauge the degree to which people living with chronic illnesses anticipate stigma, better understand the processes by which anticipated stigma contributes to the health and behavior of people living with chronic illnesses, and compare the extent to which people living with different types of chronic illnesses anticipate stigma.     

Anaglyph of Retinal Stem Cells And Developing Axons: Selective Volume Enhancement In Microscopy Images

Retinal stem cell culture has become a powerful research tool, but it requires reliable methods to obtain high‐quality images of living and fixed cells. This study describes a procedure for using phase contrast microscopy to obtain three‐dimensional (3‐D) images for the study of living cells by photographing a living cell in a culture dish from bottom to top, as well as a procedure to increase the quality of scanning electron micrographs and laser confocal images. The procedure may also be used to photograph clusters of neural stem cells, and retinal explants with vigorous axonal growth. In the case of scanning electron microscopy and laser confocal images, a Gaussian procedure is applied to the original images. The methodology allows for the creation of anaglyphs and video reconstructions, and provides high‐quality images for characterizing living cells or tissues, fixed cells or tissues, or organs observed with scanning electron and laser confocal microscopy. Its greatest advantage is that it is easy to obtain good results without expensive equipment. The procedure is fast, precise, simple, and offers a strategic tool for obtaining 3‐D reconstructions of cells and axons suitable for easily determining the orientation and polarity of a specimen. It also enables video reconstructions to be created, even of specimens parallel to the plastic base of a tissue culture dish, It is also helpful for studying the distribution and organization of living cells in a culture, as it provides the same powerful information as optical tomography, which most confocal microscopes cannot do on sterile living cells. Anat Rec, 297:770–780, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON THE ORGANISATION OF SEMANTIC MEMORY IN THE BRAIN:IS “LIVING THINGS” AN INNATE CATEGORY?

The organisation of semantic memory into separately lesionable or imageable components must be determined by some combination of genetic and environmental factors. Little is known about the relative contributions of these two factors in establishing the functional architecture of semantic memory. By assessing the semantic memory impairment of an individual who sustained brain damage as a newborn, it is possible to place an upper bound on the contribution of post-natal experience. The present case study demonstrates a profound and enduring impairment in knowledge of “living things” following posterior cerebral artery infarctions at approximately 1 day of age. The design of the two experiments reported here allows us to characterise the subject's semantic memory impairment in terms of its scope and selectivity. The impairment affects both the naming of pictures of living things and the retrieval of verbal information about living things. It cannot be accounted for by differences in the difficulty of retrieving knowledge of living and nonliving things, as the living and nonliving items were equated for difficulty in each experiment. When visual and nonvisual information were queried separately for living and nonliving things, the impairment was manifest for both kinds of information about living things, but for neither kind of information about nonliving things. Because this impairment resulted from brain damage sustained too early for experience to have contributed to the organisation of semantic memory, this case study supports a genetic basis for the living-nonliving distinction in semantic memory.     

Genetic and environmental influences on the organisation of semantic memory in the brain:is "living things" an innate category?

The organisation of semantic memory into separately lesionable or imageable components must be determined by some combination of genetic and environmental factors. Little is known about the relative contributions of these two factors in establishing the functional architecture of semantic memory. By assessing the semantic memory impairment of an individual who sustained brain damage as a newborn, it is possible to place an upper bound on the contribution of post-natal experience. The present case study demonstrates a profound and enduring impairment in knowledge of "living things" following posterior cerebral artery infarctions at approximately 1 day of age. The design of the two experiments reported here allows us to characterise the subject's semantic memory impairment in terms of its scope and selectivity. The impairment affects both the naming of pictures of living things and the retrieval of verbal information about living things. It cannot be accounted for by differences in the difficulty of retrieving knowledge of living and nonliving things, as the living and nonliving items were equated for difficulty in each experiment. When visual and nonvisual information were queried separately for living and nonliving things, the impairment was manifest for both kinds of information about living things, but for neither kind of information about nonliving things. Because this impairment resulted from brain damage sustained too early for experience to have contributed to the organisation of semantic memory, this case study supports a genetic basis for the living-nonliving distinction in semantic memory.     

Self-organisation and living systems: Is DNA an 'artificial intelligence'?

There seems little doubt that the maintenance and development of living systems is crucially dependent on an internal organisation of monumental complexity--particularly in higher living species. It is suggested that current thinking--particularly relating to the role of DNA in the total process cannot explain the underlying mechanisms and that a radical rethinking will be necessary. To this end it is proposed that DNA has a unique molecular electronic structure enabling it to operate as a computer analogue system for the highly efficient storage of information and as a type of artificial intelligence through which the information is translated and implemented to organise and control all aspects of the construction and activity of living systems.     

Macromolecular engineering via ‘living’ free radical polymerizations

The use of nitroxide-mediated ‘living’ free radical procedures as a synthetic tool for obtaining polymers with well defined and complex macromolecular architectures is discussed. The preparation of linear homo, block, and random co-polymers by ‘living’ free radical procedures have been demonstrated for a variety of systems and results in a significant increase in control over the macromolecular structure when compared to traditional free radical polymerization. The factors which affect the success of this novel synthetic approach will be reviewed and the advantages of ‘living’ free radical polymerization over other living polymerization techniques discussed. The synthesis and chemical stability of a wide range of unimolecular alkoxyamine initiators will also be demonstrated and their use in the preparation of complex macromolecular architectures such as hyperbranched polymers and hybrid dendritic-linear polymers illustrated.     

Ageing in patients with chronic HIV infection: impact of hypercoagulation

Ageing is the result of biological events that progressively and irreversibly compromise the function of vital organs and eventually result in death. There is a general perception that ageing is accelerated in people living with HIV, with an increasing body of evidence to support this view. With the introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy, the life expectancy of people living with HIV has improved. Since people with HIV are living longer than previously, while also ageing faster than the general population, there is an increase in HIV-positive patients living with age-related comorbidities. This brief overview of ageing and HIV discusses aspects of the complications of HIV infection as they impact the ageing process. How diseases of age affect patients with HIV provides clues to help unravel the interactions between HIV and ageing that ultimately should help clinicians understand the basis of ‘normal’ ageing and manage ageing HIV-positive patients more effectively.     

LIVING IN A CONFLICT ZONE: WHERE DO STUDENTS FEEL SAFE FROM VIOLENCE

The importance of students' sense of safety to their well‐being has been previously established, yet very little is known about their feeling of safety in schools and in other everyday locations. The present study examined the perceived safety in school, and in six other locations, of 1,110 Israeli adolescents. Feelings of safety were compared in students who lived in an armed conflict zone and in students who lived in a peaceful environment. Controlling for students' exposure to violence both in school and out of school, the findings revealed that students living in a conflict zone perceived schools as very unsafe, whereas students living in other areas perceived schools as very safe. Also, females and students living in a conflict zone reported feeling less safe than males and students living in peaceful areas. Only marginal effects were attributed to direct exposure to either armed conflict or school violence.     

生物组织受热致伤过程的物理分析

结合固定力学、热物理等几方面的综合知识，将各种导致热拉伤缮联起来，从一个新的角度建立了可用以定量描述生物组织受热致伤过程的力－热牧师模型，阐述了热伤过程的三萌芽。该模型是钭热伤过程深入考虑到力学及热力学观层次的初步尝试，对深入揭示和理解热伤过程中如组织红肿、水疱的形成与生长等具积极的指导意义。     

The impact of a discrepancy between actual and preferred living arrangements on life satisfaction among the elderly in China

OBJECTIVES:

To explore the effects of a discrepancy between actual and preferred living arrangements on the relationship between living arrangements and life satisfaction among the elderly in China.

METHODS:

Secondary analysis of the 2005 dataset of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey was performed. A binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between life satisfaction and living arrangements.

RESULTS:

Among those with concordant actual and preferred living arrangements, living in a nursing home increased the likelihood of life satisfaction, whereas living alone and living with a spouse decreased the likelihood of life satisfaction compared to living with the next generation and a spouse. Among those with discordant living arrangements, there were no differences in life satisfaction between the various living arrangements, except that living with a spouse increased life satisfaction compared to living with the next generation and a spouse.

CONCLUSIONS:

A discrepancy between actual and preferred living arrangements modifies the relationship between life satisfaction and actual living arrangement. Living in a nursing home is a good option for Chinese elder care only if the older individual emotionally accepts it. Living alone or with a spouse is not a good arrangement for elder care, even though it is often preferred by the elderly. Those with discordant living arrangements are more satisfied living with their spouses.     

Current issues regarding skin substitutes using living cells as industrial materials

There have been many clinical cases of skin treatment using cultured epidermis, as established by H. Green in 1975. This procedure, famously, made it possible to make artificial skin using living cells. Permanent coverage for injury wounds was achieved with cultured epidermis made from autologous cells. Recently, many types of skin substitutes using living cells have been used clinically. The extent to which cellular skin substitute techniques established through basic research can be incorporated into general medical treatment is a controversial issue at present. Some techniques are at the commercializing stage as medical materials. Cultured epidermis, as described above, cultured dermis, and skin equivalent are already well established. In this article, we will describe the current issues regarding skin substitutes using living cells.     

光寻址单细胞传感器的设计及药物检测的研究

本研究提出了一种基于光寻址电位传感器（Light-Addressable Potentiometric Sensor，LAPS）的新型单细胞传感器。该传感器可以通过移动激发对作为敏感元件的单个细胞进行寻址测量，克服了基于场效应管和微电极阵列的细胞传感器中测量位点固定、细胞定位培养困难等缺欠，探索了这种光寻址单细胞传感器的结构设计和检测活细胞电生理特性的可行性。最后分析了该传感器在药物检测方面的应用。实验结果表明了该细胞传感器在单细胞电生理研究和药物分析中是可行的。     

雷州市乡村幼儿肠道蠕虫感染情况调查

目的了解雷州市乡村幼儿蠕虫病感染情况，为儿童保健和寄生虫病防治工作提供重要依据。方法随机抽样采集乡村幼儿新鲜粪便，用直接涂片法和饱和盐水浮聚法检查虫卵。结果粪检288人，虫卵阳性者186人，总感染率64．58％。主要检出3种肠道蠕虫卵，其中蛔虫卵感染率最高，为35．76％，鞭虫卵阳性率15．28％，钩虫卵阳性率13．54％。结论雷州市乡村幼儿感染蛔虫、鞭虫、钩虫常见，其中以蛔虫感染最严重。肠道蠕虫感染程度与当地农民的经济收入、生活水平、生产方式、生活习惯和卫生条件等有密切的关系．应将寄生虫病防治列入儿童保健的重要内容。     

Effects on Adolescents of Living Arrangements Following Parental Separation or Divorce

The types of living arrangements most commonly used by divorcedfamilies are described in terms of their psychological consequencesfor adolescents. A case is presented in which arrangements preventingnormal adolescent development were altered to allow for growth.Custody, visitation, and child support provisions are seen asinterrelated' but separable factors which can be altered onlyby considering their effects as part of an arrangement for living.     

骨组织工程材料的表面仿生矿化

骨组织工程材料的表面特性与体内组织直接接触,对材料与细胞组织间的相互作用情况起关键作用,因而对植入体内材料的表面进行改性就显得特别重要。在材料表面制备生物矿化层能够提高材料的生物相容性和细胞亲和性。仿生矿化是根据仿生原理制备合成复合人工材料的新方法。本文就近年来有关仿生矿化的机理和用于诱导仿生矿化的骨组织工程支架基质材料的研究进展进行了综述。