认真学习卫生标准,严格执行职业接触限值

新近公布的国家职业卫生标准《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值》 (ＧＢＺ 2— 2 0 0 2 ) (以下简称新标准 ) ,于 2 0 0 2年 6月 1日起实施 ,这是继《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》颁布后职防战线的又一大喜事。新标准与防治法配套实施揭开了我国职防事业发展的新篇章 ,为我国跨越式提高职防水平、快速进入职防先进国家行列提供了条件。1　认真学习新标准新标准是在老卫生标准实践经验的基础上 ,参考美国、德国、前苏联、日本等国家的卫生标准修订的 ,既符合国情又与国际接轨 ,具有先进性、科学性、实用性、可行性、严格性。1 1　新标准覆盖面…     

职业接触二硫化碳生物接触限值的探讨

目的 探讨我国职业接触二硫化碳(CS2)的生物接触限值.方法 用高效液相色谱法测定工人班末尿中2-硫代噻唑烷-4-羧酸(TTCA)含量,用气相色谱法测定接触CS2工人作业场所空气中CS2浓度,探讨二者的相关关系,比较生物接触限值和PC-TWA判定结果.结果 CS2作业工人班末尿中TTCA含量与其接触的工作场所空气中CS2浓度呈正相关,回归方程式Y=0.265X-0.165 (r=0.91,P＜0.01).基于本次研究的回归方程,根据GBZ 2.1-2007《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值第1部分:化学有害因素》规定的CS2的PC-TWA 5 mg/m3推算,CS2接触工人班末尿中TTCA浓度生物限值为1.2 mgTTCA/g Cr.结论 建议我国CS2生物接触限值修订为1.2 mg TTCA/g Cr.     

043我国职业接触限值的研究进展

职业接触限值是制订职业卫生标准的基础。本文介绍了我国职业接触限值的发展历史、研究情况,并与国外部分国家的限量标准进行比较,为今后制定我国工作场所有害物质的职业接触限值提供一定的参考。     

我国职业接触限值的研究进展

职业接触限值是制订职业卫生标准的基础。本文介绍了我国职业接触限值的发展历史、研究情况,并与国外部分国家的限量标准进行比较,为今后制定我国工作场所有害物质的职业接触限值提供一定的参考。     

有害物质职业接触限值的发展历史和种类综述

该文介绍有害物质职业接触限值的发展历史,并对欧美发达国家和我国有害物质职业接触限值的种类进行了综述,为各国制定工作场所空气中有害物质的职业接触限值提供参考。     

过氧化甲乙酮毒性及职业接触限值研究进展

过氧化甲乙酮(MEKP)是世界上应用最为广泛的不饱和聚酯树脂固化剂,职业和非职业接触人数逐年增多,不断出现中毒的个案报道,目前我国尚未制定MEKP职业接触限值.该文就过氧化甲乙酮的毒性以及国外对其职业接触限值的研究情况作一简要综述,为制定过氧化甲乙酮的职业接触限值提供参考.     

日本职业接触(推荐)限值(2002～2003)(续前)

化学物质职业接触限值四乙氧基硅烷Tetraethoxysilane(78·10—4)四乙基船(皮)(以铅计)Tetraethyllead(as Pb)(78-00-2)四氢呋啸Tetrahydrofuran 009—99-9)四甲氧基乙硅烷Tetramethoxysilaoe(681—84一却甲苯(皮)Toluene(108·88-3)甲苯二异氰酸酯类Toluene diisocyanates邻甲苯胺(皮)0一Toluidine(95—53.4)1.I.2-三氰一1.2.2一三氟乙烷I.1.2一Trichloro—1.2.2一trifluoroethane(76—13-1)l,1.1一三氰乙烷1,1,I—Trichloroethane(71-55.6)1.1.2·三氯乙烷(皮) l。l,2-Trichloroethane(79-00-鄄三氯乙烯Trinhloroethylene(79一Ol一…     

日本职业卫生学会提出2009年至2010版职业接触限值

日本职业卫生杂志[J Occup Health,2009,51（5）：454-470]发表了日本职业卫生学会推荐的职业接触限值（2009～2010）全文。职业接触限值（OEL）涉及化学物、噪声、高温、低温、振动、电场、磁场及电磁场、紫外辐射,是预防工人因接触上述因素引起健康损害的参考数值。     

极低频电磁场职业接触限值研究概况

极低频电磁场(Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields,ELF-EMF)指频率在100 kHz以下的电磁场.随着电力的广泛应用,ELF-EMF在生活中广泛存在.自WERTHEIMER等[1]报道接触低频电磁场与儿童白血病显著相关以来,ELF-EMF的非致热效应受到了国内外学者的广泛关注.WHO确认了短期、高水平接触ELF-EMF的健康影响,但也指出仍没有明确的证据证明ELF-EMF与致癌性有因果关联[2].     

欧美国家设定有害物质职业接触限值程序研究

近年,我国新发职业病病例每年过万,因过量接触有害物质等职业病危害因素而导致的各类职业病危害事故也越来越多。有害物质的职业接触限值作为衡量职业卫生状况的尺度,在职业安全卫生监督管理工作中充当重要角色,而各国有害物质职业接触限值的设定程序不尽相同。为此,对一些欧美发达国家有害物质职业接触限值的设定程序进行了研究和总结,为有关部门制定工作场所空气中有害物质的职业接触限值提供建议和参考。     

二氯甲烷职业接触内外暴露水平的关系研究

目的探讨职业接触二氯甲烷的生物接触限值。方法以50名职业接触二氯甲烷工人为接触组,另选择同一企业43名行政人员为对照组,检测工作场所空气中二氯甲烷水平,以及作业工人班末尿中的二氯甲烷水平,并进行两者间的相关分析,制订二氯甲烷的生物接触限值。结果班末尿中二氯甲烷水平与工作场所空气中二氯甲烷时间加权平均浓度具有相关性(决定系数为0.962,P<0.05),回归方程为y=0.001 1x+0.038 8(P<0.001)。结论劳动者职业接触二氯甲烷后尿中内暴露与外暴露之间存在剂量-效应关系,为制定我国职业接触二氯甲烷的生物限值提供了科学依据。     

Short-term occupational exposure limits: a simplified approach

Summary This paper presents a simplified proposal for setting health standards based on short-term exposure limits (STEL). It presents an alternative to the approach by the German MAC Commission: with only three instead of five categories, no fixed excursion factors, but ranges; more restrictive duration of sampling; no fixed frequencies of the number of accepted excursions per workshift.     

医务人员职业暴露分析

目的 分析医务人员职业暴露的发生情况,为制定预防控制措施提供依据.方法 根据医务人员填报的职业暴露登记表,分析191名医务人员职业暴露发生情况.结果 共报告222人次职业暴露,其中护士150人次,医师47人次;暴露方式主要为锐器伤,占86.0％;暴露地点主要为手术室,占23.4％;78.5％的医务人员在锐器伤发生后能正确进行局部处理.结论 应加强医务人员,特别是护士、手术室工作人员的职业暴露教育,提高医务人员职业安全意识,督促医务人员认真执行标准预防.     

Olfactory toxicity: long-term effects of occupational exposures

Objective: To present and discuss the results of research on olfactory function impairments related to chronic occupational exposure to industrial chemicals. Methods: This review is mainly focused on the results of epidemiological studies on olfactory function, evaluated using quantitative testing methods, in workers chronically exposed to airborne industrial chemicals. Papers published in peer-reviewed scientific journals were mainly considered. Results: The prevalence of olfactory impairments related to occupational exposure to chemicals is unknown: frequencies ranging 0.5–5% of all olfactory dysfunctions have been proposed, considering both exposure to chemicals and the use of pharmaceutical drugs, but the real relevance of this problem is possibly overlooked, especially considering that occupational exposure may account for a significant part of “idiopathic” smell disorders, i.e., the 10–25% of all olfactory problems within the general population. An adverse effect has been reported in workers chronically exposed to some metals as cadmium, chromium, manganese, arsenic, mercury, and organic lead, and to other chemicals as acrylates, styrene, and solvent mixtures. The results of relevant studies are discussed. A problem in the evaluation of data is that different methods have been applied in different studies, affecting the comparability of results. Conclusions: To date, knowledge of the effect of chronic occupational exposure to industrial chemicals on olfactory function is largely incomplete, but supports the hypothesis that olfactory neuroepithelium is susceptible to environmental exposures to chemicals. Occupational-related olfactory impairment is usually sub-clinical, and can be only detected using adequate quantitative olfactory function testing procedures. Available data show the need for further good quality research in this field.     

急诊护士血源性职业暴露状况及风险防范

目的 了解急诊护士在急救护理过程中发生血源性职业暴露状况,进行相关分析,为血源性职业暴露风险提出防范策略.方法 对2007年7月-2010年8月医院急诊护士血源性职业暴露143人进行回顾性调查.结果 143例急诊护士血源性职业暴露以1～5年护龄的护上比例最高,占43.35％;最易发生暴露的环节是拔针及拔针后处置,为46.15％;暴露的方式以锐器伤为主,占74.13％;最常见的暴露源是HBV;发生暴露的局部处理率100.00％;暴露后采取及时、合理的处置及预防措施,143人追踪检测无相关疾病感染.结论 血源性职业暴露是急诊护士面临的高危职业风险,应加强职业防护的培训,降低职业暴露的风险.     

Wilms' tumor and exposures to residential and occupational hazardous chemicals

This case-control study examines the association between residential and occupational exposures to hazardous chemicals and the risk of Wilms' tumor. The study included 303 cases recruited from six state cancer registries, who were diagnosed between January 1, 1992 and December 31, 1995. A total of 575 controls selected through random digit dialing were frequency matched to the cases. A standard questionnaire was administered to participants during a telephone interview. Parental residential addresses and locations of US Environmental Protection Agency National Priority List (NPL) sites were geocoded and analyzed, along with occupational exposure information. There were no cases of Wilms' tumor found in individuals living within one-half mile distance of a hazardous waste site. However, elevated odds ratios were found for using hairdressing chemicals, motor oil, paint, paint stripper, and pesticides during the pregnancy term and during the 2-year period prior to birth. The findings do not support the hypothesis that Wilms' tumor is associated with residing near an NPL site.     

铬盐职业接触对T细胞部分免疫功能的影响

目的 了解铬盐对职业接触者体内免疫指标变化的影响.方法 115名不同浓度铬盐接触工人为接触组,以远离铬盐污染区的90名居民为对照组.采用原子吸收分光光度法测定研究对象作业环境铬盐浓度;采用荧光标记流式细胞分析法测定研究对象外周血中T细胞CD3~+、CD3~+CD4~+、CD3~+CD8~+及CD4~+/CD8~+水平.结果 接触组空气中铬盐个体环境暴露浓度为(27.51±33.25)μg/m~3,对照组浓度为(0.16±0.15)μg/m~3,两组比较差异有统计学意义(z=8.045,P<0.01).铬盐接触组人群CD3~+、CD3~+CD4~+、CD3~+CD8~+及CD4~+/CD8~+平均水平分别为:(30.08±17.75)%、(1.04±1.73)%、(11.94±9.78)%、0.10±0.14;对照组为:(63.00±13.57)%、(30.51±5.16)%、(14.82±4.59)%、2.17±0.53.两组比较,对照组高于接触组,差异有统计学意义(z值分别为:4.484、5.227、1.976、-5.218,P值均<0.05).结论在铬盐个体环境暴露评价基础上,铬盐接触者以T细胞为主的细胞免疫功能受到抑制,而CD3~+CD4~+有望作为铬盐接触免疫损伤的早期效应性生物标志物,值得进行更深入研究.     

Lead concentration in single hairs as a monitor of occupational lead exposure

Summary A rapid method for the analysis of 1-cm segments of single hairs has been developed. The hairs are washed with Freon TF in an ultrasonic bath and analyzed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Due to diffusion of exogenous lead into the hairs the lead concentration increases along the hair shaft. Thus only the first 1-cm segment close to the hair root is used. In a reference population of 44 males no association was found between the hair lead concentration and age of the individual. Dark hairs tended to contain more lead than white hairs, but such difference was not apparent in occupationally exposed males. During four weeks blood and urine samples were collected from 87 males with occupational lead exposure, and hairs which had grown 1 cm during this period were then sampled and analyzed. The lead concentration in the first 1-cm segment of the hairs correlated significantly with the average lead concentration in blood and in urine, and -aminolevulinate in urine. Hair lead increases exponentially with increasing blood lead. A permissible limit of 60µg lead/100 ml blood corresponds to about 70µg lead/g hair or 3ng lead/cm hair. The analysis of single hairs for lead is recommended as a screening method.     

Longitudinal assessment of occupational exposures to the organophosphorous insecticides chlorpyrifos and profenofos in Egyptian cotton field workers

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and profenofos (PFF) are organophosphorus (OP) insecticides that are applied seasonally in Egypt to cotton fields. Urinary trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), a specific CPF metabolite, and 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol (BCP), a specific PFF metabolite, are biomarkers of exposure, while inhibition of blood butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities are effect biomarkers that may be associated with neurotoxicity. Urinary TCPy and BCP and blood BChE and AChE activities were measured in 37 adult Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture workers during and after 9–17 consecutive days of CPF application followed by an application of PFF (9–11 days), and a second CPF application (5 days) in 2008. During the OP applications, urinary TCPy and BCP levels were significantly higher than baseline levels, remained elevated following the application periods, and were associated with an exposure related inhibition of blood BChE and AChE. Analysis of blood AChE levels before and after the PFF application period suggests that individual workers with peak BCP levels greater than 1000 μg/g creatinine exhibited further inhibition of blood AChE with PFF application, demonstrating that PFF exposure had a negative impact on AChE activity in this highly exposed worker population. While large interindividual differences in exposure were observed throughout this longitudinal study (peak urinary BCP and peak TCPy levels for individuals ranging from 13.4 to 8052 and 16.4 to 30,107 μg/g creatinine, respectively), these urinary biomarkers were highly correlated within workers (r = 0.75, p < 0.001). This suggests that the relative exposures to CPF and PFF were highly correlated for a given worker. The variable exposures between job classification and work site suggest that job title and work location should not be used as the sole basis for categorizing OP exposures when assessing neurobehavioral and other health outcomes in Egyptian cotton field workers. Together, these findings will be important in educating the Egyptian insecticide application workers in order to encourage the development and implementation of work practices and personal protective equipment to reduce their exposure to CPF and PFF.     

工作场所空气中甲缩醛检测方法研究与职业暴露情况

目的探讨甲缩醛检测的方法及调查甲缩醛职业暴露情况,为职业健康提供指导。方法用气相色谱法,随机抽取3次样品,测定混料预热车间、预反应车间、催化精馏车间、冷凝灌装车间的甲缩醛阈限值—时间加权平均（TLV-TWA）值。以2009年职业暴露情况为对照,于2010年初即对工人进行安全培训,加强制度管理,测量工人2010—2012年职业暴露发生率,并计算工作岗位、暴露方式、暴露地点的分别构成情况。结果甲缩醛在冷凝灌装车间空气中的TLV-TWA值为2 567 ppm,显著高于其他车间（P〈0.05）;2009—2012年,单位职业暴露发生率依次为6.63%、4.63%、3.87%、3.63%,其中2011—2012年职业暴露率与2009年相比明显下降,差异有统计学意义（χ2值分别为6.12、7.40,均P〈0.05）;与其他车间相比,主要暴露场所是冷凝灌装车间职业暴露76人,占50.67%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论气相色谱可以应用于工作场所空气中甲缩醛的测定。通过加强管理,提高安全意识,可以有效地降低甲缩醛的职业暴露率,并且为寻找重点防护车间、重点预防暴露途径提供参考,为预防工厂职业暴露发生提供了新思路、新途径。