经胸彩色多普勒超声心动图在室间隔缺损封堵术中的应用

目的:探讨经胸彩色多普勒超声心动图在室间隔缺损(VSD)封堵术中的应用价值。方法:在经胸超声心动图和数字减影血管造影监测引导下,对18例膜周部及肌部室间隔缺损用Amplatzer VSD封堵器封堵。结果:18例VSD中17例封堵成功,其中3例术中出现主动脉瓣反流,2例残余分流,1例三尖瓣反流,经调整封堵器位置和方向后上述异常即刻消失;1例封堵后5小时封堵伞脱落,急行外科手术取出封堵伞,缝闭缺损。全部病例术中均未出现心率失常等并发症,17例成功封堵者术后随访1年均见封堵器位置正常、稳定,无并发症。结论:经胸彩色多普勒超声心动图在VSD封堵术前、术中及术后随访中有重要作用。     

介入法治疗室间隔缺损修补术后残余漏

目的评价室间隔缺损（VSD）修补术后经导管封堵治疗的临床效果。方法9（男4,女5）例患者,年龄5～40岁。其中膜部VSD术后7例,法洛四联症（TOF）术后2例。经胸超声心动图测量VSD术后残余漏直径为3～12mm。有7例为1个残余漏口,2例有2个残余漏口。结果左心室造影5例膜部瘤的左室面直径14～28mm,漏口均在膜部瘤的出口。其中3例残余漏有1个孔,其大小分别为4、6和7mm,用6、9和10mmVSD封堵器。2例有2个孔,其大小分别为3、6mm和9、7mm,两孔之间距离分别为8和10mm,均放置两个封堵器,1例为5和9mmVSD封堵器,1例为14mmVSD封堵器和12/14mm动脉导管未闭封堵器。2例膜部VSD,其漏口直径分别为3和10mm,用5和14mm封堵器。2例TOF术后并发VSD残余漏,其漏口直径分别为9和14mm,用12和18mm封堵器。术后即刻左心室造影8例无残余分流,1例两个封堵器的患者有少量残余分流。升主动脉造影全部患者无主动脉瓣返流。随访1～6月复查超声心动图,有残余分流的1例在3月消失,全部患者封堵器无移位,无主动脉瓣返流。结论经导管封堵治疗室间隔缺损修补术后残余漏是一项操作安全、疗效可靠的治疗方法。     

嵴内型室间隔缺损的介入封堵治疗效果和短期随访研究

目的:探讨经导管介入封堵治疗嵴内型室间隔缺损(IVSD)的适应症、可行性和安全性。方法:超声心动图筛查27例嵴内型室间隔缺损患者,男性11例,年龄8~29岁。女性16例,年龄10~27岁。超声测量缺损直径3~7mm,平均(4.2±2.7)mm,左心室和升主动脉造影后建立股动脉-室间隔缺损-股静脉的轨道行介入封堵治疗,5例采用Amplatzer非对称伞(AGA,美国);7例采用零边偏心封堵器(上海形状记忆合金材料有限公司生产);13例采用对称型VSD封堵器(上海形状记忆合金材料有限公司生产)。结果:25例患者介入封堵成功,无左向右残余分流、主动脉反流无增加,随访6~12个月,封堵器无移位、无心律     

超声心动图在嵴内型室间隔缺损封堵中的作用

目的:研究超声心动图在嵴内型室间隔缺损（VSD）封堵中的作用,并与X线左室造影结果比较。方法:入选病例包括嵴内型VSD患者13例。二维超声心动图及彩色多普勒血流图于胸骨旁左室长轴、大血管短轴及心尖五腔观测量缺损大小及其距主动脉右冠瓣、肺动脉瓣及三尖瓣的距离;术中行X线左室造影观测缺损口大小、距主动脉右冠瓣距离。封堵器释放后测量其腰部的直径。结果:二维超声心动图与彩色多普勒血流图除2例部分切面难以判断缺损口大小外,其余病例均显示缺损口大小及距各瓣的距离,大部分病例超声术前测量的缺损口大小与释放后封堵器的腰径相似。X线左室造影5例因造影角度不佳无法显示分流口大小,仅显示右室内存在分流;显示分流口的病例中部分明显小于释放后封堵器腰径。本组病例中1例封堵后出现少量主动脉瓣返流,1例术后出现封堵器移位,并出现残余分流。结论:超声心动图对嵴内型VSD封堵的术前选择优于X线左室造影。适合于嵴内型VSD封堵的患者缺损口不宜大于8mm,并无主动脉瓣脱垂。如缺损口过大可能出现术后主动脉瓣返流或封堵器移位。     

应用Amplatzer封堵器关闭32例膜部室间隔缺损

目的　观察Amplatzer膜部室间隔缺损封堵器关闭膜部室间隔缺损的临床疗效及安全性。方法　经超声心动图及临床表现诊断为膜部室间隔缺损患者 ,如有临床症状但没有右向左分流 ,且膜部室间隔缺损的局部解剖结构满足以下条件 :(1)膜部室间隔缺损离主动脉瓣至少 1mm ,离三尖瓣隔瓣至少 3mm ;(2 )室间隔缺损的最窄直径小于 14mm ;(3)伴膜部室间隔瘤形成时 ,瘤体未影响右心室流出道 ;(4 )外科手术关闭膜部室间隔缺损后遗留的室间隔缺损 ,且对心脏的血流动力学有影响。在局部或全身麻醉下对患者行经导管Amplatzer双面伞膜部室间隔缺损的关闭治疗 ,手术中连续经胸或经食管超声心动图和X线监测。术后随访 3个月。结果　自 2 0 0 2年 6月至 2 0 0 3年 3月共有 32例患者行经导管Amplatzer双面伞膜部室间隔缺损的关闭治疗 ,其中男 17例 ,女 15例。超声测定膜部室间隔缺损直径为 3～ 8mm(平均 5 1mm) ,左心室造影测定膜部室间隔缺损的直径为 3～ 8mm(平均 4 4mm) ,所选Amplatzer膜部室间隔缺损封堵器直径为 4～ 12mm(平均 7 6mm)。堵闭操作技术成功率为 10 0 %。超声心动图示术后即刻残余分流为 11 5 % (少量分流 3 8% ,微量 7 7% ) ,2 4h后残余分流为 7 7% (为微量 ) ,3个月后有 3 8%的微量分流。手术中出现一过性     

彩色多普勒超声心动图在室间隔缺损封堵术中的应用价值

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声心动图（CDE）在室间隔缺损（VSD）封堵术中应用价值。方法:应用CDE封堵术前选择适应证,术中监视封堵器释放过程,术后判断封堵术疗效,远期随访。结果:应用CDE选择187例VSD,186例封堵成功,1例封堵器术中脱落,成功率99.5%。术后CDE复查发现2例过室间隔少量残余左向右分流。CDE随访3个月发现1例封堵器移位。CDE选择适应证是:①右室面VSD直径≥2mm,<10mm。②VSD边缘距主动脉瓣≥1mm,轻度以下主动脉瓣关闭不全,无主动脉瓣脱垂。③VSD边缘距三尖瓣隔叶≥2mm,中度以下三尖瓣关闭不全。④并发能介入治疗的畸形,如动脉导管未闭、继发孔房间隔缺损、卵圆孔未闭和肺动脉瓣狭窄。手术中CDE监测封堵器释放过程是:①心尖四腔心切面确定封堵器导管在左心室内。②胸骨旁五腔心切面确定封堵器位于室间隔的左右心室侧的位置,封堵器中间有室间隔回声。③确定封堵器不影响主动脉瓣和三尖瓣功能。④封堵器到位后彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）没有显示或显示微量过室间隔分流束血流信号。封堵术后判断疗效:①封堵器不移位。②CDFI没有显示过室间隔分流束血流信号。③主动脉瓣和三尖瓣功能正常。结论:CDE在VSD封堵术中具有重要临床价值,术前选择适应证,术中监视封堵器释放过程,术后判断封堵术疗效,远期随访,其它检查方法不可能与CDE媲美。     

经胸超声心动图对室间隔缺损介入封堵治疗的价值

目的：探讨经胸超声心动图(TTE)在室间隔缺损(VSD)介入封堵术中的应用价值。方法：术前经胸超声心动图扫查选择适合封堵治疗的VSD患者，然后监测导管引导Amplatzer封堵器治疗VSD的全过程，在监测过程中要认真观察导管及封堵器的位置，配合封堵器的释放，观察封堵器是否已封堵好室间隔缺损处，周边有无残余分流。     

介入治疗室间隔缺损合并主动脉瓣脱垂及关闭不全的临床研究

目的本研究分析近几年来海南省人民医院心内科收治的室间隔缺损合并主动脉瓣脱垂及轻度主动脉瓣关闭不全患者的临床资料,系统比较了各项检查指标,提出介入治疗的指征,为介入治疗合并主动脉脱垂及主动脉瓣关闭不全的室间隔缺损的可行性提供参考依据。方法共22例为2006年10月至2008年4月在我院住院的VSD患者。其中男15例,女7例,年龄(6.01±3.05)岁。术前均经常规体检、ECG、TTE、心脏正侧位X线摄片等检查,确诊VSD伴主动脉瓣脱垂及主动脉瓣轻度返流。均行超声检查及左室、升主动脉造影检查,比较超声检查及左室造影检查在测量VSD大小、分流口大小、主动脉瓣脱垂程度的异同,比较在介入治疗前后主动脉瓣脱垂、主动脉返流程度的异同,比较根据超声测量与造影测量在选择封堵器大小方面的异同。观察手术成功率及并发症发生率情况。应用SPSS统计软件,计数资料以例数表示,组间比较应用χ2检验;计量资料以x±s表示,组间比较应用t检验,P<0.05为有统计学意义。结果 (1)超声测量与造影测量VSD直径、分流口大小、VSD与主动脉瓣的距离时均值无显著差异(P>0.05)。(2)超声测量与造影测量在判断主动脉瓣脱垂程度方面无显著性差异(P>0.05)。(3)超声测量与造影测量在判断主动脉瓣反流程度方面无显著性差异(P>0.05)。(4)超声测量与造影测量在选择封堵器大小方面无显著性差异(P>0.05)。(5)手术成功率为91%。(6)封堵后主动脉瓣反流程度减轻(0.01相似文献   

应用新型Amplatzer封堵器治疗膜周部室间隔缺损的初步研究

目的　探讨新型Amplatzer室间隔缺损封堵器治疗膜周部室间隔缺损 (VSD)的可行性及近期疗效。方法　 2 0 0 2年 11月至 2 0 0 3年 7月采用新型Amplatzer膜部VSD封堵器对 2 6例 (男 11例 ,女 15例 )膜周部VSD(2 0例合并膜部瘤 )患者进行封堵治疗。患者年龄 3～ 4 0 (16 4± 10 7)岁 ,胸超声提示VSD的直径为 3～ 14 (4 7± 1 0 )mm。在透视及超声监测下通过建立股动静脉轨道、经右心系统释放封堵器 ,并分别于术后 2周、1个月、3个月、6个月进行随访。结果　 2 5例患者封堵器置入成功 ,技术成功率 96 %。术后即刻超声及造影均示完全封堵 2 0例 ,少量残余分流 2例 ,微量残余分流 3例 ,均在 1天至 3个月内消失 ,总完全封堵率为 10 0 %。术后出现完全性左束支传导阻滞 1例 ,但无心肌受损表现 ,余无其他严重并发症发生。 1例嵴内型VSD由于距主动脉瓣较近 ,封堵未成功。结论　应用新型Amplatzer膜部VSD封堵器治疗膜周部VSD是安全有效的 ,近期效果良好 ,但中、远期疗效尚需更大规模的临床观察     

经食管超声心动图在微创室间隔缺损封堵治疗中的应用

目的 评价经食管超声心动图(transoesophageal echocardiography,TEE)在微创外科室间隔缺损封堵治疗中的临床价值.方法 经胸超声心动图检查粗筛27例室间隔缺损(VSD)患者,拟行微创外科非体外循环下封堵治疗.术前行TEE,根据VSD位置、类型、大小选择合适的封堵器;术中TEE引导封堵器放置,评价即刻封堵效果;术后1周内复查.结果 3例患者术前TEE剔除,20例患者封堵成功,TEE显示19例无残余分流,1例微量残余分流;4例患者转体外循环进行VSD修补,其中2例有残余分流,2例出现主动脉瓣反流;20例微创封堵成功患者术后1周内超声随访,均见封堵器位置正常,无残余分流,左心室重构改善,三尖瓣反流程度减轻,肺动脉压力下降.结论 TEE对选择适合行微创封堵的VSD患者、选择封堵器大小、协助封堵器的释放、评价疗效均有重要作用.微创VSD封堵安全、有效.     

Device closure of iatrogenic membranous ventricular septal defects after prosthetic aortic valve replacement using the Amplatzer membranous ventricular septal defect occluder.

Iatrogenic hemodynamically significant ventricular septal defects (VSDs) after aortic valve replacement are rare. The surgical risk to close such VSDs is substantial. Catheter closure has rarely been attempted because access to the left ventricle during cardiac catheterization in patients with a prosthetic aortic valve has been associated with a risk of catheter entrapment. We describe two cases of this rare entity after St. Jude and Medtronic valve replacement in which successful percutaneous closure of the iatrogenic VSDs was achieved using the Amplatzer membranous VSD occluder. Crossing the prosthetic valves with a delivery sheath and closure with the membranous VSD device was accomplished in both cases.     

Percutaneous closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects with the Amplatzer device: technical and morphological considerations.

Percutaneous closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects (VSDs) has been feasible, safe, and effective with the new Amplatzer membranous septal occluder. We report further experience with this device with emphasis on morphological aspects of the VSDs and technical issues. Ten patients (median age and weight, 14 years and 34.5 kg, respectively) with volume-overloaded left ventricles underwent closure under general anesthesia and transesophageal guidance (TEE). The VSD diameter was 7.1 +/- 4.0 mm by angiography and 7.8 +/- 3.7 mm by TEE. Three patients had defects associated with aneurysm-like formations (two with multiple exit holes), four had defects shrouded by extensive tricuspid valve tissue, two had defects with little or no tricuspid valve involvement, and one had a right aortic cusp prolapse with trivial aortic regurgitation. Implantation was successful in all patients, although in two the initial device had to be changed for a larger one. Kinkings in the delivery sheath, inability to position the sheath near the left ventricular apex, and device prolapse through the VSD prompted modifications in the standard technique of implantation. Device orientation was excellent except in one case. Nine patients had complete occlusion within 1-3 months. Device-related aortic or tricuspid insufficiency, arrhythmias, and embolization were not observed. Two patients had slight gradients across the left ventricular outflow tract, normalizing after 3 months. The Amplatzer membranous septal occluder was suitable to close a wide range of perimembranous VSD sizes and morphologies with good short-term outcomes. Longer follow-up is required.     

心血管介入治疗室间隔膜部缺损的临床分析

目的探讨经导管介入治疗室间隔膜部缺损(VSD)的可行性、方法及疗效。方法 30例室间隔膜部缺损患者,男18例,女12例,年龄在10~57(27.2±11.5)岁。术前心脏超声检查确诊为膜周部缺损VSD,缺损直径2~8(4.6±1.6)mm,缺损上缘距主动脉瓣2~5(2.7±0.8)mm。30例患者均于术中先行左心室造影,5例合并存在膜部膨胀瘤,且其中1例同时合并两处室间隔缺损,29例患者确定适合行膜部VSD封堵术。结果 28例均应用Amplatzer封堵器介入治疗成功,1例存在两处室间隔缺损合并膜部膨胀瘤者,建议外科手术治疗;1例合并膜部膨胀瘤患者封堵后存在明显分流封堵未成功。成功病例随访9~48个月,经胸超声心动图检查提示封堵器位置稳定,无残余分流,无相关并发症发生。结论在严格选择适应证和有熟练操作技巧的条件下,心血管介入治疗膜部VSD是一项操作安全、疗效可靠的治疗方法,具有创伤小,恢复快等优点。     

应用Amplatzer封堵器治疗室间隔缺损及对心脏传导系统的影响

目的　探讨新型Amplatzer室间隔缺损封堵器治疗膜周部及肌部室间隔缺损 (VSD)的疗效和对心脏传导系统的影响。方法　 2 0 0 3- 0 7～ 2 0 0 4 - 0 4采用新型Amplatzer膜部及肌部VSD封堵器对 12例膜周部VSD和 2例肌部VSD患者进行封堵治疗。对心脏多普勒超声检查符合导管封堵条件病人术前常规进行心导管检查 ,测定血流动力学各项参数。在X线透视、食管或经胸超声的监测下建立股动静脉轨道 ,经右心系统释放封堵器。对 12例膜周部VSD病人在手术前、后进行心内电生理检查 ,测定房室传导时间 (AV间期 )和房室结不应期 ,观察封堵手术对心脏传导系统的影响。病人分别于术后 2周、1个月、3个月、6个月进行随访。结果　 14例患者 (男 8例 ,女 6例 )封堵器置入全部成功。术后即刻超声及造影均示完全封堵 12例 ,微量残余分流 2例 ,均在 1d内消失 ,总完全封堵率为 10 0 %。 12例膜周部VSD病人封堵后即刻AV间期有不同程度的延长 ,其中 3例术后AV间期 >2 0 0ms,1周后心电图检查 2例PR间期恢复正常。封堵前后房室结不应期无明显变化。未出现Ⅱ度以上房室传导阻滞和束支传导阻滞 ,无心肌受损表现 ,无其它严重并发症发生。结论　应用新型Amplatzer膜部和肌部VSD封堵器治疗膜周部和肌部VSD是安全有效的 ,近期效果良好 ,是导     

多孔膜部瘤室缺单封堵器封堵的临床观察

目的探讨国产单封堵器对多孔膜部瘤室缺的封堵效果,并进行术后随访,评价其安全性。方法52例多孔膜部瘤室缺患者,经超声心动图（TTE）确诊,治疗均选用国产对称封堵器进行封堵。首先左室左前斜45°-60°,头位20°造影,根据造影室缺大小、形态选择大小合适的封堵器,建立股动静脉轨道。封堵后即刻左室造影,观察有无残余分流。封堵后随访24h,1、3、6个月,1年。随访指标包括心电图、TTE、放射线胸片。结果52例患者51例封堵成功,1例封堵成功后发生腱索断裂。1例因2次封堵器置入导致室缺明显增大,2例转入外科手术（包括腱索断裂1例）,1例封堵器置入膜部瘤内。术后即刻造影,26例有少至微量残余分流,其中20例术后24h分流消失,其余4例于1、3．6个月和1年随访中发现分流消失,2例有少量分流;TTE显示封堵器位置良好。所有患者对主动脉瓣、房室瓣无影响,无栓塞、感染性心内膜炎、溶血等发生。术后8例心电图发生不完全性右束支阻滞,随访中5例持续不完全性右束支阻滞,2例完全性右束支传导阻滞,1例持续完全性右束支传导阻滞。术后3-5d内出现交界性逸搏心律3例,经使用肾上腺皮质激素治疗后恢复窦性心律。1例患者在术后第9天发生完全性房室传导阻滞,置入临时起搏器,经肾上腺皮质激素及维生素C治疗,术后第12天恢复窦性心律,仍为左前分支传导阻滞伴完全性右束支传导阻滞。结论不论多孔膜部瘤室间隔缺损距主动脉瓣有无距离均可选择封堵治疗,Qp／Qs〉1．5,最大孔〈10mm患者均为封堵治疗的适应证。经过2个月至3年的随访,疗效确切、安全。     

经胸超声心动图和χ线透视下行膜部室间隔缺损封堵术

目的:探讨Am p latzer封堵器和国产封堵器的临床疗效以及经胸超声心动图和χ线透视下行膜部室间隔缺损(V SD)封堵术的安全性和有效性。方法:在经胸超声心动图和χ线指导下,对15例膜部(膜周)室缺患者行室缺封堵术,术后1 d,1月,3月,6月随访心电图和超声心动图检查。结果:左室造影测量室缺的大小为3~11 mm,经胸超声心动图测量V SD大小为3~10 mm,封堵器的大小为6~14 mm。15例患儿手术成功,其中8例选择Am p latzer封堵器,7例选择国产封堵器,二者在手术时间,手术即刻和随访的成功率无显著性差异(P>0.05),二组均无严重并发症发生。患儿住院时间为5~7 d,术后复查超声心动图未见主动脉瓣,三尖瓣的关闭不全,无残余分流,心电图无房室传导阻滞。结论:(1)Am p latzer封堵器和国产封堵器性能相同;(2)膜部室间隔缺损封堵术安全,有效。     

Percutaneous closure of congenital and acquired ventricular septal defects--considerations on selection of the occlusion device

Nonsurgical closure of congenital and acquired ventricular septal defects (VSD) has become increasingly acceptable with the availability of various occlusion systems that allow percutaneous treatment of muscular and membranous defects. This study describes a series of 12 patients (0.2-74-years-old) who underwent defect closure with six different occlusion systems. Device selection according to anatomy and outcome is highlighted. Seven VSDs were located in the membranous part of the septum, five in the mid-muscular septum. Complex heart lesions were present in five postmyocardial infarction VSD in one and residual postsurgical defects in three patients. The size of the VSD ranged from 2.6 to 10 mm. The applied devices were: Amplatzer muscular VSD occluder (n=4), Amplatzer septal occluder (n=2), Amplatzer duct occluder (n=1), Amplatzer membranous VSD occluder (n=2), Nit-Occlud coil (n=2), and Cook PDA coil (n=1). The devices were implanted successfully in nine patients. There was complete VSD closure in eight patients within the first 24 hours. In one patient, a trivial residual shunt disappeared at 6 months follow-up. Because of device instability, two occluders were removed during catheterization. In two other cases, tricuspid valve tissue was entrapped in the occluder and had to be removed surgically, one of them during the consecutive Rastelli operation. Neither significant arrhythmia, nor thromboembolism or hemolysis occurred in out patients during follow-up. Transcatheter closure of VSD is an attractive alternative to surgery. In complex congenital heart disease, surgical-interventional hybrid therapy may improve morbidity and total outcome. The recently developed Amplatzer VSD devices allow closure of muscular and membranous VSDs. Implantation and short-term follow-up are superior to the formerly used devices. Long-term effects have to be evaluated in further studies.     

Transcatheter closure of congenital muscular ventricular septal defect

The success with occlusion devices for the closure of atrial septal defects and patent ductus arteriosus prompted the transcatheter closure of single and multiple muscular ventricular septal defects (VSD). The procedure for VSD was first attempted by Lock et al. in 1988 and devices originally designed for the closure of other intracardiac defects (Rashkind umbrella device, Lock clamshell, Cardioseal, coils, Sideris buttoned device etc.) were used with a variable success rate and a residual shunt. Recently, specially designed Amplatzer muscular VSD occluder and Sideris device are in use. The Amplatzer muscular VSD occluder has been undergoing clinical trial since 1998 after the animal experiments had shown 100% occlusion and complete endothelization at 3 months. The procedure was first attempted in August 1995 using the Rashkind umbrella device and since April 1998 only the Amplatzer muscular VSD occluder has been used. Of the149 patients who underwent transcatheter closure of VSD, 50 had muscular trabecular defects in various locations: mid-muscular, anterior, posterior, or apical. All cases were selected by detailed transthoracic and/or transesophageal echocardiography (TTE) and aneurysm of the muscular septum was observed in three of them. The age range was 3-28 years and the diameter of VSD was 4-11 mm. In all but one patient, the device was deployed from the venous side. Simultaneous TTE was done for proper positioning of the device and continuous electrocardiographic monitoring was also done for any arrhythmia/conduction defects. All patients were followed up every 3 months and received 3-5 mg/kg aspirin for 6 months. The procedure was successful in all patients. The Rashkind umbrella device (17 mm) was used in two and Amplatzer muscular VSD occluder (6-14 mm) in 48 patients. Forty-four devices were delivered by antegrade transvenous approach and six by the transjugular route. None had residual shunt, new aortic regurgitation, or tricuspid regurgitation. Transient complete heart block after 24 hours was noticed in one patient. On a follow-up of 2-90 months, the device was in position in all patients. There was no embolization of the device, and no late-conduction defects, infective endocarditis, or hemolysis. Transcatheter closure of muscular VSD is safe and efficacious, and should be considered as a procedure of choice as an alternative to surgery that avoids cardiopulmonary bypass.     

Percutaneous device closure of congenital and iatrogenic ventricular septal defects in adult patients

Objectives : We report our 10‐year experience with percutaneous closure of adult congenital and acquired (non‐post‐infarct) ventricular septal defects (VSDs) using different types of Amplatzer occluder devices. Background : Adult congenital and acquired VSDs may produce significant morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, such VSDs pose a significant surgical challenge. Methods : Between February 2000 and August 2009, data were retrospectively reviewed from 28 patients who underwent 29 procedures for percutaneous device closure of hemodynamically significant VSDs. Seventeen had unrepaired congenital VSDs, 10 had post‐operative VSDs (5 with residual patch‐margin defects, 4 post‐aortic valve replacement, 1 post‐myomectomy), and one had an acquired traumatic VSD. Indications for closure included : symptoms related to significant shunt (dyspnea on exertion); unexplained deterioration of LV function, and/or LV dilation; recurrent endocarditis, and pulmonary hypertension. Outcome parameters were procedural success, procedure‐related complications, evidence of residual shunt by echocardiography, and improvement in the signs/symptoms for which the procedure was performed. The mean follow‐up interval was 68 months. Results : Of the 28 patients studied, a single VSD was present in 26 patients, while one patient had two defects, and one patient had one defect on the LV side with three openings at the RV side. The median size of the defects by echocardiography was 6 mm. A device was successfully implanted in 28 of 29 (97%) procedures and 28 of 28 (100%) patients. Procedure‐related complications occurred in two cases : one involving an access site hematoma not requiring transfusion as well as nonsustained ventricular tachycardia that resolved spontaneously and the other involving acute mitral regurgitation due to inadvertent trapping of the anterior mitral valve leaflet between the left ventricular disk and the septum that was resolved by recapturing of the disk. There was immediate complete closure in 20 patients (71%). In six cases there was trivial residual shunt and in two patients the residual shunt was mild. At the latest follow‐up, four of the eight with a residual shunt had no shunt and in the remaining four the residual shunt was trivial. Among symptomatic patients 18 (64%), there was marked improvement in symptoms and for those patients 17 (61%) for whom the procedure was performed to address left ventricular enlargement, there was reduction or stabilization in LV size on serial echoes. Conclusions : Percutaneous closure of VSDs in the adult patient appears to be safe and effective. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Transcatheter closure of the perimembranous ventricular septal defect-preclinical trial of a new Amplatzer device

Objectives : This study assessed the feasibility and efficacy of implanting a new nitinol device for closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects in a swine model. Background : Perimembranous ventricular septal defect occurs in 80% of patients requiring treatment for congenital heart disease. Methods : The Amplatzer perimembranous ventricular septal occluder device (pmVSO2 device, AGA Medical Company, Plymouth MN) is a new transcatheter Nitinol device containing polyester fabric designed to close the perimembranous ventricular septal defect (VSD). The device has 75% reduction in radial force, 45% reduction in clamping force, and increased stability as compared to the previous version. The device was implanted in six swine with naturally occurring perimembranous VSD with immediate, 1, 7, ～30, and ～90 day followup by echocardiography, angiography, and final pathological examination. Results : The device was successfully implanted in all animals and was retrievable and repositionable. There was complete occlusion of the VSD in five of six cases without embolization. There was no thrombus formation on the device or occurrence of complete heart block. A single instance of a tiny residual shunt was attributed to capture of tricuspid valve apparatus. Conclusions : The success of this animal study confirms safety and feasibility of the Amplatzer pmVSO2 device. Human trials are planned. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.