Inhibition of hepatic neoglucogenesis and glucose-6-phosphatase by quercetin 3-O-alpha(2''-galloyl)rhamnoside isolated from Bauhinia megalandra leaves

In intact microsomes, quercetin 3-O-alpha-(2'-galloyl)rhamnoside (QGR) inhibits glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) in a concentration-dependent manner. QGR increased the G-6-Pase K(m) for glucose-6-phosphate without change in the V(max). The flavonol did not change the kinetic parameters of disrupted microsomal G-6-Pase or intact or disrupted microsomal G-6-Pase pyrophosphatase (PPase) activity. This result allowed the conclusion that QGR competitively inhibits the glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) transporter (T1) without affecting the catalytic subunit or the phosphate/pyrophosphate transporter (T2) of the G-6-Pase system.QGR strongly inhibits the neoglucogenic capacity of rat liver slices incubated in a Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, supplemented with lactate and oleate saturated albumin.The QGR G-6-Pase inhibition might explain the decrease in the liver slice neoglucogenic capacity and, in turn, could reduce glucose levels in diabetic patients.     

Evaluation of flavonoids from Bauhinia megalandra leaves as inhibitors of glucose-6-phosphatase system

From the methanol extract of Bauhinia megalandra fresh leaves, eight flavonoids were isolated and evaluated by rat liver microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) bioassay, which might be a useful methodology for screening antihyperglycaemic substances. All the flavonoids assayed showed an inhibitory effect on the intact microsomal G-6-Pase: quercetin and kaempferol exhibited the lowest effect; astilbin, quercetin 3-O-alpha-rhamnoside, kaempferol 3-O-alpha-rhamnoside and quercetin 3-O-alpha-arabinoside an intermediate effect. The highest inhibitory activity was shown by quercetin 3-O-alpha-(2'-galloyl)rhamnoside and kaempferol 3-O-alpha-(2'galloyl)rhamnoside. None of the flavonoids mentioned above showed an inhibitory effect on the disrupted microsomal G-6-Pase. Quercetin 3-O-alpha-(2'-galloyl)rhamnoside and kaempferol 3-O-alpha-(2'-galloyl)rhamnoside exhibited the lowest IC50 of all the flavonoids assayed. Also, the phlorizin IC50 is reported.     

Effect of Syzigium cumini extracts on hepatic hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase in experimental diabetes

Syzigium cumini commonly known as Jamun, is widely used in Indian folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes. Oral administration of 2.5 g/kg body weight of the aqueous extract of Jamun seed for 1 month resulted in an increase in the activity of hexokinase and a decrease in the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver of alloxan dosed diabetic animals. The results also show that there was a decrease in the leakage of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in the serum of these animals. The effect exerted by Jamun seed was more prominent than that of glibenclamide. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

In vivo antiulcer activity of the aqueous extract of Bauhinia purpurea leaf

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Bauhinia purpurea (Fabaceae) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat various ailments, including ulcers. In order to establish pharmacological properties of the leaf of Bauhinia purpurea, studies were performed on antiulcer activity of the plant's aqueous extract.

Materials and methods

The Bauhinia purpurea aqueous extract (BPAE) was prepared in the doses of 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg. Antiulcer activity of BPAE was evaluated by absolute ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer, and pyloric ligation models. Acute toxicity was also carried out.

Results

BPAE, at the dose of 5000 mg/kg, did not cause any signs of toxicity to rats when given orally. Oral administration of BPAE exhibited antiulcer activity (p < 0.05) in all models used. However, the dose-dependent activity was observed only in the absolute ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. Histological studies supported the observed antiulcer activity of BPAE. In pyloric ligation assay, BPAE increased the gastric wall mucus secretion.

Conclusions

The BPAE exhibits antiulcer activity, which could be due to the presence of saponins or sugar-free polyphenols, and, thus, confirmed the traditional uses of Bauhinia purpurea in the treatment of ulcers.     

Effect of Bauhinia forficata aqueous extract on the maternal-fetal outcome and oxidative stress biomarkers of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Bauhinia forficata Link, commonly known as "paw-of-cow", is widely used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes. AIM OF THIS STUDY: To evaluate the effect of Bauhinia forficata treatment on maternal-fetal outcome and antioxidant systems of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Virgin female Wistar rats were injected with 40 mg/kg streptozotocin before mating. Oral administration of an aqueous extract of Bauhinia forficata leaves was given to non-diabetic and diabetic pregnant rats at increasing doses: 500 mg/kg from 0 to 4th day of pregnancy, 600 mg/kg from 5th to 14th day and 1000 mg/kg from 15th to 20th day. At day 21 of pregnancy the rats were anaesthetized with ether and a maternal blood sample was collected for the determination superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH). The gravid uterus was weighed with its contents and fetuses were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The data showed that the diabetic dams presented an increased glycemic level, resorption, placental weight, placental index, and fetal anomalies, and reduced GSH and SOD determinations, live fetuses, maternal weight gain, gravid uterine weight, and fetal weight. It was also verified that Bauhinia forficata treatment had no hypoglycemic effect, did not improve maternal outcomes in diabetic rats, but it contributed to maintain GSH concentration similarly to non-diabetic groups, suggesting relation with the decreased incidence of visceral anomalies.     

湿热瘀阻证类风湿关节炎患者血清GPI水平的研究

目的探讨湿热瘀阻证类风湿关节炎(RA)患者血清葡萄糖6-磷酸异构酶(GPI)水平与其他证候RA患者及正常人之间的差异,分析湿热瘀阻证与RA的相关性。方法选择RA患者66例,其中湿热瘀阻组27例,痰瘀互结组39例;其他风湿病组26例;另选择健康体检者50例作为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测各组血清GPI的浓度。结果 GPI浓度湿热瘀阻组为(4.78±4.07)mg/L,痰瘀互结组为(2.07±6.26)mg/L,其他风湿病组为(0.075±0.037)mg/L,对照组为(0.059±0.038)mg/L。RA患者血清GPI浓度显著高于其他组(P均<0.05),湿热瘀阻组和痰瘀互结组比较亦有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论 GPI与RA活动性有关,湿热瘀阻证是RA活动期的证候之一。     

腊梅葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PDH1)基因的克隆及表达分析

葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶是磷酸戊糖途径中的关键限速酶。研究根据已经报道的G6PDH基因的保守序列引物扩增腊梅花中G6PDH基因的核心序列,利用RACE技术从腊梅中首次克隆得到一个G6PDH基因cDNA全长,命名为G6PDH1,并对G6PDH1蛋白质进行细胞定位预测、跨膜结构分析、三维结构模拟及聚类分析,预测G6PDH1的生物学信息;利用实时荧光定量PCR检测G6PDH1在腊梅不同组织中和冷处理条件下的表达差异分析。该研究中克隆获得的G6PDH1基因的全长为2011 bp,开放阅读框1551 bp,编码516个氨基酸。组织表达分析的结果显示,G6PDH1基因主要在花和根中表达,在叶和茎中表达量较低。通过冷处理,该基因在12 h时达到最高表达水平。研究通过对腊梅花中G6PDH1基因全长cDNA克隆和表达特异性分析,为以后深入研究腊梅的抗寒机制奠定了基础。     

Mechanisms of blood glucose-lowering effect of aqueous extract from stems of Kothala himbutu (Salacia reticulata) in the mouse

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Kothala himbutu (Salacia reticulata) is a medicinal plant that has been used in Ayurvedic system of Indian and Sri Lankan traditional medicine to treat diabetes.

Aim of the study

This study aimed to clarify the mechanism(s) by which aqueous extracts of Kothala himbutu (KTE) stems decreases fasting blood glucose levels.

Materials and methods

Gene expression profiles were assessed by DNA microarray and RT-PCR analyses of RNA from the liver of KK-Ay diabetic mice administered KTE or control distilled water for 4 weeks, and from cultured liver cells treated with freeze-dried KTE (KTED) or selected phenolic compounds.

Results

DNA microarray and RT-PCR analyses revealed that gluconeogenic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP) was decreased compared with the control in KTE-treated KK-Ay mice. RT-PCR analysis using cultured liver cells treated with KTED and/or actinomycin D or cycloheximide, revealed that KTED directly decreased FBP mRNA levels via destabilization of the mRNA. One compound in KTE, mangiferin, was demonstrated to dose-dependently down-regulate FBP mRNA.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the mangiferin in KTE acts directly on liver cells and down-regulates the gluconeogenic pathway through regulation of FBP expression, thereby decreasing fasting blood glucose levels in mice. Our results demonstrate that gluconeogenic gene regulation is one possible mechanism by which KT exerts its effects in traditional diabetic medicine.     

橄榄苦苷对糖尿病小鼠肝脏糖代谢的作用及机制

目的:通过观察橄榄苦苷(OL)对糖尿病小鼠肝脏糖代谢的作用并探讨其机制。方法:自发性糖尿病小鼠db/db小鼠40只,随机分为模型组,二甲双胍组(0.13 g·kg~(-1)),橄榄苦苷高、低剂量组(0.05,0.025 g·kg~(-1)),每组10只,另设同周龄C57BL/6J小鼠10只为正常组。治疗6周后,观察各组小鼠的空腹血糖(FBG),胰岛素(Fins)水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),口服葡萄糖耐量实验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)以及体质量,血肌酐(SCr),尿素氮(BUN),天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST),肝糖原含量;采用实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)检测葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(glucose-6-phosphatase,G-6-P),磷酸化-烯醇式丙酮酸(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase,p-EPCK)mRNA表达;蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测叉头转录因子1(forehead box-containing protein of the O subfamily 1,Fox O1),蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt)蛋白表达。结果:与模型组比较,OL组体质量,FBG,Fins,HOMA-IR显著降低(P0.01);肝糖原含量明显升高(P0.05,P0.01);OGTT实验120 min血糖显著降低(P0.01);小鼠肝脏p-EPCK,G-6-P mRNA表达显著降低(P0.01),Akt,Fox O1磷酸化水平明显升高(P0.05,P0.01)。结论:OL具有抑制糖异生发挥降糖、改善胰岛素抵抗作用,机制可能与其升高Akt-Fox O1磷酸化,减少p-EPCK,G-6-P转录有关。     

Yanangdaengin, a dihydrochalcone glucoside galloyl ester as active antioxidative agent from leaves of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (syn. Bauhinia strychnifolia)

Objective: To isolate and identify the major bioactive components from the leaves of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium, an indigenous herb used in traditional Thai medicine for detoxification, longevity, and some other health related issues. Methods: Comparative HPLC analyses of the crude extracts from three provenances were carried out for an overview of characteristic compound profiles. Isolation of the major compounds was undertaken with chromatographic methods. Chemical structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopic techniques and mass spectrometry. DPPH scavenging assay was carried out to determine the free radical scavenging activity of isolated compounds. Results: Yanangdaengin (3), a dihydrochalcone glucoside galloyl ester, has been isolated together with its corresponding dihydrochalcone glucoside trilobatin (2) as major compounds from the leaves of L. strychnifolium. Additionally, gallic acid (1) was co-chromatographically identified. Free radical scavenging activity of isolated compounds were determined. Compound 3 exhibited higher free radical scavenging activities in comparison to Trolox and quercetin. Conclusion: The isolated compounds could be used as chemical markers for quality assessment. The present work could promote the quality control and herbal medicinal product development of this plant.     

Inhibition of nitric oxide release by an aqueous extract of Tinospora tuberculata

An aqueous extract of Tinospora tuberculata stems was found to scavenge nitric oxide (NO) in vitro in both cell and cell-free systems. When the aqueous extract was added to lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophages, it inhibited NO release dose-dependently, and similar activity was found in a cell-free system using sodium nitroprusside as a NO donor. These findings may help to explain, in part, certain pharmacological activities of Tinospora tuberculata.     

绞股蓝叶水提物对糖尿病大鼠降血糖作用研究

目的探讨绞股蓝Gynostemmapentaphyllum叶水提物对链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病大鼠的降血糖作用及其机制。方法采用ip STZ的方法制备糖尿病大鼠模型,将21只造模成功的SD雄性大鼠随机分为模型组和绞股蓝叶水提物低、高剂量(100、500 mg/kg)组,另取7只正常大鼠作为对照组,分别于给药2周末和3周末禁食取血,检测血浆葡萄糖(空腹血糖)、三酰甘油(TG)的浓度,实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)检测骨骼肌肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)m RNA的表达,Western blotting检测骨骼肌GLUT-4总蛋白表达,免疫荧光染色观察GLUT-4蛋白在骨骼肌肌膜上的表达分布情况。结果与对照组比较,模型组大鼠的饮食、饮水量明显增加,而体质量以及骨骼肌的质量明显下降;血浆TG和空腹血糖以及骨骼肌中TNF-αmRNA的表达明显升高,而骨骼肌GLUT-4 mRNA、GLUT-4总蛋白及骨骼肌肌膜上GLUT-4蛋白的表达明显降低;与模型组比较,高剂量的绞股蓝叶水提物明显降低了STZ诱导的糖尿病大鼠的空腹血糖,逆转了骨骼肌TNF-αmRNA和肌膜GLUT-4蛋白的表达。结论绞股蓝叶水提物能够降低STZ诱导的糖尿病大鼠的血糖,其作用机制可能与增加骨骼肌肌膜GLUT-4蛋白表达和抑制骨骼肌炎症有关。     

Inhibition of hepatitis B virus by an aqueous extract of Agrimonia eupatoria L

Inhibition of HBsAg release against hepatitis B virus (HBV) was investigated in an aqueous extract prepared from the aerial parts (stems and leaves) of Agrimonia eupatoria. The inhibitory effect on HBsAg secretion was footed using aqueous extracts of Agrimonia eupatoria at four different temperatures (37 degrees C 45 degrees C, 55 degrees C and 60 degrees C), and the extract prepared at 60 degrees C was found to have the greatest effect. The inhibitory activity of Agrimonia eupatoria extracts on HBsAg secretion varied over the growing season and was the highest at mid-July. This inhibitory activity was also shown with the aqueous extracts of two other species of the genus Agrimonia: A. pilosa and A. coreana pilosella. These results suggest that some plants of the genus Agrimonia contain potential antiviral activity against HBV.     

Chemical composition and biological potential of plants from the genus Bauhinia

Plants of the genus Bauhinia (Fabaceae, Leguminosae), commonly known as cow's‐paw or cow's hoof, are widely distributed in most tropical countries and have been used frequently in folk medicine to treat different kinds of pathologies, particularly diabetes, infections, as well as pain and inflammation. In recent years, interest in these plants has increased considerably throughout the world. The biological properties of different phytopreparations and pure metabolites have been investigated in numerous experimental in vivo and in vitro models. Although some contradicting evidence has been documented, in general, the results support the reported therapeutic properties, indicating that they are mainly due to the presence of flavonoids. This review summarizes the recent chemical and biological knowledge of plants of the genus Bauhinia. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

苦瓜提取物调节ZDF糖尿病大鼠糖异生的作用机制

目的 观察苦瓜提取物对糖尿病大鼠糖异生信号通路的影响。方法 5~6周龄雄性Zucker Diabetic Fatty（ZDF）大鼠随机分为模型组、苦瓜组（苦瓜提取物0.40 g·kg^-1灌胃）,另7只健康雄性ZDF（fa/+）大鼠为正常组,每日1次灌胃,连续6周。实验过程中,观察大鼠一般情况,记录体质量,第1、3、5周检测空腹血糖、随机血糖;第6周行口服葡萄糖耐量实验（OGTT）、检测大鼠血清甘油三酯（TG）、游离脂肪酸（FFA）、总胆固醇（TC）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）;肝苏木素-伊红（HE）染色检测肝形态结构;肝糖原染色（PAS）检测肝糖原存储;采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（Real-time PCR）检测肝脏磷酸稀醇式丙酮酸羧激酶（PEPCK）、葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶（G6Pase）mRNA表达;蛋白免疫印迹法（Western blot）检测肝脏叉头转录因子1（FoxO1）磷酸化水平及磷酸稀醇式丙酮酸羧激酶（PEPCK）、G6Pase蛋白表达。结果 与模型组比较,苦瓜组大鼠体质量、空腹血糖、随机血糖、糖耐量明显改善（P<0.05,P<0.01）;血清FFA、TC、TG明显降低（P<0.05,P<0.01）;ALT、AST各组间差异无统计学意义;HE显示肝细胞排列较整齐,脂肪样变性减轻;PAS显示肝糖原储存增加;肝p-FoxO1蛋白表达显著升高（P<0.01）,FoxO1蛋白表达无显著差异,PEPCK、G6Pase mRNA及蛋白表达明显降低（P<0.05）。结论 苦瓜提取物具有降糖、降脂、改善糖耐量及肝糖原储备作用,与其通过上调FoxO1磷酸化来抑制PEPCK、G6Pase表达,调控糖异生相关。     

Antiinflammatory activities of flavonoids and a triterpene caffeate isolated from Bauhinia variegata

In the continuing search for novel antiinflammatory agents, six flavonoids, namely kaempferol (1), ombuin (2), kaempferol 7,4'-dimethyl ether 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (4), isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5) and hesperidin (6), together with one triterpene caffeate, 3beta-trans-(3,4-dihydroxycinnamoyloxy)olean-12-en-28-oic acid (7) were isolated from the non-woody aerial parts of Bauhinia variegata. Compounds 1-7 were evaluated as inhibitors of some macrophage functions involved in the inflammatory process. These seven compounds significantly and dose dependently inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN)-gamma induced nitric oxide (NO), and cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-12]. The concentration causing a 50% inhibition (IC50) of NO, TNF-alpha and IL-12 production by compounds 1, 2 and 7 was approximately 30, 50 and 10 microM, respectively, while at 50, 200 and 40 microM compounds 3, 4, and 5, 6 showed 15-30% inhibition, respectively. On the other hand, compounds 3 and 7 showed no inhibitory effect, while compounds 1, 4-6 reduced by around 10-30% the synthesis of NO by macrophages, when inducible NO synthase was already expressed with LPS/IFN-gamma for 24 h. These experimental findings lend pharmacological support to the suggested folkloric uses of the plant B. variegata in the management of inflammatory conditions.     

Antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of aqueous extract of Cassia auriculata L. leaves in experimental diabetes

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Cassia auriculata L. (Caesalpiniaceae) is widely used from ancient period to treat diabetes mellitus. The leaves of Cassia auriculata are having potential in the development of drug for diabetes due to its antihyperglycemic and lipid-lowering activity.

Aim of the study

The present study was to evaluate antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of aqueous extract of Cassia auriculata leaves (CLEt) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mild diabetic (MD) and severe diabetic (SD) rats.

Materials and methods

Male Albino rats were rendered diabetic by STZ (45 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). CLEt was orally administered to MD and SD rats at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg doses for 1 day to determine antihyperglycemic activity. The 400 mg/kg dose was administered daily for 3 weeks to assess glycemic control and hypolipidemic effect.

Results

CLEt showed dose dependant fall in fasting blood glucose (FBG). After 5 h of extract administration at 400 mg/kg dose, FBG was reduced by 13.9% and 17.4% in MD and SD rats respectively. After 3 weeks treatment, CLEt produced significant reduction in FBG and glycosylated haemoglobin (GHb) in both MD and SD rats. Serum lipid levels were reversed towards normal in extract fed MD and SD rats.

Conclusions

The results demonstrate that CLEt possesses potent antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activity in both MD and SD rats.     

Anti-snake venom properties of Schizolobium parahyba (Caesalpinoideae) aqueous leaves extract

Many medicinal plants have been recommended for the treatment of snakebites. The aqueous extracts prepared from the leaves of Schizolobium parahyba (a plant found in Mata Atlantica in Southeastern Brazil) were assayed for their ability to inhibit some enzymatic and biological activities induced by Bothrops pauloensis and Crotalus durissus terrificus venoms as well as by their isolated toxins neuwiedase (metalloproteinase), BnSP-7 (basic Lys49 PLA(2)) and CB (PLA(2) from crotoxin complex). Phospholipase A(2), coagulant, fibrinogenolytic, hemorrhagic and myotoxic activities induced by B. pauloensis and C. d. terrificus venoms, as well as by their isolated toxins were significantly inhibited when different amounts of S. parahyba were incubated previously with these venoms and toxins before assays. However, when S. parahyba was administered at the same route as the venoms or toxins injections, the tissue local damage, such as hemorrhage and myotoxicity was only partially inhibited. The study also evaluated the inhibitory effect of S. parahyba upon the spreading of venom proteins from the injected area into the systemic circulation. The neutralization of systemic alterations induced by i.m. injection of B. pauloensis venom was evaluated by measuring platelet and plasma fibrinogen levels which were significantly maintained when S. parahyba extract inoculation occurred at the same route after B. pauloensis venom injection. In conclusion, the observations confirmed that the aqueous extract of S. parahyba possesses potent snake venom neutralizing properties. It may be used as an alternative treatment to serum therapy and as a rich source of potential inhibitors of toxins involved in several physiopathological human and animal diseases.     

In vitro Inhibition of HHV-6 replication by sophocarpines

The virostatic activity of sophocarpines and gancyclovir (GCV) was tested using HHV-6 Z29 strain and Molt-3 cells. The cytotoxic (IC(50)) and the antiviral (ED(50)) values were first experimentally determined and selective indices (SI) were then calculated. The SI values for sophocarpines 1 and 2 and GCV were in the order 184, 183, and 23, respectively. Though preliminary, these findings indicate that sophocarpines have the potential to inhibit HHV-6 replication.     

Inhibition of urinary bladder carcinogenesis by aqueous extract of sclerotia of Polyporus umbellatus fries and polyporus polysaccharide

The study aimed to evaluate inhibition effect of sclerotia of Polyporus umbellatus Fries aqueous extract (SPUE) and polyporus polysaccharide (PPS) on bladder cancer, then to measure their effect on mRNA expression of glutathione S-transferase π (GSTPi) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in female Fischer-344 rats model. The model rats were induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN) for a period of 8 weeks and saccharin for 12 weeks. SPUE (50 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg) and PPS (28 mg/kg) were orally administrated to the model rats during the whole study. Compared to the control group, a more preventive effect of SPUE and PPS treatment on bladder cancer was discovered, higher mRNA upregulation of GSTpi and NQO1 was seen in the treatment group. Furthermore, the GSTPi and NQO1 mRNA upregulated level in the low-dose group (SPUE 50 mg/kg) was at maximum. In brief, SPUE and PPS are highly effective in inhibiting bladder carcinogenesis in rats, which may be associated with upregulation of GSTPi and NQO1 in the bladder.