Chemosensitivity testing of human lung cancer tissues using the succinate dehydrogenase inhibition test

We examined the chemosensitivity of 57 primary lung cancer specimens to 9 antitumor drugs, using the succinate dehydrogenase inhibition (SDI) test. Average succinate dehydrogenase (SD) activity was reduced to less than 50% by cis-diaminedichloroplatinum (II) (DDP), cyclophosphamide (CPA), carboquone (CQ), mitomycin C (MMC) and adriamycin (ADM). The lung cancer cells were relatively resistant to pepleomycin (PEP), 5-fluorouracil (5 FU), vincristine (VCR) and vindesine (VDS). Small cell lung cancers, or early stage lung cancers, tended to be more sensitive to these antitumor drugs. However, differences in sensitivity with respect to either histology, staging or degree of differentiation were not statistically significant. Correlation of SD activity between 2 drugs was high among those which inhibit DNA synthesis (DDP, CPA, CQ or MMC), or between VCR and VDS (inhibitor of mitosis), however, the correlation between VDS and CPA, CQ or DDP was weak. The SDI test is a simple in vitro method readily available to aid in selecting drugs to treat patients with lung cancer.     

Antitumor effect of the tumor necrosis factor against various types of human cancer cells

The antitumor activity of tumor necrosis factor (TNA) against various human cancer cells (32 cases) was investigated by 51Cr cytotoxic release assay and tumor stem cell assay. Over 50% sensitivity (the ratio of cytotoxicity for L929 cells) was shown by 4 of 14 cases of gastric cancer (28.6%), 7 of 9 cases of leukemic cells (77.8%), and 1 case each of pancreatic carcinoma and ovarian cancer. However, scarcely any sensitivity was shown by APL, a portion of the gastric cancer cells, normal lymphocytes or colony-forming cells tested. No correspondence was observed between the histological type of the cancer and TNF sensitivity. The above results seem to confirm the significant antitumor activity of TNF against human cancer cells.     

Antitumor effect of tumor necrosis factor against various primarily cultured human cancer cells

The antitumor activity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) against various primarily cultured human cancer cells (32 cases) was investigated by the 51Cr cytotoxic release assay and the tumor stem cell assay. Over 50% sensitivity (the ratio to the cytotoxicity in L929 cells) was noted in 4 of 14 cases of gastric cancer (28.6%), 7 of 9 cases of leukemic cells (77.8%), and 1 case each of pancreatic carcinoma and ovarian cancer. Scarcely any sensitivity, however, was observed in 1 case of acute promyelocytic leukemia or in some of the gastric cancer cases. No correlation was observed between the histological type of the cancer and TNF sensitivity. The above results seem to confirm that TNF has significant antitumor activity against human cancer cells.     

Human colon cancer tissues are more sensitive than rectal cancer tissues to antitumor drugs in vitro

The chemosensitivities of 62 human colon cancer tissues, 67 rectal cancer tissues and 31 tumor-adjacent normal mucosal tissues were determined using the in vitro succinate dehydrogenase inhibition (SDI) test. These tissues obtained at the time of surgery were exposed to carboquone (CQ), adriamycin (ADM), mitomycin C (MMC), aclacinomycin A (ACR), cisplatin (DDP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The chemosensitivity was considered as positive when succinate dehydrogenase (SD) activity of the drug-treated cells decreased to below 50% of that of control cells, on day 3 of exposure. Decrease in the SD activity was noted in the colon cancer tissues, compared to the rectal cancer tissues, exposed to six antitumor drugs and in particular, to CQ (p less than 0.05), DDP (p less than 0.01) and ACR (p less than 0.05, one-sided paired t test). Decrease in the SD activity was noted in the tumor tissues, compared to the tumor-adjacent normal tissues, exposed to CQ, MMC and ACR (p less than 0.01). The sensitive rates were higher in the colon cancer tissues than the rectal cancer tissues, against all six antitumor drugs. Our findings show that the rectal cancer tissues are resistant to antitumor drugs, compared to the colon cancer tissues in vitro. When selecting antitumor drugs to treat patients with a rectal cancer, the assessment for chemosensitivity of the related tissues is crucial.     

锌带基因ZNRD1在胃癌耐药细胞中的表达和功能

目的 探讨锌带基因ZNRD1在多药耐药胃癌细胞中的表达和作用。方法 应用Northern blot和半定量RT—PCR,观察锌带基因ZNRD1在胃癌细胞SGC7901及其长春新碱(VCR)诱导的耐药细胞SGC7901／VCR中的表达;将反义核酸转染SGC7901／VCR细胞,通过免疫组化检测转导细胞与非转导细胞ZNRD1蛋白的表达;以流式细胞仪检测细胞周期的变化,以MTT实验检测细胞生长曲线和对VCR、阿霉素(ADM)的药敏性。结果 胃癌耐药细胞SGC7901／VCR与非耐药细胞相比,ZNBDl基因的表达明显增高。转导株antiZNRDl—SGC7901／VCR细胞的ZNRD1蛋白水平明显低于非转导株,C1期细胞比例增加而S期比例减少,生长受到抑制,且对VCR、ADM的敏感性明显增高。结论 胃癌耐药细胞与非耐药细胞相比,ZNRDl基因处于高表达状态。反义核酸转染可有效阻断ZNRDl蛋白的表达,在一定程度上逆转人胃癌耐药细胞SGC7901／VCR的多药耐药性。     

Chemosensitivity differences between primary and metastatic lesions of clinical gastric cancer

An in vitro chemosensitivity test, the succinate dehydrogenase inhibition (SDI) test, was used to examine 16 pairs of samples obtained simultaneously from primary and metastatic lesions of clinical gastric cancer. Concerning the metastases, 11 were in the lymph nodes and five in the liver. The chemosensitivities of metastatic lesions against six anti-tumour drugs, carboquone (CQ), adriamycin (ADM), mitomycin C (MMC), aclacinomycin A (ACR), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), differed from those in the primary lesions, and there were no correlations of chemosensitivities between the primary and the metastatic lesions against these drugs, except for DDP. The lymph nodes were more sensitive to CQ, ADM, MMC, DDP, ACR and 5-FU, while the liver was less sensitive than the primary lesions to CQ, ADM, MMC, DDP, and ACR. Our findings indicate that in patients with lymph node metastasis, there is a sensitivity to anti-tumour drugs, while in cases of liver metastasis, drug treatment may be less effective. We propose that chemosensitivity testing should be done when attempting to design anti-tumour drugs.     

热休克凋亡和冻融裂解人胃癌细胞株抗原负载树突状细胞体外刺激细胞毒T细胞活性比较

目的：比较热休克凋亡和冻融裂解人胃癌细胞株抗原负载树突状细胞（dendritic cell,DC）体外刺激细胞毒T细胞（cytotoxic Tlymphocyte,CTL）的活性。方法：分别制备热休克诱导凋亡胃癌细胞株和肿瘤细胞冻融裂解物,同时分离12例胃癌患者外周血单核细胞体外诱导DC进行负载,并以两种不同方式负载的DC进行淋巴细胞增殖反应及CTL杀伤实验,比较其刺激淋巴细胞增殖及激活的淋巴细胞杀伤靶细胞能力的差异。结果：负载热休克胃癌细胞的DC与负载反复冻融肿瘤细胞裂解物的DC都显示对靶细胞CTL活性,但前者的CTL活性显著高于后者（P〈0.05）。结论：用热休克肿瘤细胞负载DC是一个更为有效的负载方式,为临床应用提供了一种可选择的负载方式。     

Synergistic gastric cancer inhibition by chemogenetherapy with recombinant human adenovirus p53 and epirubicin: an in vitro and in vivo study

This study was designed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo antitumor effect on SGC-7901 gastric cancer cells by chemogenetherapy. SGC-7901 cells were treated by chemogenetherapy with Gendicine, a recombinant human Ad-p53 injection (rAd-p53), and epirubicin hydrochloride (EPI), a cytotoxic chemotherapy agent. Compared with blank control, rAd-p53, EPI, and combined therapy achieved SGC-7901 growth inhibition by 32.26, 35.48, 43.44%, respectively on day 1 and 70.62, 78.82, 87.15%, respectively on day 2 (rAd-p53, EPI VS control, p<0.01; rAd-p53+EPI VS either alone, p<0.05). Flow cytometry study confirmed that rAd-p53 and/or EPI mainly inhibit the cell cycle at S phase. SGC-7901 cells were subcutaneously injected into the nude mice to form xenograft models, which were treated with rAd-p53 and EPI. Compared with the blank control, treatment with rAd-p53 at the dose of 10 μl of 10(12) vp/ml and EPI at the dose of 1.25 mg/kg, 7 times in 3 weeks, resulted in 80 and 60% of tumor growth inhibition, respectively. No animal death was observed, although 2 nude mice in rAd-p53 group developed liver toxicity and 1 nude mouse in EPI group developed cardiac toxicity. rAd-p53 and EPI have synergistic tumor inhibition effect on gastric cancer cells.     

胃癌组织ATP生物荧光肿瘤体外药物敏感试验

目的研究胃癌组织体外对化疗药物的敏感性,以筛选出敏感性较强的化疗药物。方法收集33例新鲜人胃癌标本,采用ATP生物荧光肿瘤体外药敏检测技术（ATP-TCA）,分别检测其对11种临床常用化疗药物的敏感性。结果 33份胃癌标本中,31份标本成功进行ATP-TCA检测,可评估率为93.9%。胃癌组织体外对化疗药物敏感性存在明显差异,敏感性自高到低依次为紫杉醇（PTX）、多西紫杉醇（DOC）、氟脲嘧啶（5-Fu）、顺铂（DDP）、丝裂霉素（MMC）、奥沙利铂（L-OHP）、阿霉素（ADM）、表阿霉素（EPI）、长春地辛（VDS）、长春新碱（VCR）和足叶乙甙（Vp-16）等。结论胃癌组织对化疗药物的敏感程度相对较低,且存在明显个体异质性。ATP-TCA可为胃癌选择合适的化疗药物,为临床合理用药提供参考。     

肿瘤体外药敏试验及其与临床用药之间的关系

目的：研究肿瘤体外药敏试验(MTT法)与临床用药之间的关系。方法：将210例5种肿瘤标本(85例卵巢癌、30例宫颈癌、26例胃癌、41例结直肠癌、28例乳腺癌)的体外药敏试验(MTT法)结果进行分析：比较同一药品对同一种肿瘤标本不同病例的抑制率差异，计算每一种肿瘤标本相对于每一种药物的抑制率的平均值，筛选出平均抑制率较大的药物，与临床上常用于该肿瘤的药物进行比较。结果：肿瘤体外药敏存在明显个体差异，其抑制率差异可达0～60％以上，而其平均抑制率结果与临床用药经验比较符合，体外试验较敏感同时临床较常用的药物主要有卵巢癌：用紫杉醇(Taxol)、顺铂(DDP)等；宫颈癌：用DDP、表柔比星(e-ADM)、丝裂霉素(MMC)等；胃癌：用DDP、氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)、博来霉素(BLM)、MMC等；结直肠癌：用DDP、MMC、BLM、5-FU等；乳腺癌：用e—ADM、多柔比星(ADM)、长春瑞滨(NVB)等。结论：肿瘤体外药敏试验结果可以为临床个体化治疗提供参考。     

热休克凋亡和冻融裂解人胃癌细胞株抗原负载树突状细胞体外刺激细胞毒T细胞活性比较

目的:比较热休克凋亡和冻融裂解人胃癌细胞株抗原负载树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)体外刺激细胞毒T细胞(cytotoxic Tlymphocyte,CTL)的活性。方法:分别制备热休克诱导凋亡胃癌细胞株和肿瘤细胞冻融裂解物,同时分离12例胃癌患者外周血单核细胞体外诱导DC进行负载,并以两种不同方式负载的DC进行淋巴细胞增殖反应及CTL杀伤实验,比较其刺激淋巴细胞增殖及激活的淋巴细胞杀伤靶细胞能力的差异。结果:负载热休克胃癌细胞的DC与负载反复冻融肿瘤细胞裂解物的DC都显示对靶细胞CTL活性,但前者的CTL活性显著高于后者(P<0.05)。结论:用热休克肿瘤细胞负载DC是一个更为有效的负载方式,为临床应用提供了一种可选择的负载方式。     

Intraoperative intraperitoneal administration of CDDP against gastric cancer with peritoneal dissemination

This study was undertaken in order to evaluate the effect of intraoperative intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of CDDP on patients who underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer with peritoneal dissemination, compared with MMC or OK-432 i.p. administration group and untreated group. The median survival time was 11 months in CDDP i.p. group (35 patients), 8 months in MMC or OK-432 Ip group (33 patients) and 7 months in untreated group (25 patients). 1- and 2-year survival rates were 30.4% and 12.1% for MMC or OK-432 i.p. group, and 28% and 8% for untreated group, while in CDDP i.p. group, the rates were higher at 46.4% and 14.7%, respectively (CDDP i.p. group vs. untreated group, p less than 0.05). In vitro chemosensitivity test by succinate dehydrogenase inhibition (SDI) test supported the clinical results. CDDP had higher sensitivities than MMC and ADM on poorly differentiated cases as well as peritoneal dissemination cases. Our results suggest that intraoperative i.p. administration of CDDP was useful for the treatment of gastric cancer with peritoneal dissemination.     

Correlation of tumor growth inhibitory activity of macrophages exposed to adriamycin and adriamycin sensitivity of the target tumor cells

Variant cell lines of the murine fibrosarcoma UV-2237, selected for doxorubicin [adriamycin (ADM)] resistance, were used to study the tumoricidal activity of macrophages that had been exposed to ADM. Free ADM (0.01-1 microgram/ml) was cytotoxic to the sensitive UV-2237M parent and to the partially sensitive UV-2237M-revertant cell lines, whereas the ADM-resistant UV-2237M ADMR line was unaffected by these levels of ADM. Macrophages harvested from the peritoneal cavities of mice given ip injections of 10 mg ADM/kg body weight 1 day or 4 days previously inhibited proliferation of the 3 cell lines, an effect that was directly correlated to the degree of ADM sensitivity of each cell line. Macrophages exposed in vitro to ADM (from 0.01 to 1 microgram/ml) inhibited the growth of, and eventually were cytolytic to, the parent and the revertant cell lines; these ADM-exposed macrophages did not affect the UV-2237M-ADMR cell line. The correlation between the antitumor effects of macrophages exposed to ADM and the ADM susceptibility of tumor cells suggests that ADM-exposed macrophages exert their effect by the release or transfer of the stored drug.     

5-Fluorouracil is converted to F-nucleotides more extensively and is more cytotoxic in poorly differentiated than in well differentiated human gastric carcinoma

The sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was examined in 40 well differentiated and 50 poorly differentiated gastric cancer tissues and 15 normal tissues, using the in vitro succinate dehydrogenase inhibition (SDI) test. The tissue phosphorylating and degrading activities of 5-FU were compared in each type of tumor and in the normal tissues. Decreases in succinate dehydrogenase (SD) activity were more apparent in the poorly differentiated cancer tissues than in the well differentiated cancer tissues (p less than 0.005), and than in the normal tissues (p less than 0.001), exposed to 5-FU. The rate of sensitivity to 5-FU was higher in the poorly differentiated than in the well differentiated tissues and than in the normal tissues. The phosphorylating activities of 5-FU, in pathways involving uridine (Urd) phosphorylase and Urd Kinase, and thymidine (dThd) phosphorylase and dThd Kinase, were 1.7 fold higher in the poorly differentiated than in the well differentiated tissues and several fold higher than in the normal tissues (p less than 0.05-p less than 0.001). The degrading activity of 5-FU was similar in both types of tumor and in the normal tissues. Our findings show that 5-FU is actively metabolized to 5-FU-nucleotides in poorly differentiated tissues after incorporation into the tumor cells. 5-FU seems to have an increased susceptibility in cases of poorly differentiated gastric carcinoma.     

化疗药物杀伤原代胃癌细胞效应与P-糖蛋白和GST-π表达的关系

背景与目的:化疗耐药是影响进展期胃癌疗效的主要原因之一。本研究旨在评价不同化疗药物对原代胃癌细胞的体外杀伤效应及其诱导凋亡能力,同时研究上述效应与胃癌组织P鄄糖蛋白(P鄄gp)和谷胱甘肽S转移酶π(GST鄄π)表达的关系。方法:39例分离纯化后的人新鲜胃癌细胞,分别暴露于血浆峰浓度的5鄄氟尿嘧啶(5鄄FU)、顺铂(DDP)、丝裂霉素(MMC)、阿霉素(ADM)及羟基喜树碱(HCPT)。用台盼蓝染色法和MTT法检测经上述药物作用后肿瘤细胞活力及代谢活性的变化;用原位末端转移酶标记法(TdT法)检测胃癌细胞凋亡率;并用免疫组化染色检测胃癌组织中GST鄄π和P鄄gp的表达。结果:经化疗药物作用后,体外培养的胃癌细胞出现不同程度的形态学改变、代谢活性下降及细胞凋亡。不同个体肿瘤细胞对不同化疗药物的敏感性不同。MTT结果提示,所测药物对胃癌细胞的平均抑制率由高到低依次为MMC[(38.6±7.7)%],DDP[(38.1±8.8)%],5鄄FU[(37.8±10.3)%],ADM[(31.9±10.4)%],HCPT[(29.9±10.2)%]。MMC、DDP及5鄄FU的平均抑制率明显高于HCPT及ADM(P<0.01)。TdT结果提示,诱导胃癌细胞凋亡率由高到低的药物依次为DDP[(32.1±7.7)%],5鄄FU[(31.1±8.8)%],MMC[(29.8±6.3)%],HCPT[(21.9±7.4)%],ADM[(19.9±7.4)%]。本组病例GST鄄π和P鄄gp的     

Significance of surgical adjuvant chemotherapy for gastric cancer

One hundred and twenty-four specimens (72 primaries and 52 metastases) in 107 patients with gastric cancer were tested using the human tumor clonogenic assay (HTCA). Assays for 64 specimens (52%, 33 primaries and 31 metastases) were considered evaluable. The clonogenicity of the primaries was less than that of the metastases (P less than 0.01). In the primary specimens, well-differentiated tumors were more highly clonogenic than poorly differentiated or signet ring cell tumors (P less than 0.05). Viable malignant cells and clonogenic cells were abundant in the primary tumors with mucosal (m) and submucosal (sm) invasion, i.e., in early gastric cancers by Japanese criteria, and were reduced in numbers as the primary tumors advanced (P less than 0.05). In vitro chemosensitivity corresponded well to the clonogenicity of the primary tumors stratified by the degree of tumor invasion. At the early phase of primary tumor progression and metastasis, clonogenicity and chemosensitivity were high. Aggressive chemotherapy with sensitive drugs after surgery may improve the clinical results for the gastric cancer patients with early phase of metastases.     

Clinical studies of in vitro chemosensitivity test evaluated by ATP assay of gastrointestinal cancer

In order to determine the most effective anticancer agent for individual human tumor, we have performed several chemosensitivity tests, such as human tumor clonogenic assay (HTCA), succinic dehydrogenase inhibition test (SDI-T), nude mouse isotope assay (NM-IA) and subrenal capsule assay (SRCA). In this study, an novel in vitro chemosensitivity test (ATP-assay) measuring ATP amounts of cancer cells was carried out in 69 fresh gastro-intestinal tumors obtained at surgery. As the results, the evaluable rate of ATP assay was 87.0%. The positive rate of ATP assay against all tumors were 13.3% in mitomycin-C (MMC), 11.7% in adriamycin (ADM), 13.3% in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and 18.3% in cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP), respectively. Overall predictive accuracy rate was 82.8%. The comparative study of the survival rates of the patients with stage IV gastric cancer, receiving sensitive anticancer agents assayed by ATP assay, and those receiving negative anticancer agents revealed that the survival rate of the patients treated with sensitive drugs was longer with Kaplan-Meier analysis. From these results, it seems reasonable to conclude that ATP assay is of value in determining the chemosensitivity of gastrointestinal cancer in each patient.     

Resistance to anticancer drugs of well differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma with venous invasion.

A comparison of the chemosensitivity of well-differentiated human gastric cancer tissues was made between histological venous invasion positive (v(+)) and negative (v(-)) tissues, using the succinate dehydrogenase inhibition (SDI) test. These tissues obtained at the time of surgery were exposed to six anticancer drugs: carboquone (CQ), adriamycin (ADM), mitomycin C (MMC), aclacinomycin A (ACR), cisplatin (DDP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Chemosensitivity was judged to be positive when the succinate dehydrogenase (SD) activity of the drug exposed cells decreased to below 50% of that of control cells. Decrease in the SD activity was more apparent in the v(-) tissues than in the v(+) tissues, exposed to the anticancer drugs and in particular to ADM (P less than 0.01), MMC (P less than 0.02) and DDP (P less than 0.05). The sensitivity rates to all six anticancer drugs were lower in the v(+) tissues. The resistance rates to all drugs tested were 0% in the v(-) tissues, but 21% in the v(+) tissues. In light of these observations, patients with gastric cancer of the well differentiated type and the histological venous invasion, will probably show a less positive response to cancer chemotherapy.     

In vitro succinate dehydrogenase chemosensitivity of gastric carcinoma—relationship to DNA content

Summary Relationships between in vitro chemosensitivity and cell nuclear DNA content were investigated in malignant cells from 41 patients exhibiting advanced gastric carcinoma. The chemosensitivity was evaluated by measuring the succinate dehydrogenase (SD) activity in drug-exposed cancer cells and the DNA content was microspectrophotometrically determined. Following exposure of malignant tissue to carboquone (CQ) and cisplatin (DDP), the mean SD activity in cells displaying a relatively regular DNA distribution (type II) was significantly higher than that in those exhibiting a widely scattered DNA distribution (type IV;P<0.01 in CQ,P<0.05 in DDP). A similar tendency was recognized in cells that were treated with aclacinomycin A (ACR), Adriamycin (ADM), and mitomycin C (MMC). Such a decrease in SD activity in cells exhibiting a type IV pattern was remarkable, especially in cases undifferentiated adenocarcinoma. Mitotic counting analysis revealed a significantly higher value for DNA pattern type IV as compared with the findings for type II (P<0.01). These results demonstrate that gastric carcinoma displaying a high malignant potentiality shows a better response to antitumor drugs. Adjuvant chemotherapy prescribed following drug-sensitivity testing should be effective against such tumors.     

Oxidoreductase activity in the cells of stomach cancer]

NAD- and NADP-dependent dehydrogenases in gastric adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated cancer cells were studied comparatively. The activity of NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was found to be high in gastric adenocarcinoma, while there was noted a more high activity of succinate dehydrogenase and NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase in undifferentiated cancer. Differences ni the activity of oxido-reductive enzymes in adrenocarcinoma and undifferentiated cancer are discussed from the standpoint of various histogenesis of these forms of gastric cancer.