两种三尖瓣成形技术治疗功能性三尖瓣返流的疗效评价

目的 借助于心脏超声评价De Vega成形术和Kay成形术治疗功能性三尖瓣返流的疗效。方法 采用回顾性临床研究方法，选择因功能性三尖瓣返流行De Vega成形术和Kay成形术各20例患者，对术前、术后的下列指标进行随访观察比较：右心房横径，右心室内径，三尖瓣返流程度。结果 右心房内径、右心室内径和三尖瓣返流程度在术后近期均明显下降，2组间差异无显著性，但远期的以上各指标De Vega成形组要优于Kay成形组。在术后远期两组三尖瓣返流程度有所增加。结论 De Vega成形术和Kay成形术治疗功能性三尖瓣返流的近期效果相似，远期效果De Vega成形术略优；两种成形方法治疗功能性三尖瓣返流的近期效果良好，远期效果欠佳。     

C形软环与改良De Vega瓣环成形术的疗效评价

目的 借助于心脏超声评价C形软环和改良DeVega成形术治疗功能性三尖瓣返流的疗效。方法选择因功能性三尖瓣返流行C形软环成形术患者32例和改良DeVega成形术患者31例，对术前、术后的下列指标进行随访观察比较：右心房横径，右心室内径，三尖瓣返流程度。结果右心房内径、右心室内径和三尖瓣返流程度在术后近期均明显下降，2组间差异无显著性，但远期的以上各指标C形软环环成形组要优于改良DeVega成形组。结论C形软环环成形术和改良DeVega成形术治疗功能性三尖辫返流的近期效果相似，远期效果C形软环环成形术优于改良DeVega成形术。     

合并左心功能不全患者行自体心包软环三尖瓣环成形术的近期和远期疗效

目的 分析合并左心功能不全患者行自体心包软环三尖瓣环成形术的近期和远期疗效.方法 选择2014年1月至2015年1月于我院收治的三尖瓣反流合并左心功能不全患者80例,随机分为对照组及观察组,分别给予De Vega三尖瓣成形术及自体心包软环三尖瓣环成形术治疗.收集并比较两组患者一般资料.检查各组患者心功能变化.随访至术后...     

外科治疗功能性三尖瓣关闭不全128例

目的:探讨功能性三尖瓣关闭不全的合理手术指征、方法及围手术期处理。方法:回顾性分析128例三尖瓣成形矫正功能性三尖瓣关闭不全患者的临床资料,其中92例行De Vega成形术,22例行Kay二瓣叶化成形,14例同时行Kay二瓣叶化成形和De Vega成形术。结果:术后早期死亡2例。1例二尖瓣置换及三尖瓣De Vega成形术患者术后二次开胸止血治愈。随访1个月～13年,3例死于顽固性心力衰竭,其余心功能均明显改善。13例三尖瓣仍有轻、中度反流。结论:根据三尖瓣环扩大部位和反流程度,选择不同成形方式对功能性三尖瓣关闭不全治疗满意。围手术期及术后加强强心、利尿、扩血管治疗及有效降低肺动脉高压,可进一步提高三尖瓣成形近、远期疗效。     

三尖瓣成形环植入术式的个体化改良及疗效分析

目的：分析改良成形环植入方法后的三尖瓣成形术治疗继发性中重度三尖瓣关闭不全的临床疗效。方法2005年3月至2007年6月,我们对左心瓣膜手术合并中重度三尖瓣关闭不全的患者在左心瓣膜置换术同期行个体化的改良Edwards MC3三尖瓣成形环植入术,72例患者随机分两组,分别采用经典和改良的Edwards MC3成形环植入技术。结果术后59例患者获得5年随访资料,改良组三尖瓣中重度反流的发生率较经典组降低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论采用个体化的改良三尖瓣Edwards MC3成形环植入技术,治疗继发性中重度三尖瓣关闭不全近期疗效好于经典方法。     

自体心包重建隔瓣在三尖瓣下移瓣膜成形术中的应用

目的 报告在三尖瓣下移瓣膜成形术中应用自体心包重建隔瓣的方法和疗效。方法 对15例超声心动图示三尖瓣中～重反流合并隔瓣发育不良的三尖瓣下移畸形的患者，应用自体心包重建发育不良的瓣叶，同时环缩扩大的瓣环及折叠房化心室，并修补合并的房间隔缺损或卵圆孔未闭。结果 15例患者无手术死亡，出院前超声检查显示三尖瓣无或少量反流。随访2个月至50个月，复查超声显示无反流9例，少量反流5例，中－重度反流1例, 心功能I级6例，心功能II级8例，心功能III级1例。结论 在三尖瓣下移瓣膜成形术中应用自体心包重建隔瓣可以获得满意的早期和中期疗效。     

应用超声技术评价不同术式三尖瓣成形效果的临床研究

目的：应用超声心动图技术评价三尖瓣不同术式（三尖瓣放置Carpentier环，DeVega和自体心包条缝合环缩）成形效果。方法：同一切面和方法测量49例功能性三尖瓣重度关闭不全患术前，术后住院期和术后三月三尖瓣返流程度和右心房室横径，按不同术式分组比较返流程度和治疗效果。结果：手术前，术后住院期和术后三月返流程度及右房室大小比较；术后返流明显低于术前，右憬房室腔术后较术前明显缩小，组间比较术后残余返流程度和房室大小无显差异。三种术式成形效果比较无显差异。结论：三种不同方法三尖瓣成形术治疗效果无差异。右房室腔大小变化是评价三尖瓣成形手术效果的间接指标。     

风心病继发三尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的:分析风心病合并继发性三尖瓣关闭不全应用改良Manipal法及Devega法三尖瓣成形术的两组病人早期及远期效果,探讨三尖瓣成形技术与远期效果是否相关。方法:选择2001年10月至2002年10月78例左心瓣膜手术同期行改良Manipal法三尖瓣成形的患者(A组)与2003年10月至2005年10月58例左心瓣膜手术同期行Devega法三尖瓣成形术的患者(B组),通过对术前、术后、术后2年三尖瓣反流情况进行随访分析、统计等处理。结果:两组三尖瓣成形术术后早期效果无明显差别。远期效果(术后2年)B组病人三尖瓣反流情况略有增加,改良Manipal法较Devega法成形效果较为稳定。结论:继发性三尖瓣关闭不全为风心病长期病变结果,选择合适的术式及正确的术后处理改善心功能,降低肺动脉压力,是降低继发三尖瓣关闭不全的关键。     

SJM Tailor环三尖瓣成形术治疗三尖瓣关闭不全临床研究

目的 探讨使用SJM Tailor环行三尖瓣成形术治疗风湿性瓣膜病合并功能性三尖瓣关闭不全的疗效.方法 从2007年6月到2011年4月共使用SJM Tailor环行三尖瓣成形术治疗27例风湿性瓣膜病合并的三尖瓣关闭不全的患者,对其进行回顾性分析.结果 全组患者围手术期无死亡,术后恢复顺利,三尖瓣返流程度明显减轻,术后心功能分级较术前提高Ⅰ～Ⅱ级.结论 SJM Tailor环行三尖瓣成形术治疗风湿性瓣膜病合并的功能性三尖瓣关闭不全,安全有效,近中期效果满意.     

SJM Tailor环三尖瓣成形术治疗三尖瓣关闭不全

目的探讨使用SJM Tailor环行三尖瓣成形术治疗风湿性瓣膜病合并功能性三尖瓣关闭不全的疗效。方法从2007年6月到2011年4月共使用SJM Tailor环行三尖瓣成形术治疗27例风湿性瓣膜病合并的三尖瓣关闭不全的患者,对其进行回顾性分析。结果全组患者围手术期无死亡,术后恢复顺利,三尖瓣返流程度明显减轻,术后心功能分级较术前提高Ⅰ~Ⅱ级。结论 SJM Tailor环行三尖瓣成形术治疗风湿性瓣膜病合并的功能性三尖瓣关闭不全,安全有效,近中期效果满意。     

Surgery for functional tricuspid regurgitation: current techniques,outcomes and emerging concepts

Functional tricuspid regurgitation is the most frequent cause of tricuspid insufficiency and is often secondary to left-sided valve diseases. The correction of left-sided valve diseases without concomitant repair of functional tricuspid regurgitation is associated with significant late morbidity and mortality. This occurs on account of progressive right ventricular dysfunction and increasing need for reoperation. Recent years have seen a surge in surgery for functional tricuspid regurgitation. Several techniques are available to correct functional tricuspid regurgitation. These include the stitch annuloplasty, such as semicircular (classical De Vega repair) or simple lateral annuloplasty (Kay), novel techniques such as edge-to-edge or clover technique and suture bicuspidization technique, use of flexible and rigid prosthetic rings or 3D rings, flexible prosthetic bands, and use of artificial chordae with polytetrafluoroethylene sutures for anterior and septal ticuspid leaflet pathology. Whereas the short-term outcomes of these techniques are satisfactory, the majority are limited in the mid- and long term by unacceptably high rates of residual and/or recurrent regurgitation. A better understanding of the mechanisms of functional tricuspid regurgitation will help explain the failure of current techniques and be a help to modify existing surgical techniques or develop new techniques.     

The challenge of endocardial right ventricular pacing in patients with a tricuspid annuloplasty ring and severe tricuspid regurgitation

On occasion, patients with a tricuspid annuloplasty ring may require permanent cardiac pacing. Although it is technically possible to pass a ventricular transvenous lead through a tricuspid valve with an annuloplasty ring, the procedure is complicated by considerable chamber enlargement and mechanical distortion of the tricuspid valve often with severe residual tricuspid regurgitation. Over a 25-month period, transvenous ventricular lead placement following insertion of a tricuspid annuloplasty ring was successfully performed in five patients (three women). The patient mean age was 66 years (range 55-77 years). Four cases had slow atrial fibrillation and another paroxysmal atrial fibrillation requiring His-bundle ablation. Two patients had mitral valve replacement and two aortic and mitral valve replacements. All patients had residual severe to torrential tricuspid regurgitation. Seven ventricular steroid-eluting screw-in leads were used. Single leads were used in three cases, whereas in two others, two ventricular leads were attached to a dual chamber pulse generator. Although technically difficult, ventricular lead placement was successful using standard guidewires with broad curvatures. Satisfactory acute and follow-up stimulation thresholds and sensing were obtained with the only complication being an intraoperative lead dislodgement, prompting a second ventricular lead. Successful transvenous lead placement across a tricuspid annuloplasty ring is possible.     

风湿性心脏病二尖瓣置换术后三尖瓣返流的再手术治疗

目的分析风湿性心脏病二尖瓣置换术后再发三尖瓣返流（TR）患者的临床特点、外科手术方法和疗效,总结围手术期处理经验。方法2000年1月至2011年12月,17例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣置换术后再发三尖瓣返流的患者在我院接受单纯再次三尖瓣手术,行三尖瓣成形术10例,包括单纯DeVega成形术1例、瓣叶成形＋人工瓣环成形9例;行三尖瓣置换术7例,其中置换生物瓣4例,双叶机械瓣3例,回顾性分析其临床表现、诊治经过和预后情况。结果术后早期死亡1例（5．88％,1／17）,死于术后左心功能衰竭。术后发生低心排血量综合征3例,肾功能不全2例,呼吸功能不全2例,均成功救治。随访14例,随访时间3～9年,心功能I级2例,Ⅱ级8例,Ⅲ级4例。失访2例。结论对风湿性心脏病二尖瓣置换术后三尖瓣返流患者再手术治疗效果较好,合理掌握手术指征、手术时机和良好的围手术期处理是提高手术成功率的关键。     

三维超声心动图评估发育不良型三尖辦结构的价值

目的 应用三维超声心动图探讨右心室发育不良时三尖辦装置的结构特点.方法 28例诊断为右心室发育不良的患儿,按照三尖辦反流程度分为反流组(三尖辦反流中度及以上)与非反流组(三尖辦反流轻度及以下).18例年龄匹配的正常儿童作为对照组.应用实时三维超声心动图测定右心室容积、三尖辦辦环面积、三尖辦各辦叶的面积以及辦尖至最近乳头肌顶点的距离.测值应用体表面积(USA)进行标化.结果 右心室发育不良患儿组的右心室容积显著低于正常组,三尖辦辦环面积与右心室容积显著相关(r=0.90,P<0.0001).在三尖辦反流组,三尖辦前辦面积与辦环面积的比值较非反流组以及正常组显著增加,而后辦所占比值显著缩小.右心发育不良组各辦尖至相邻乳头肌顶点的距离显著小于正常组.反流组隔辦辦尖至相邻乳头肌距离显著小于非反流组(P=0.0023).结论 三维超声心动图可以用来评估先天性心脏病三尖辦病变.右心室发育不良患儿后辦发育不良以及隔辦腱索偏短可能是三尖辦反流的原因.     

置入成形环的三尖瓣成形术中远期效果观察

目的 观察总结置入人工成形环的三尖瓣成形方法的临床中、远期效果.方法 2001年9月至2008年9月我院收治合并左心系统瓣膜病变的功能性三尖瓣关闭不全(TR)277例,行左心瓣膜手术时同期行三尖瓣成形术:其中采用单纯缝线瓣环(不上环)成形、不置入成形环的共203例,置入人工成形环的共74例;同期所行左心瓣膜手术包括二尖瓣置换(MVR)146例、二尖瓣成形(MVP)31例、MVR+主动脉瓣置换(AVR)81例,冠状动脉旁路移植(CABG)+MVR 8例、CABG+MVP 11例.观察比较术后1.5年及3.5年2组患者的临床及心脏超声随访资料.结果 所有病例都完成1.5年随访;共有245例(89.9%)完成长期随访(3.5年或以上).术后1.5年随访发现中度以下再发性TR 2组差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.3128,P=0.26),中重度者上环组明显低于非上环组(χ2=5.8159,P=0.023).远期随访发现上环组无TR比率明显高于非上环组[上环组25%(16/64),非上环组15%(27/181,χ2=4.9328,P=0.036],发展为中度以上TR的比率非上环组显著地高于上环组[非上环组34%(62/181),上环组10%(6/64),χ2=7.9120,P=0.005].组内两个时间段相比,非上环组TR进展明显增快[随访1.5年18%(36/197),3.5年34%(62/181),χ2=2.1327,P=0.016],而上环组相对稳定[随访1.5年7%(5/64),3.5年10%(6/60),χ2=0.3964,P=0.62].结论 置入成形环的三尖瓣成形术的临床中、远期效果明显好于单纯缝线成形术.对于功能性TR的处理应持更加积极的态度,而且应尽量采用人工瓣环置入的方法进行三尖瓣缩环成形.     

以立体角代替平面角彩色多普勒血流会聚法评估三尖瓣返流程度

目的　探讨彩色多普勒血流会聚法在评估三尖瓣返流程度中的应用价值。方法　应用不同的血流会聚方程对３２例三尖瓣返流患者的返流程度进行测量, 并与传统法所测指标进行比较。结果　应用立体角会聚方程计算的返流率（Ｆ２）与传统方法测得的返流束指标ＳＲ／ＳＲＡ、ＶＰ 以及二维多普勒方法计算的每搏返流量Ｑ之间的相关关系（ｒ分别为０．４８, ０．４６, ０．９８）优于应用平面角会聚方程计算的返流率（Ｆ１）, 与上述指标之间的相关关系（ｒ分别为０．４６, ０．４４, ０．９２）。而且ＳＶ１明显低估返流程度,ＳＶ２更接近于实际值。结论　应用立体角会聚方程代替平面角会聚方程能更为准确地评估三尖瓣返流程度     

Transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation of tricuspid valve regurgitation during pacemaker and implantable cardioverter defibrillator lead extraction

Chronically implanted ventricular pacing and defibrillator (ICD) leads can adhere to the tricuspid valve. This study examined the effect of lead extraction, and laser sheath extraction in particular, on tricuspid valve regurgitation. Lead extraction was first tried with traction using limited force followed by a laser sheath if not successful. Tricuspid valve regurgitation before and after extraction was evaluated with transesophageal echocardiography and graded from 0 (none) to 4 (severe). A change in regurgitation was considered clinically relevant if it increased with two grades or more and resulted in at least grade 3 regurgitation. Fifty ventricular leads were extracted in 43 consecutive patients, including 14 ICD leads. In 20 patients (group I) leads were removed without a (laser) sheath crossing the tricuspid valve, in 23 patients (group II) leads were extracted with lasing across the valve. The mean time from implant was 43 +/- 43 months and 99 +/- 78 months, respectively, (P = 0.007). Tricuspid regurgitation increased in five (12%) patients. In group I only in one patient the laser failed proximal of the valve and forceful traction was subsequently used, and in group II this occurred in four (17%) patients. This difference did not reach statistical significance even excluding the patient from group I (P = 0.111). The increase of tricuspid regurgitation cautions against indiscriminate extraction of superfluous leads. There is a trend that when tools like a laser sheath are necessary the chance of tricuspid valve damage increases.     

An overview of surgical treatment modalities and emerging transcatheter interventions in the management of tricuspid valve regurgitation

Introduction: Tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR) is frequently encountered and is most often functional (FTR) in nature. Surgical tricuspid valve (TV) treatment is well established in specialized centers. While transcatheter therapy for other valve disease is well established, interventional treatment of TV disease is still in its early stages. With the increasing adoption of catheter-based treatments, there is a growing interest in and need for interventional treatments for TR. An extensive literature search was methodologically performed aiming for an integrative review paper.

Areas covered: This review will discuss the current surgical treatment modalities and emerging transcatheter interventions in the management of TR. Furthermore, this review will describe the pathophysiology of functional tricuspid regurgitation (FTR), and the new 2017 ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of TR. Finally, a five-year view into the future will be stated.

Expert commentary: At their center, the authors have an aggressive approach for the treatment of FTR owing to its significant impact on perioperative as well as late postoperative morbidity and mortality. The authors perform TV ring annuloplasty when substantial annular dilation (≥45mm) is observed. In the future, percutaneous TV technologies might become an alternative option to treat TR patients with high surgical risk selectively.     

Tricuspid regurgitation: when is it time for surgery?

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The interest in tricuspid regurgitation (TR) surgical treatment has grown in the last years, mostly motivated by the trend for early intervention and the development of minimally invasive surgical techniques. Despite this, there is still a lack of evidence regarding when to intervene in functional tricuspid regurgitation outside the context of left-sided valve surgery and when is the best time to approach primary tricuspid regurgitation.

Areas covered: Herein, we present the state-of-the-art in tricuspid regurgitation surgical intervention, covering indications, optimum time, surgical options, and outcomes, as well as the role of transcatheter tricuspid valve intervention in the current era.

Expert opinion: Current evidence support that the indications and timing of tricuspid valve invasive management should be centered on a range of factors, including patients’ characteristics, disease stage, and anatomical considerations. Early intervention, before severe right ventricle dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension, seems to results in better postoperative outcomes. Transcatheter techniques are arising as potential alternatives for inoperable and high-risk patients.     

Right heart chamber geometry and tricuspid annulus morphology in patients undergoing mitral valve repair with and without tricuspid valve annuloplasty

According to current recommendations, patients could benefit from tricuspid valve (TV) annuloplasty at the time mitral valve (MV) surgery if tricuspid regurgitation is severe or if tricuspid annulus (TA) dilatation is present. Therefore, an accurate pre-operative echocardiographic study is mandatory for left but also for right cardiac structures. Aims of this study are to assess right atrial (RA), right ventricular (RV) and TA geometry and function in patients undergoing MV repair without or with TV annuloplasty. We studied 103 patients undergoing MV surgery without (G1: 54 cases) or with (G2: 49 cases) concomitant TV annuloplasty and 40 healthy subjects (NL) as controls. RA, RV and TA were evaluated by three-dimensional (3D) transthoracic echocardiography. Comparing the pathological to the NL group, TA parameters and 3D right chamber volumes were significantly larger. RA and RV ejection fraction and TA% reduction were lower in pathological versus NL, and in G2 versus G1. In pathological patients, TA area positively correlated to systolic pulmonary pressure and negatively with RV and RA ejection fraction. Patients undergoing MV surgery and TV annuloplasty had an increased TA dimensions and a more advanced remodeling of right heart chambers probably reflecting an advanced stage of the disease.