南京市2013年蚊虫密度、种群及季节消长情况分析

目的了解南京市2013年蚊虫密度、种群及季节消长情况。方法按照《全国病媒生物监测方案（试行）》要求,采用诱蚊灯法在南京市开展蚊虫监测。结果 2013年南京市共捕蚊3 268只,蚊密度为0.57只/（h·灯）,捕获的蚊虫隶属2亚科4属5种,优势蚊种为淡色库蚊和三带喙库蚊,分别约占58.05%和17.59%,季节消长呈7月和10月双高峰曲线。结论南京市蚊虫具有种群多样性,淡色库蚊和三带喙库蚊为优势蚊种,每年7月和10月为密度高峰季节,可供当地蚊虫防制措施的指定提供参考。同时要关注蚊虫孳生地情况及气象因素对蚊虫密度的影响。     

2018—2020年湖北省传疟媒介监测分析

目的对湖北省传疟媒介按蚊的种群分布、密度、季节消长及夜间活动规律等进行监测,为消除疟疾后阶段输入性疟疾防控策略的制定提供参考。方法于2018—2020年每年7—9月在湖北省枣阳市的3个村(刘升镇刘湾村2组、琚湾镇琚庄村3组和七方镇文庄村1组)开展按蚊种群监测,于室内(人房或牲畜棚)、室外(靠近水稻田)各选取2个调查场所开展1次按蚊种群监测,采用灯诱法(19∶00至次日7∶00)捕蚊,连续监测3 d。2018—2020年,另选择恩施市舞阳坝乡、丹江口市六里坪乡、枣阳市七方镇、武穴市石佛寺乡、江陵县白马寺镇和京山市孙桥镇等6个监测点,每年5—10月的上旬和下旬各开展1次按蚊密度监测,在监测点的居民区和蚊媒孳生地之间采用人诱法(19∶00至次日7∶00)捕蚊。捕获的所有按蚊冷冻处死后进行形态学鉴定。分析按蚊密度的季节消长趋势,夜间不同时间段按蚊密度的规律,以及人房、牲畜棚和室外等不同场所按蚊种群构成差异。按蚊密度的比较采用方差分析,按蚊种群构成的比较采用χ2检验。结果种群监测结果显示,2018—2020年灯诱法共捕获蚊虫4 277只,其中中华按蚊819只(19.15%),淡色库蚊3 440只(80.43%),骚扰阿蚊18只(0.42%)。牲畜棚捕获蚊虫3 502只,其中中华按蚊677只(19.33%),淡色库蚊2 813只(80.33%),骚扰阿蚊12只(0.34%)。室外捕获蚊虫总数503只,其中中华按蚊106只(21.07%),淡色库蚊393只(78.13%),骚扰阿蚊4只(0.80%)。人房捕获蚊虫总数272只(2020年未进行人房按蚊监测),其中中华按蚊36只(13.24%),淡色库蚊234只(86.03%),骚扰阿蚊2只(0.74%)。2018—2020年各年度人房、牲畜棚和室外等不同捕蚊场所按蚊种群构成差异均无统计学意义(χ2=23.500、 36.000、 18.000, P 0.05)。按蚊密度监测结果显示,2018—2020年,湖北省6个监测点共捕获中华蚊虫8 426只,未发现雷氏按蚊及其他按蚊。人诱法捕获中华按蚊数量最多的地区为江陵县,3年共捕获中华按蚊4 671只;最少的为丹江口市,3年共捕获0只。2018—2020年,中华按蚊平均密度高峰分别出现在8月上旬(2018年)和7月下旬(2019、 2020年),分别为15.91、 13.93、 6.91只/(人·h),三者差异无统计学意义(F=0.347, P 0.05)。6个监测点中,江陵县监测点的按蚊密度最高,其次为武穴市,按蚊密度分别为10.81和6.71只/(人·h)。不同监测点按蚊密度差异有统计学意义(F=5.962, P 0.05)。湖北省中华按蚊夜间活动高峰出现在晚上19∶00—21∶00。结论湖北省传疟媒介中华按蚊持续存在,仍有潜在的疟疾传播风险,应继续开展持续、规范的监测工作,进一步加强媒介控制工作。     

赫坎按蚊种群近缘种核糖体基因内转录第二间隔区序列分析

目的　分析赫坎按蚊种群内4个近缘种核糖体基因内转录第二间隔区(rDNAITS2)特征。　方法　采用特异性ITS2引物对中华按蚊和嗜人按蚊江苏实验株、辽宁省沈阳市和朝鲜开城现场捕获的嗜人按蚊、八代按蚊和雷氏按蚊rDNAITS2进行PCR扩增、基因测序和限制性内切酶酶切位点图谱分析。　结果与结论　赫坎按蚊种群近缘种中华按蚊、嗜人按蚊、八代按蚊和雷氏按蚊rDNAITS2分别为472、452、456和456bp,各基因序列存在明显差异并存在不同的限制性内切酶酶切位点     

我国雷氏按蚊和嗜人按蚊的分子鉴别和分类地位的探讨

[目的 ]论证我国雷氏按蚊与嗜人按蚊的分类地位。 [方法 ]采用分子鉴别法 (鉴别PCR和rDNA ITS2序列 )检测辽宁及山东两省现场按蚊标本 ,并依据ITS2区序列建立分子系统树。 [结果 ]分子鉴别显示 ,辽宁和山东两省均存在雷氏按蚊和嗜人按蚊。我国雷氏按蚊 (辽宁和山东省 ,n =6 )和嗜人按蚊 (辽宁、云南、河南和四川省 ,n =10 )ITS2序列长度和GC含量分别为 45 1bp、 46 2 % ,44 8bp、 46 0 % ;各地雷氏按蚊和嗜人按蚊序列均无差异 ,但各地嗜人按蚊与对照组江苏的嗜人按蚊相比 ,种内序列差异为 0 88% ;雷氏按蚊与嗜人按蚊种间序列差异为 2 5 7%。分子系统树显示雷氏按蚊与中华按蚊、嗜人按蚊与凉山按蚊亲缘关系较近。 [结论 ]根据分子鉴别 ,确认我国雷氏按蚊与嗜人按蚊为同域分布的 2个独立种     

水稻灌溉对嗜人按蚊种群密度与消长的影响

目的探讨水稻灌溉对嗜人按蚊种群密度与消长的影响.方法于1986-2000年夜间2人帐内诱捕吸蚊计算种群密度,清晨搜捕全村人房按蚊,观察嗜人按蚊种群变化和自然消长.结果观察点将乐县上山洞水稻种植期实行自流串灌,农闲期泡田积水,嗜人按蚊密度高,平均叮人率为16.9只/人·夜,活动期长,分别于6～7月和9月出现2次密度高峰;邵武市下洪元村水稻生长期实行轮灌制,冬季排水烤田,观察期间嗜人按蚊种群密度一直较低,活动期较短,于6～7月出现 1次密度高峰,平均叮人率为0.8只/人·     

我国嗜人按蚊和雷氏按蚊分类地位的探讨

我国嗜人按蚊和雷氏按蚊的分类地位虽经多次修订,其存疑问题迄今未获解决,蚊媒分子鉴别研究的发展为澄清问题提供了有利条件。本文综合国内外文献作历史性回顾评述,并根据分子鉴别研究新进展对我国嗜人按蚊和雷氏按蚊的分类地位和正确命名修订作探讨。     

湖北省主要传疟媒介按蚊生态习性及密度分析

目的了解近年来湖北省主要传疟媒介按蚊季节消长、栖息、吸血和孳生地等生态习性及其密度变化情况,为消除疟疾前蚊媒防制工作提供依据。方法于2012年7—9月,选择京山县、广水市和随州市曾都区为调查点,采用人工叮咬、帐诱捕蚊和灯诱3种方式进行媒介按蚊密度监测和生态习性调查。对调查资料进行描述性分析和方差分析检验。结果调查捕获的传疟按蚊均为中华按蚊,未发现嗜人按蚊。京山县人诱密度成蚊密度7月份最高,为7.50只/(人·h);曾都区帐诱密度8月份最高,为0.18只/帐;广水市灯诱密度7月份最高,为9.67只/夜。中华按蚊幼虫密度在不同孳生地以8月下旬和9月上旬为高。结论湖北省原嗜人按蚊和中华按蚊复合媒介区,现已很少发现有嗜人按蚊的存在,中华按蚊幼虫孳生地以稻田为主,中华按蚊幼虫密度和成蚊密度季节消长基本一致。     

山东省北湖地区蚊虫种类及生态习性调查

目的了解山东北湖地区蚊虫种类及生态习性,为蚊媒的有效防制提供依据。方法于2014-06/10用幼虫勺或采集网从北湖区各类孳生地捞取蚊幼虫带回室内进行种类鉴定。采用人饵帐诱捕蚊法和帐扣法,对北湖地区的成蚊种类、种群密度、季节消长和夜间活动规律等情况进行调查。结果共捕获成蚊10 836只,经鉴定为6属17种。淡色库蚊为优势蚊种,占捕获总数的69.48%,其次为三带喙库蚊和中华按蚊。各种成蚊的季节变化趋势具有一致性,6月份开始出现,7-8月份为成蚊活动高峰期。成蚊在整个夜间均有活动,黄昏和凌晨出现2次高峰。结论山东省北湖地区蚊媒孳生地众多,蚊虫种类繁多。蚊媒的有效防治应结合蚊虫的生态习性及自然情况,方可取得最佳效果。     

额尔齐斯河下游北湾地区人房和猪舍内蚊虫季节消长观察

目的研究蚊虫危害十分严重的新疆额尔齐斯河下游的北湾地区,蚊虫在人房和猪舍内的季节消长。方法用诱蚊灯诱蚊1夜调查人房内的蚊虫密度,用电动吸蚊器吸捕15m in调查猪舍内蚊虫密度,从4月开始,每月上、中、下旬三次直至蚊虫活动消失。结果人房内蚊虫从4月中旬出现,米赛按蚊(45%),刺扰伊蚊(54%)为优势蚊种,蚊虫季节分布为三峰型,7月上旬为活动最高峰,9月上旬蚊虫消失;猪舍蚊虫出现较晚,5月上旬出现,刺扰伊蚊(90.7%)为优势蚊种,季节分布呈双峰型,7月为活动最高峰,9月上旬消失。结论6~7月是北湾地区人房及猪舍内的蚊虫活动高峰。     

一种简便的赫坎按蚊复合体近缘种按蚊基因鉴别新技术

目的 建立一种能鉴别赫坎按蚊种团内不同近缘种按蚊的基因鉴别技术。方法 依据赫坎按蚊种团内中华按蚊、嗜人按蚊、雷氏按蚊和八代按蚊4种近缘种按蚊ITS2区段的基因序列特征设计特异性引物，建立一种能鉴别赫坎按蚊种团内中华按蚊、嗜人按蚊、雷氏按蚊和八代按蚊4种近缘种按蚊的简便的PCR基因鉴别技术，并采用传统的形态学分类方法和新建立的基因鉴别技术对从辽宁、河南省以及在朝鲜现场捕获的按蚊分别进行了形态学和基因鉴别及比较。结果与结论 新建立的基因鉴别技术能准确鉴别赫坎按蚊种团内中华按蚊、嗜人按蚊、雷氏按蚊和八代按蚊4种近缘种按蚊。具有比传统的形态学分类方法准确，比已有的PCR-RFLP蚊种基因鉴别技术更简便、价廉和省时的特点。适用于不同的复合媒介地区的疟疾媒介调查和监测。     

Influence of host and larval habitat distribution on the abundance of African malaria vectors in western Kenya

The abundance of anopheline mosquitoes varies substantially among houses within the same villages. Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto is highly anthropophilic, and Anopheles arabiensis is zoophilic; thus, it is often hypothesized that the abundance of An. gambiae and An. arabiensis in a house is associated with the distribution of livestock and humans. In this paper we examined the influence of livestock and human host availability on the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors in the basin region of Lake Victoria in western Kenya. Larvae and adults of An. gambiae, An. arabiensis and Anopheles funestus were collected in the beginning and the end of the rainy season in 1999. Anopheles gambiae was the predominant species in both larval and adult samples. Multiple regression analyses found that the ratio of distance between houses and larval habitats to distance between cowsheds and larval habitats had a significant and negative association with the relative abundance of An. gambiae larvae for both sampling periods. The ratio of human density to cow density was positively correlated with the relative abundance of An. gambiae larvae in the late rainy period. For the adult samples, distance from a house to its nearest larval habitats was the only variable that showed a significant correlation with the An. gambiae density in houses in both sample periods. More than 90% of anopheline adults were found in the houses within 300 meters from the nearest larval habitats. Anopheline mosquito density was not correlated to the density of cows or humans, or the distance to cowsheds from houses. These results suggest that livestock and human host availability affect the relative abundance of An. gambiae larvae in aquatic habitats, but the distribution of anopheline adults in houses is determined by the distance from houses to larval habitats.     

我国赫坎按蚊种团的分子鉴别及中华按蚊的区系分布研究

目的改进赫坎按蚊种团部分成员种的多重PCR鉴别方法,鉴别赫坎按蚊种团中的中华按蚊,研究我国中华按蚊的区系分布及其影响因素。方法依据赫坎按蚊种团成员种中华按蚊、八代按蚊、雷氏按蚊、比伦按蚊和克莱按蚊的核糖体DNA内转录间隔区2 (rDNA-ITS2)序列差异设计种特异引物,改进多重PCR分子鉴别方法。2013-2018年,在我国8个省(直辖市、自治区)共18个地点,以诱虫灯和人工吸取相结合的方法采集按蚊,依据形态特征初步鉴定为赫坎按蚊种团的成员种。提取单只蚊虫基因组DNA,使用改进的多重PCR方法鉴定种类。对多重PCR法无扩增产物的个体分析rDNA-ITS2序列,在GenBank上进行BLAST比对,确定其种类。查找我国以及韩国和俄罗斯远东地区用分子特征鉴别为中华按蚊的文献,结合本研究结果,汇总中华按蚊采集地的地理位置和气候数据,使用地理探测器模型计算影响决定力q值,分析经度、纬度、年平均气温和年平均降雨量对中华按蚊分布的影响。结果改进的多重PCR法一次扩增即可依据扩增片段大小鉴别赫坎按蚊种团的5个成员种:中华按蚊(490 bp)、雷氏按蚊(313 bp)、八代按蚊(216 bp)、克莱按蚊(386 bp)和比伦按蚊(165 bp)。在我国18个采集点共捕获赫坎按蚊种团按蚊365只,多重PCR鉴别为中华按蚊114只(来自陕西、安徽与山东的采集点)、八代按蚊34只、雷氏按蚊9只、克莱按蚊181只和比伦按蚊5只。22只多重PCR无扩增产物的蚊虫中,经rDNA-ITS2序列分析鉴定为贵阳按蚊2只、类中华按蚊1只、朝鲜按蚊8只、林氏按蚊7只和帕氏按蚊4只。获取用分子特征鉴别为中华按蚊的文献17篇,共汇总了101个采集地信息,其中有中华按蚊分布的采集点80个,无中华按蚊分布的21个地点。地理探测器软件计算获得的q值,从大到小依次为0.592 0(年平均气温)、0.507 2 (纬度)、0.351 2 (经度)和0.214 4 (年平均降雨量)。中华按蚊的分布与年平均气温关系最为密切,其次是纬度。综合分析分布地的纬度和年平均温度等结果显示,年平均气温10℃可以作为划分中华按蚊在我国分布北界线的依据。我国中华按蚊的分布范围包括云南、贵州、重庆、河南、山东、天津、江苏、安徽、湖北、浙江、上海、福建、江西、广西、广东、海南等省(直辖市、自治区)及台湾、香港、澳门特别行政区的全境,以及西藏、四川、甘肃、陕西、山西、河北、北京、辽宁等省(直辖市、自治区)的南部部分地区。结论改进的赫坎按蚊种团多重PCR分子鉴定方法快速简单、客观可靠。综合分析显示划分中华按蚊在我国分布北界线的依据是年平均气温10℃线,中华按蚊在我国的分布应小于之前记载的范围。     

2016-2018年安徽省传疟媒介监测

目的　了解2016-2018年安徽省传疟媒介种群分布、密度、季节消长及夜间活动规律,为消除疟疾后阶段输入性疟疾防控策略的制定提供参考。方法　2016-2018年,在安徽省105个县（市、区）采用诱蚊灯全通宵捕蚊法和室外双帐人饵全通宵诱捕法开展传疟媒介蚊种监测,比较不同时间、不同地区和不同捕蚊场所按蚊密度。结果　2016-2018年,安徽省105个县（市、区）中有103个县（市、区）捕获到按蚊,其中灯诱法捕获32 494只、人诱法捕获36 228只。所有捕获按蚊经形态学鉴定均为中华按蚊,未发现嗜人按蚊。中华按蚊密度高峰为6-8月,夜间活动高峰为19∶00-23∶00。不同捕蚊场所中,以畜禽棚按蚊密度最高（H = 18.835,P < 0.05）。2016和2017年不同地区中华按蚊密度均存在差异（H = 16.655、11.566,P均< 0.01）,淮河以北地区中华按蚊密度较低。结论　中华按蚊在安徽省广泛分布,是当前安徽省最主要的传疟媒介。在消除疟疾后阶段,应加强安徽省媒介监测,在疫点及时采取媒介控制措施,防止出现境外输入性疟疾本地再传播。     

Environmental characteristics of anopheline mosquito larval habitats in a malaria endemic area in Iran

ObjectiveTo determine the effects of environmental parameters of larval habitats on distribution and abundance of anopheline mosquitoes in Rudan county of Iran.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted during the mosquito breeding season from February 2010 to October 2011. The anopheline larvae were collected using the standard dipping method. The specimens were identified using a morphological-based key. Simultaneously with larval collection, environmental parameters of the larval habitats including water current and turbidity, sunlight situation, and substrate type of habitats were recorded. Water samples were taken from breeding sites during larval collection. Before collection of samples, the water temperature was measured. The water samples were analysed for turbidity, conductivity, total alkalinity, total dissolved solid, pH and ions including chloride, sulphate, calcium, and magnesium. Statistical correlation analysis and ANOVA test were used to analyze the association between environmental parameters and larval mosquito abundance.ResultsIn total 2 973 larvae of the genus Anopheles were collected from 25 larval habitats and identified using morphological characters. They comprised of six species: An. dthali (53.21%), An. stephensi (24.22%), An. culicifacies (14.06%), An. superpictus (4.07%), An. turkhudi (3.30%), and An. apoci (1.14%). The most abundant species was An. dthali which were collected from all of the study areas. Larvae of two malaria vectors, An. dthali and An. stephensi, co-existed and collected in a wide range of habitats with different physico-chemical parameters. The most common larval habitats were man-made sites such as sand mining pools with clean and still water. The anopheline mosquitoes also preferred permanent habitats in sunlight with sandy substrates. The results indicated that there was a significant relationship between mean physico-chemical parameters such as water temperature, conductivity, total alkalinity, sulphate, chloride, and mosquito distribution and abundance.ConclusionsThe results of this study showed a correlation between certain environmental parameters and mosquito larvae abundance, and these parameters should be considered in planning and implementing larval control programs.     

Reappraisal on anopheline mosquitoes of Garhwal region, Uttarakhand, India

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: The study examines occurrence of anopheline mosquitoes in seven districts--Dehradun, Pauri, New Tehri, Hardwar, Rudraprayag, Chamoli and Uttarkashi of Garhwal region in Uttarakhand state, India. METHODS: The methodological approach comprised sampling and processing of adult/immature mosquitoes, data compilation, meteorological information and parasitological survey. RESULTS: A total of 87 localities covering 24 tehsils/blocks were surveyed during January 2000 to December 2005 for mosquito sampling. The study encountered 18 species of anophelines including three malaria vectors namely Anopheles culicifacies, An. fluviatilis and An. stephensi collected from Kalsi, Dehradun City, Sahaspur, Hardwar town, Roorkee, New Tehri town and Kotdwar localities. An. pallidus has been recorded for the first time from the Garhwal region. All the collected species have been presented with particular reference to their both adult and immature distribution, brief account of bionomics and some ecological notes. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Out of 18 collected anopheline species, 15 were non-vectors and they were found to create nuisance to the inhabitants. As far as the species distribution was concerned the diversity was more at elevation between 150 and 1000 m above the mean sea level, while the immature of some species were not recovered from those localities where their adults were collected. Certain species of Anopheles were climate determined and their distribution was localized while some others were cosmopolitan.     

PCRRFLP单酶切法鉴别赫坎按蚊复合体的研究

目的建立一种新的赫坎按蚊复合体近缘种按蚊基因鉴别技术,应用于现场按蚊样本的鉴别。方法用分子生物学软件Vector NTI 9.0,对赫坎按蚊复合体的嗜人按蚊、雷氏按蚊、中华按蚊、八代按蚊4个近缘种按蚊rDNA基因的ITS2区段序列进行限制性内切酶酶切位点预测分析,选择特异性内切酶,建立一种能同时鉴别4种近缘种按蚊的聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态(PCR RFLP)单酶切法鉴别技术,并对现场捕获的452只按蚊样本进行基因鉴别。结果软件预测赫坎按蚊复合体近缘种4种按蚊的rDNA基因的ITS2区段可被限制性内切酶Dde I切成大小易于区分的不同片段,PCR RFLP单酶切实验结果和软件预测结果完全吻合。4个疟疾流行区捕获的452只按蚊样本经PCR RFLP Dde I单酶切法鉴定有20只嗜人按蚊、6只雷氏按蚊、391只中华按蚊、35只八代按蚊,与形态学鉴别结果符合率为93.4%,与PCR RFLP双酶切法结果符合率为100%。结论新建立的PCR RFLP Dde I单酶切法基因鉴别技术可准确鉴别赫坎按蚊复合体,比传统的形态学鉴别更为简便、可靠,适合用于复合媒介地区的媒介监测。     

Distribution of anopheline mosquitoes in Eritrea

The spatial distribution of anopheline mosquito species was studied throughout Eritrea during the 1999-2001 malaria transmission seasons from October to December for the highlands and western lowlands and February to April for the coastal region. Of the 302 villages sampled, 59 were visited in both the first and second year. Overall, 13 anopheline species were identified, with the Anopheles gambiae complex predominating during the first year (75.6%, n = 861) and the second year (91.9%, n = 1,262). Intrazonal variation accounted for 90% of the total variation in mosquito distribution. Polymerase chain reaction results indicated that 99% (n = 1,309) of the An. gambiae s.l. specimens were An. arabiensis, indicating that this was the only member of the gambiae complex present. There was a high degree of aggregation of anophelines within zones and villages, with more than 80% of the total anophelines being collected from less than 20% of the villages and from only 10% of the houses sampled. At least 80% of the anopheline mosquitoes were collected from grass-thatched Agudo-type housing. Vector abundance showed an inverse relationship with elevation, with highest densities in the low-lying western lowlands. Multiple regression analysis of log-transformed mean density of An. arabiensis with rainfall and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (average NDVI, minimum NDVI, and maximum NDVI) showed that these independent variables were not significantly associated with mosquito densities (R2 = 0.058). Our study contributes to the basic understanding of the ecology and distribution of malaria vectors with respect to species composition and spatial heterogeneities both that could be used to guide vector control operations in Eritrea.     

上海市基本消灭疟疾后4年来的监测

上海市1986年达到了基本消灭疟疾后,1987～1990年进行了全面和重点监测。发热病人疟原虫血检,平均阳性率为0.32％,病例呈散在分布。居民疟原虫血检平均带中率为0.07％。外来流动人口抽样监测,4年的疟原虫带虫率分别为0.013％、0.32％、0.14％和0.06％。复查1983～1987年先后发病的疟疾患者296人,原虫阳性率为0。未发现嗜人按蚊;中华按蚊蚊群比和吸血趋性与常年无差异。结果表明本市基本消灭疟疾后的成果是巩固的,但仍存在不稳定因素,外源性输入病例逐年增加,外来流动人口中的带虫率高于当地居民,对上海市构成了潜在威胁,当前监测应抓住疟疾现症病人和流动人口管理。