手术干预对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征儿童外周T淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞活性的影响

目的　研究阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）对患儿细胞免疫功能的影响及手术前后的变化。方法 80例OSAHS患儿,在手术前及手术后1个月对外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞比例进行检测。同时选取80例健康儿童作为对照组。结果 与对照组比较,手术前组CD4+T细胞所占百分比、CD4+/CD8+比值、NK细胞所占百分比明显减低[（26.19±3.38）% vs（5.10±4.09）%、（0.90±0.19）% vs（1.61±0.52）%、（11.45±4.35）% vs（13.73±3.78）%,P 均<0.05],CD8+T细胞所占百分比明显升高[（30.02±5.50）% vs（22.31±3.42）%,P <0.05];手术后组CD3+T细胞、CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞、CD4+/CD8+比值、NK细胞所占百分比均与手术前组无统计学差异（P 均>0.05）。结论　OSAHS可损害患儿的细胞免疫功能,而扁桃体联合腺样体手术在短期内不会导致患儿细胞免疫功能的减退。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患儿听力变化

目的 探讨鼻内镜下腺样体切除前、后阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)患儿听力及中耳功能的变化.方法 选取诊断明确的扁桃体、腺样体肥大所致OSAHS患儿58例,患儿无耳聋家族史,无耳毒性药物应用史.术前纯音测听和声导抗检测患儿中耳功能及听力并记录.全麻下先切除双侧扁桃体,然后在30°内镜下用电动吸割器吸除腺样体,术后给予抗生素及激素全身应用,配合咽鼓管吹张及鼓膜按摩.术后随访3～12 个月.结果 78%(45/58)OSAHS患儿存在中耳功能异常.术后随访3～12 个月,伴听力下降患儿86%听力提高.结论 OSAHS伴听力下降患儿行腺样体和扁桃体切除术后听力可获得提高.     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的诊治

目的探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)的诊断和治疗方法. 方法回顾性分析经鼻咽侧位X线摄片、纤维鼻咽镜检查及多道睡眠监测(polysomnography,PSG)确诊为OSAHS的285例患儿的临床症状和体征的特点.睡眠呼吸低通气指数(apnea hyponea index,AHI)≥5次/h,伴随血氧饱和度降低0.03以上的患儿诊断为OSAHS.对其中腺样体、扁桃体肥大的患儿255例进行了手术治疗,9例使用了持续正压通气治疗(continuous positive airway pressure,CPAP),评价其疗效. 结果 OSAHS患儿的主要症状是入睡打鼾、张口呼吸、呼吸暂停、听力下降.285例患儿中腺样体和(或)扁桃体肥大281例.手术治疗255例,其中205例行腺样体和扁桃体切除术,47例行腺样体切除术,3例行单纯扁桃体切除术.术后248例患儿临床症状明显缓解,占97.2%.术后1～3个月内,对105例患儿复查PSGAHI、夜间血氧饱和度低于0.90的时间所占睡眠时间的百分比、最长呼吸暂停时间较术前有明显改善.9例使用CPAP治疗,效果均良好,其中7例为腺样体、扁桃体手术前、后的患儿,2例为肥胖低通气患儿. 结论儿童OSAHS有其自身特点,PSG是诊断的依据,腺样体和扁桃体切除手术是主要的治疗手段,CPAP可以作为OSAHS重症患儿术前、术后的治疗方法.     

手术治疗对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患儿生活质量的影响

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome OSAHS)对患儿生活质量的影响,以及手术前后生活质量变化.方法 对105例患儿进行儿童OSAHS疾病特异性生活质量调查(disease-specific quality of life for children with obstructive sleep apnea 18 items survey, OSA-18)和多导睡眠监测(polysomnography, PSG),分析两者的相关性,术后3～18个月进行生活质量的随访.结果 术前OSAHS对患儿生活质量造成严重影响者占61.90%.术后得到明显改善,术后3个月总评分＞80者降至12.58%,18个月时降至4.76%.结论 OSAHS患儿行腺样体或扁桃体切除术后,PSG指标显著改善和生活质量明显提高,并发现术后OSA-18量表评分与PSG检测指标间有明显相关性.     

手术治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征80例

目的 探讨腺样体切除术或(和)扁桃体切除术对于儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的疗效,对效果不佳的原因进行分析、讨论。方法 回顾性分析经腺样体切除术或(和)扁桃体切除术治疗的80例儿童OSAHS的临床表现、治疗方法和预后疗效。结果 术后随访3个月时,治愈73例,显效5例,有效2例;术后随访6个月时,治愈72例,显效3例,有效2例,无效3例(其中肥胖患儿2例,脑瘫患儿1例),对无效的3例患儿给予减肥、戴呼吸机治疗,均取得满意效果。结论 手术切除腺样体或(和)扁桃体是治疗儿童OSAHS的重要方法之一。对于治疗效果不佳的患儿应具体问题具体分析,采用个性化治疗,均可进一步提高疗效。     

腺样体扁桃体切除术对儿童睡眠结构和生活质量的影响

目的对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患儿行腺样体扁桃体切除术,并评价手术前后睡眠呼吸参数及生活质量的改善情况。方法对57例OSAHS患儿术前1～2周及术后6～9个月行多导睡眠监测（PSG）和生活质量调查（OSA-18）,分析手术治疗前后患儿PSG参数和OSA-18评分的变化。结果术前呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）或阻塞性呼吸暂停指数（OAI）平均值为17．7,术后降至6．5;术前最低血氧饱和度（LSaO2）平均值为82．1,术后升至88．3;术前OSA-18总分为86．9,术后降至45．3,各组术前术后比较均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论腺样体扁桃体切除术能明显改善OSAHS患儿的睡眠呼吸参数和生活质量。     

伴高危因素儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的手术治疗

目的 分析伴高危因素阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患儿的临床特征,总结治疗经验和教训.方法 对广州市儿童医院耳鼻咽喉科2005年1月至2008年1月收治的19例伴高危因素OSAHS患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析.全组患儿中年龄＜2岁者5例,伴有颅面部畸形者6例(小下颌、下颌后缩5例,面横裂1例),Down综合征2例,脑瘫2例,伴有慢性支气管炎者3例,黏多糖病1例.19例患儿均住院行整夜多道睡眠监测(PSG)并接受扁桃体和(或)腺样体切除手术,并对所有患儿进行随访.结果 14例患儿术后6个月至1年复查PSG.11例PSG恢复正常,呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)中位数[25分位数;75分位数]由术前的22.5[6.5;24.5]次/h,下降到2.0[1.5;4.3]次/h,最低动脉血氧饱和度(LSaO2)术前最低为0.63,术后均＞0.92;其中1例伴有慢性支气管炎患儿术后并发肺动脉高压经治疗好转.另外3例中1例Down综合征患儿术前AHI和LSaO2为22.4次/h和0.67,术后为14.2次/h和0.84,改善不明显;2例仅切除腺样体患儿术前PSG检查结果示AHI为24.6次/h和26.6次/h,LSaO2为0.69和0.73,术后3个月又出现睡眠打鼾、张口呼吸、憋气,复查PSG示AHI为10.6次/h和8.5次/h,LSaO2为0.90和0.88,经腺样体联合扁桃体切除手术后症状消失.未复查PSG的5例患儿为异地患儿,术前PSG检查AHI为16.4～26.2次/h,LSaO2为0.65～0.76,术后1年对其症状进行电话随访,除1例小下颌患儿睡眠打鼾、张口呼吸、憋气症状无改善外,其余4例患儿症状均明显好转.结论 对腺样体、扁桃体肥大并伴高危因素的OSAHS患儿,手术仍是一线治疗方案,但高危因素的存在增加了围手术期的风险,也可能影响术后疗效,术前应对患儿进行全面评估,术后仔细观察患儿的情况,及时处理出现的并发症,仍可获得满意的疗效.     

手术治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的临床观察

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征 (obstructivesleepapneahypopneasyndrome ,OSAHS)的定义和成年人一样 ,是指睡眠时打鼾 ,上呼吸道受阻致呼吸暂停频频发作 ,使患儿处于慢性缺氧状态 ,导致白天嗜睡 ,精神萎靡 ,记忆力减退 ,比成年人严重的是直接影响其体格智力发育 ,故已经引起耳鼻咽喉科和儿科医生的重视。本组 4 5例患儿经手术治疗后 ,取得满意效果 ,现报道如下。一、资料和方法1 临床资料 :任意抽取档案库中 1997年以后的OSAHS患儿 4 5例进行分析。年龄 3岁～ 13岁 ;病程为 6个月～ 3年3个月 ;男 30例 ,女 15例。本组患儿就诊时…     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的治疗

目的探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome，OSAHS)患儿的治疗方法和疗效观察。方法经多道睡眠监测(polysomnography，PSG)确诊的4～12岁OSAHS患儿59例：扁桃体切除和(或)经口内镜(内窥镜，下同)引导下腺样体刮除54例；选择长期正压通气治疗(continue positive airway pressure，CPAP)2例；保守治疗3例。采用儿童OSAHS生活质量调查表(quality of life for children with obstructive sleep apnea 18 items，OSA-18)对患儿进行治疗前后的随访。结果围手术期无术后出血、急性呼吸道梗阻发生。随访12～18个月，手术患儿无鼻咽闭锁、咽鼓管功能障碍、腺样体残留等并发症；OSA-18调查评分显示：治疗后76．3％(45例)的患儿生活质量总体指标，88．1％(52例)的患儿睡眠呼吸障碍，67．8％(40例)的患儿身体症状得到显著改善。长期CPAP治疗的有效治疗压力在5．6～7．8cm H2O左右。3例保守治疗者略有改善。结论手术切除引起上气道阻塞的肥大的扁桃体和(或)腺样体是儿童OSAHS有效的治疗手段之一，纤维鼻咽镜检查、头颅侧位X线摄片有助于手术适应证的确定。经口内镜引导下腺样体刮除术具有直视下操作，视野清晰，切除彻底，可避免损伤周围重要结构的特点。     

T淋巴细胞亚群在分泌性中耳炎患儿外周血中的分布研究

儿童分泌性中耳炎与免疫功能有关。本文对35例顽固性分泌性中耳炎或反复发作性（≥3次）分泌性中耳炎同时伴有腺样体肥大患儿的外周血和40例腺样体单纯肥大患儿的外周血进行T淋巴细胞亚群检测，同时抽取30例健康儿童外周血检测T淋巴细胞亚群作为对照，用以揭示免疫对分泌性中耳炎的影响。     

Is immune system influenced by adenotonsillectomy in children?

OBJECTIVE: Tonsils and adenoids are lymphoid tissues that are located in the pharynx and play an important role against invading antigens of the upper respiratory tract. The present study analyses serum immunoglobulin levels and peripheral blood (PB) lymphocyte subsets in children, 24-48 h prior to and 4-6 weeks after adenotonsillectomy, in order to determine early effects of adenotonsillectomy on the immune system. METHODS: The study population consists of 15 children (aged 4-10 years) who underwent adenotonsillectomy because of adenoidal hypertrophy and chronic tonsillitis and 15 age-matched healthy children without a history of adenotonsillectomy. Serum IgG, IgA and IgM levels were measured by nephelometry. PB lymphocyte subsets were analysed by using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Children with chronic tonsillitis have increased levels of CD19+ B lymphocytes compared to healthy controls in the pre-operative period. The percentage of B lymphocytes bearing CD23 was found to be significantly higher in patients, most likely representing in vivo B lymphocyte activation due to chronic antigenic stimulation. After the adenotonsillectomy, despite ongoing B lymphocyte activation, CD8+ T lymphocyte levels increased and B cell levels returned to normal. A slight decrease in serum IgG, IgA and IgM levels was detected in the post-operative period compared to prior levels. CONCLUSION: Adenotonsillectomy performed in children leads to alterations that may reflect a compensatory response of the developing immune system after the removal of the lymphoid tissue in the setting of chronic antigenic stimulation. However, these changes do not cause significant immune deficiency.     

Outcome of adenotonsillectomy for severe obstructive sleep apnea in children

OBJECTIVE: To study changes in sleep behavior and quality of life in children after adenotonsillectomy for severe obstructive sleep apnea identified by a respiratory distress index > or = 30. METHODS: Children enrolled in the study underwent adenotonsillectomy and had both pre- and post-operative polysomnography. Caregivers also completed an OSA-18 quality of life survey prior to polysomnography and within 6 months of surgery. Paired Student's t-tests were used to compare pre- and post-operative scores. RESULTS: The study population included 29 children. The mean age was 7.1 years (range 1.4-17.0). The most common comorbidities were obesity, asthma and allergic disease. The mean pre-operative RDI was 63.9 and the mean post-operative RDI was 14.2 (P < .0001). The mean total OSA-18 score before surgery was 77.6 and after surgery was 33.2. The differences in pre- and post-operative OSA-18 total scores and domain scores were significant (P < .0001). CONCLUSION: Children with severe OSA who undergo adenotonsillectomy show a significant improvement in RDI and in quality of life over a period of several months after surgery. However, OSA does not resolve in the majority of these children and post-operative PSG is recommended to identify those who may require additional therapy.     

腺样体扁桃体切除术对睡眠呼吸紊乱患儿生活质量的影响

目的：评价阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患儿行扁桃体和（或）腺样体切除手术治疗前后生活质量的改善程度,并与有睡眠呼吸紊乱（SDB）症状但整夜PSG阴性的患儿进行比较;同时分析PSG与疾病特异性生活质量调查结果之间的相关性。方法：SDB患儿术前1～2周内行整夜PSG监测,根据结果分为PSG阳性组和阴性组,术后6～9个月内进行随访。使用儿童OSAHS疾病特异性生活质量调查量表（OSA-18）对患儿术前及术后的生活质量进行评估,比较2组患儿术后生活质量改善情况。对PSG确诊的OSAHS患儿,分析术前整夜PSG与OSA-18指标之间的相关性。结果：共51例患儿入选,其中28例整夜PSG结果达到OSAHS诊断标准（阳性组）,另23例为PSG阴性组。2组的临床资料具有可比性。术前OSA-18评分在2组之间的差异无统计学意义。术后2组患儿的OSA-18总分及各维度评分较术前均明显降低（均P〈0．01）,且术前、术后评分的变化值2组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。在PSG确诊的OSAHS患儿,术前AHI与OSA-18量表中睡眠障碍、身体症状和对监护人影响3个维度的评分有明显相关性（均P〈0．01）,而与总分及其他2个维度无显著相关（均P〉0．05）。结论：对整夜PSG确诊的OSAHS患儿,扁桃体和（或）腺样体切除术后整夜PSG指标显著改善伴随生活质量明显提高,但没有发现术前OSA-18量表评分与整夜PSG检测指标之间有显著相关性。对有睡眠呼吸紊乱症状而其他方面健康的患儿,即使整夜PSG阴性,也能从手术治疗中受益。     

腺样体扁桃体切除术对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征儿童生活质量的影响

目的　探讨腺样体扁桃体和（或）切除术对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患儿生活质量的影响。方法　对OSAHS患儿行疾病特异性生活质量调查表（OSA-18）,分析术前、术后结果差异,评估生活质量变化。结果　246例患儿临床症状均缓解,OSA-18总分由（64.80±8.95）降至（30.11±4.49）,差异具有统计学意义（P <0.01）。生活质量改善总体有效率达99.60%,睡眠障碍、全身症状、对监护人的影响显著改善。结论　腺样体和（或）扁桃体切除术能够直接解除呼吸道梗阻,提高患儿睡眠质量、生活质量,可作为儿童OSAHS的主要治疗手段。     

超声刀在治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征中的应用

目的 探讨超声刀辅助下手术治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的可行性。方法 将38例入选儿童OSAHS患者分为A、B两组,A组(18例)用超声刀辅助下手术,B组(20例)采用传统方法手术,对术中出血量、手术时间、术后疼痛程度、术后伤口愈合情况及术后出血等几个方面进行对照观察研究。结果 术中出血量、手术时间及术后出血概率超声刀组较传统手术组明显减少,差异有统计学意义。超声刀术组与传统手术组在创面白膜生成及脱落时间、术后切口生长情况及术后疼痛方面差异无统计学意义。结论 超声刀辅助手术治疗儿童OSAHS具有微创、安全及可行性等特点,是一种治疗儿童OSAHS较好的方法。     

Early stage impacts of tonsillectomy on immune functions of children

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the humoral and cellular immunity of patients with chronic tonsillitis before and 1 month after tonsillectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 37 patients scheduled for tonsillectomy were enrolled in this study. The levels of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, CD25+ and CD16+ + 56+ were measured for cellular immunity, and levels of IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 and C4 were measured for humoral immunity in blood samples taken from these patients before and 1 month after the operation. RESULTS: The levels of CD3+, CD8+ and CD19+ were reduced in post-operative period as compared to pre-operative period but this was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). However it was found that the level of CD4+ was significantly increased while the level of CD25+ was reduced (P < 0.05) in the post-operative period. There were statistically significant differences between pre- and post-operative levels of immunoglobulins, C3 and C4, which were decreased after tonsillectomy (P < 0.05), but these levels were comparable with those of the control group. CONCLUSION: The results from the present study indicate that humoral and cellular immunity of patients undergoing tonsillectomy were decreased in the early period and came to normal later. The cellular and humoral immune responses are stimulated in patients with tonsillitis, and tonsillectomy removes this stimulus without negatively affecting the patient's immune functions.     

The potential inflammatory role of arginase and iNOS in children with chronic adenotonsillar hypertrophy

OBJECTIVE: Nitric oxide (NO) induced tissue damage has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Although recurrent/chronic tonsillitis and hypertrophy are still the most frequent surgical procedures carried out on children in order to cure these pathologies, etiopathogenetic mechanisms underlying these entities are still unknown. We aimed to investigate the potential inflammatory role of NO regulatory enzymes, arginase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study consisted of 22 children with chronic adenotonsillar hypertrophy and 30 control subjects with similar age and sex. All the patients and/or their parents had complaints of snoring, mouth breathing and pausing of breathe during sleep at least 6 months. All patients underwent an adenotonsillectomy operation under general anesthesia with curettage and cold dissection methods. Venous blood samples were taken pre-operatively and 4 weeks post-operatively. iNOS activity was based on the diazotization of sulfanilic acid by nitric oxide at acid pH and subsequent coupling to N-(1-naphthtyl)-ethylenediamine. Arginase activity was measured by the spectrophotometric method. RESULTS: The mean pre-operative and post-operative arginase activities in patient group were 4283.7 +/- 1823.7 and 2754.5 +/- 889.3 IU/L, respectively. In the control group, mean arginase activity was 2254.7 +/- 903 IU/L. When pre-, post-operative and control arginase values were compared with each other, the mean activity in pre-operative activity was significantly different from the post-operative and control values (p < 0.001). In the patient group, the mean levels of pre- and post-operative iNOS were 2.84 +/- 1.16 and 1.99 +/- 0.78 IU/ml, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.007). Similarly, post-operative and control values were not significantly different (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study supports that L-arginine:NO pathway may be key the participant in the pathogenesis of chronic adenotonsillar disease; arginase and iNOS activities are altered in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy and this alteration improves after tonsillectomy.     

等离子射频治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征疗效分析

目的：探讨等离子射频消融术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome, OSAHS)的疗效。方法：采用等离子射频消融术治疗OSAHS患者38例,并回顾分析其临床资料及疗效。结果：手术时间为8～15min,术中平均出血2～5ml;术后6个月显效56%,有效41%,无效3%,总有效率97%;术后12个月显效53%,有效38%,无效9%,总有效率91%;术前与术后6个月、12个月的最长呼吸暂停时间、最长低通气时间、AHI、SaO2差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;术后6个月、12个月的最长呼吸暂停时间、最长低通气时间等差异无统计学意义。结论：等离子射频消融术由于操作简便、安全性高,是重度OSAHS患者补充治疗的主要有效方法。     

Diagnostic and therapeutic iter in paediatric OSAS: personal experience

Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in a child is characterized by prolonged episodes of obstructive hypopnoea and/or apnoea of upper airway leading to morbidity. The most common risk factor is adeno-tonsillar hypertrophy. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome diagnosis is based on clinical ENT evaluation and an instrumental approach, such as pulse oximetry or the gold standard overnight polysomnography. The aim is to establish, in a population of children with suspected obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, the frequency of this disorder, the effect of adenotonsillectomy and the risk of post-operative complications. A total of 481 patients (297 male, 184 female) with suspected obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (aged 2-14 years) were evaluated between March 2007 and April 2010 and divided into 3 morphological phenotypes: classic, adult and congenital. All patients underwent ENT assessment and a pulse oximetry with 4 channels cardiopulmonary monitoring. The examination following the Brouillette criteria was defined as negative, positive or inconclusive; when positive, adenotonsillectomy was the first therapeutic approach. At 6 months after surgery, all patients underwent check-up pulse oximetry. Of the overall sample, 96% of the patients had a classical phenotype, 3% an adult type and 1% a congenital type. The monitoring resulted pathological in 19% (17% of them were at increased post-operative risk), negative in 61% and inconclusive in 20%. All 5 patients with congenital phenotype were positive. Of the positive patients, 86% underwent adenotonsillectomy and a control pulse oximetry 6 months thereafter, 96% resulted negative. Pulse oximetry was efficient in order to avoid incorrect surgery indications, improving appropriateness and safety of adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Adenotonsillectomy showed a success rate of 96% and there were no episodes of post-surgery complications in particular in those patients at increased risk.