Laparoscopic left pancreas resection in tumors. Initial clinical experiences]

Laparoscopic pancreatic resections are rare procedures with left resections considered as a special subject. In animal trials and in 26 operations performed so far, this laparoscopic procedure was assessed positively. The operations were carried out mainly for benign diseases. From November 1998 to July 2000, five laparoscopic left pancreatic resections were performed in our hospital for the following diseases: adenocarcinoma (2), neuroendocrine carcinoma, highly malignant T-cell lymphoma, and cyst adenoma. In 3 patients the pancreatic resection was completed by other procedures: the case of T-cell lymphoma by gastrectomy and left side hemihepatectomy, the case of advanced pancreatic carcinoma by resection of a liver metastasis, and the case of cyst adenoma by a partial adrenalectomy. There was no patient suffering from intra- or postoperative complications. The benefit is mainly noticed in the early postoperative period. All required oncosurgical criterias were fulfilled.     

Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Presence of Angiovascular Cells in Tissues from Different Thyroid Disorders

Background

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is involved in tumor angiogenesis and other pathophysiological processes.

Materials and methods

We studied the localization of VEGF in human thyroid tissues to clarify its involvement in proliferative processes in a variety of thyroid disorders. Immunohistochemical analysis using purified rabbit polyclonal anti-human VEGF or anti-human CD34 antibody and a streptavidin–biotin peroxidase complex detection system was performed on 58 tissue specimens from 53 patients with different thyroid disorders and 5 normal thyroid glands.

Results

Vascular endothelial growth factor was not detected in normal thyroid follicular cells. However, some thyroid tumor cells expressed VEGF in the cytoplasm (papillary carcinoma, 10/18; follicular carcinoma, 1/3; medullary carcinoma, 2/2; follicular adenoma, 3/11; adenomatous goiter, 2/4). In benign follicular adenoma and adenomatous goiter, weak expression of VEGF was found in small areas of the tumor, whereas in malignant thyroid tumors, it was strongly expressed in many cells. However, VEGF was not expressed in anaplastic carcinoma, malignant lymphoma, or Graves’ disease. Angiovascular cells stained with CD34 antibody in tissues from different thyroid disorders reflected statistically significant differences in papillary carcinoma, follicular adenoma, and Graves’ disease compared with normal thyroids, and such cells showed a trend toward increases in medullary carcinoma and adenomatous goiter. In contrast, low vascularity was observed in anaplastic carcinoma, malignant lymphoma, and follicular carcinoma.

Conclusions

Because VEGF probably functions as a hypoxia-inducible angiogenic factor, overexpression of this mediator, concomitant with hypervascularity, may be induced more strongly in malignant thyroid tumors, which need more oxygen to proliferate, than in benign follicular tumors. However, neither VEGF nor CD34 was expressed in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, which is an extremely poorly differentiated malignant tumor. CD34 but not VEGF was expressed in the hyperplastic thyroid tissues of Graves’ disease composed of nontransformed cells. Thus, the expression of VEGF concomitant with CD34 is suggested to reflect both the transformation and differentiation state of malignant tumors.     

Precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma within a recurrent pituitary adenoma

Only single examples of lymphoma associated with pituitary adenoma have been reported. In our patient, a precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma developed within a recurrent pituitary adenoma 17 years after the first resection. Histomorphologically, lymphoma and adenoma components were tightly admixed. The features harbour remarkable similarity to the previous report by Kuhn et al.. In both patients the lymphomas were composed of T-cells, there was no evidence of further sites involved, and both adenomas expressed follicle-stimulating hormone. The hormone may have posed a proliferative and transforming effect on lymphatic cells and could have played a crucial role in "lymphomagenesis" as an exceptional phenomenon.     

Bilateral adrenal tumor: causes and clinical features in eighteen cases

Bilateral adrenal neoplasms are very rare. Studies have shown that most are metastatic tumors, and clinical presentation varies with tumor type. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 18 cases of bilateral adrenal tumor in our hospital between 2002 and 2007. The etiology was pheochromocytoma in six, primary lymphoma in four, nonfunctioning cortical adenoma in four, metastatic tumors in two, primary aldosteronism in one, and Cushing syndrome in one. Patients with lymphoma had largest average tumor size. Our findings suggest that pheochromocytoma, primary lymphoma, and nonfunctioning cortical adenoma are common causes of bilateral adrenal tumor.     

大肠腺瘤恶变的相关因素探讨

目的：探讨大肠腺瘤恶变的相关因素。方法：回顾性分析14年间276例大肠腺瘤的临床资料。结果：左半结肠腺瘤癌变率高于右半结肠(P<0.05);大于2cm腺瘤癌变率高于小于2cm者(P<0.01);绒毛状腺瘤癌变率高于管状和混合性腺瘤(P<0.01);重度不典型增生腺瘤的癌变率明显高于轻度、中度不典型增生(P<0.01);多发腺瘤癌变率高于单发(P<0.05);腺瘤表面炎症重、糜烂、分叶、无蒂者癌变率高于表面光滑,长蒂者(P<0.01)。结论：腺瘤的组织学类型、不典型增生程度以及肿瘤大小、数目、部位、年龄等诸多因素是腺瘤恶变相关的危险因素。     

温水保留灌肠18氟-脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射计算机断层成像术对鉴别结直肠意外发现高代谢灶良恶性的诊断价值

目的探讨温水保留灌肠对”氟一脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射计算机断层成像术（18F—FDGPET．CT）检查意外发现的结直肠高代谢灶鉴别良恶性的诊断价值。方法2010年6月至2012年12月间在中山大学附属第六医院行PET．CT检查时意外发现有77例患者结直肠存在性质不明的高代谢灶,予以行温水保留灌肠PET—CT扫描,根据最终的诊断分为恶性病变（包括结直肠癌和恶性腺瘤）、良性病变（包括良性腺瘤和炎性病变）和生理性摄取,对高代谢灶的放射性摄取程度（最大标准摄取值,SUVmax）和灌肠前后SUVmax的变化（滞留指数,RI）进行组间比较。结果77例患者行温水保留灌肠PET—CT扫描后,诊断结直肠恶性病变23例,良性腺瘤16例,炎性病变7例,生理性摄取31例。恶性与良性病变常规SUVmax及RI比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。肿瘤性病变与非肿瘤性摄取之间SUVmax的差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）;但肿瘤性病变与炎性病变之间的RI差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。温水保留灌肠PET．CT对结直肠生理性摄取诊断的准确性为100％。对结直肠良、恶性病变判断的灵敏度为95．6％,特异度为96．3％,准确性为96．1％。结论温水保留灌肠PET—CT有助于常规PET—CT意外发现的结直肠高代谢灶中良恶性病变的鉴别,有效排除肠道生理性摄取的影响,避免不必要的结肠镜检查。     

Fine needle aspiration cytology in the evaluation of head and neck masses

One hundred eighty-two fine needle aspirations (FNAs) of head and neck masses performed between the years 1981 and 1987 were studied retrospectively. Seventeen FNAs were unsatisfactory. Of the remaining 165, 148 (90%) were followed up with either surgery or clinical follow-up of at least 12 months' duration. Seventy-one of these aspirates were malignant. Fifty-six cases of metastatic carcinoma and 13 cases of lymphoma were diagnosed. The positive predictive value for metastatic carcinoma and lymphoma was 100%, and the sensitivities were 92% and 100%, respectively. For benign salivary gland lesions, the positive predictive value was 94%, whereas for malignant lesions it was 100%. One case of carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma was missed by FNA. No complications were associated with FNA. We conclude that FNA is a safe and accurate technique, well suited to the in-office evaluation of neck masses of differing causes.     

A case of primary adrenal lymphoma diagnosed from percutaneous needle biopsy.

A case of bilateral lymphoma of the adrenal glands is reported. A 72-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for evaluation of bilateral adrenal masses. A 20-gauge core needle biopsy of the left adrenal tumor was performed under ultrasonographic guidance. The pathological specimen revealed a malignant lymphoma. The diagnostic procedure for adrenal lymphoma is discussed.     

桥本病及其共存的甲状腺疾病诊治分析

目的 总结桥本病及其共存的甲状腺疾病的诊治经验。方法 回顾我院1984年1月至2001年6月外科手术治疗的桥本病138例，分析52例与桥本病共存的甲状腺疾病的临床资料。结果 52例均并发甲状腺结节，其中桥本病并存甲状腺癌17例（12．32％），淋巴瘤2例（1．62％），甲状腺腺瘤5例（3．62％），甲状腺机能离进2例（1．62％），结节性甲状腺肿26例（18．84％）。采取了不同范围的手术方式。术后均服用甲状腺素片并随访，淋巴瘤死亡1例，甲状腺功能低下1例。结论 对于合并甲状腺结节才，应手术治疗排除甲状腺恶性肿瘤的可能，术中快速病理检查是获得正确诊断的有效方法，有利于选择适当的手术方式。     

Primary malignant lymphoma of the bladder. A case report and review of the literature

Primary malignant lymphoma of the bladder is unusual. We report a case of primary malignant lymphoma arising in the urinary bladder. A 54-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with the chief complaint of dysuria, on May 26, 1995. Examination of IVP, ultrasonography, cystoscopy suggested a non-papillary bladder tumour. Diagnosis was established by histological examination.     

肠道NK／T细胞淋巴瘤4例诊治分析

目的：探讨肠道NK／T细胞淋巴瘤的临床特点、诊断及治疗。方法：回顾性分析4例肠道NK／T细胞淋巴瘤的临床资料,对其发病特点、临床表现、实验室检查、诊断和治疗方法进行总结分析。结果：3例为小肠NK／T细胞淋巴瘤,CD45RO（＋）,cD3（＋）,CD56（＋）,CD20（-）,TIA（-）。1例为结肠NI/T细胞淋巴瘤,CD45RO（＋）,CD3（＋）,CD56（＋）,CD20（-）,TIA（＋）。4例患者术后分别存活61、58、14、7d。结论：肠道NK／T细胞淋巴瘤确诊需依赖术后病理组织学及免疫组织化学检查,早期诊断、尽早实施合理的治疗是降低死亡率的关键。     

Tumor of the ampulla of Vater: experience with local or radical resection in 171 consecutively treated patients.

HYPOTHESIS: This study was designed to evaluate prospectively oncological factors determining survival after resection of tumors of the papilla, comparing local and radical oncological resection. We hypothesized that, in malignant lesions of the ampulla, the T and N stages are major determinants of the patient's long-term outcome. BACKGROUND DATA: The frequency of malignant lesions in adenomas of the papilla is about 26%. Villous adenoma of the ampulla is considered a premalignant lesion. Local excision has been recommended for benign adenoma and pancreatoduodenectomy for malignant lesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 1, 1982, through June 30, 1997, 171 patients with tumors of the ampulla of Vater were surgically treated. Demographics, intraoperative factors, tumor pathological findings, and postoperative short- and long-term follow-up data were documented prospectively. Of the patients, 45 had adenoma of the papilla and 126 had malignant lesions of the ampulla. RESULTS: Local resection was performed in 40 of the 45 patients with adenoma. In 98 of the 126 patients with malignant lesions, a radical Kausch-Whipple resection or pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy was used. Of the patients with benign adenoma, 40 had local resection and 5 had pylorus-preserving pancreatic head resection, with a hospital mortality of 0%. Thirty of 35 patients had villous adenoma, 9 (30%) of the 30 with severe dysplasia. Of the 126 patients with malignant lesions, 98 had partial pancreatoduodenectomy and 10 had ampullectomy, with an overall hospital mortality of 3.1% for patients who underwent resection. Seventy-eight of the 98 patients had an R0 resection. The 5-year survival probability for all patients who underwent resection was 84% for cancer stage I, 70% for stage II, and 27% for stage III. In 8 patients with villous adenoma and carcinoma in situ and in 10 patients with cancer in the adenoma, ampullectomy with local lymph node dissection was performed. In 4 of the patients who had villous adenoma and a carcinoma in stage pT1 N0, an R0 resection was performed, resulting in cure of cancer. On the basis of a multivariate regression analysis, the prognosis after oncological resection of cancer of the ampulla is determined by the absence of lymph node metastasis (P<.05), the absence of infiltration into the pancreatic head tissue (P<.05), and the application of an R0 resection. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with villous adenoma of the ampulla, ampullectomy was an adequate surgical treatment. In patients with a low-risk cancer in stages pTis and pT1 N0 M0, G1 or G2, a local resection with ampullectomy including local lymph node dissection is justified. An oncological resection of cancer of the ampulla by means of a pylorus-preserving partial pancreatoduodenectomy or the Kausch-Whipple resection is the surgical procedure of choice; the 3- and 5-year survival rates were 72% and 52%, respectively, in patients with R0 resections.     

Primary gastric T-cell lymphoma without human T-lymphotropic virus type 1: report of a case

Although primary gastric malignant lymphoma accounts for slightly more than 10% of all lymphomas at extranodular sites, it is relatively rare clinically, representing only 1% of all malignant diseases of the stomach. In addition, most such diseases tend to be B-cell lymphoma, while T-cell lymphoma is extremely rare. We encountered a patient with primary gastric T-cell malignant lymphoma who, although demonstrating a very rare phenomenon, was negative for antihuman T-lymphotropic virus type 1 antibody. A 73-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with the chief complaint of upper abdominal pain. The primary lesion was a type 3 tumor located at the cardia to the posterior wall of the upper body of the stomach, which had invaded the tail of the pancreas and a part of the transverse colon. A total gastrectomy, pancreatosplenectomy, and partial resection of the transverse colon were performed. The surgical section contained a giant ulcerative lesion with its bank cleaved, and a histological examination revealed a diffuse, small cell (Lymphoma Study Group classification) malignant lymphoma. An immunohistochemical analysis of the surgical specimen was positive for LCA/CD45, UCLH-1/CD45RO, and Leu-4/CD3, and negative for L-26/CD20, and it was diagnosed to be primary gastric T-cell malignant lymphoma. Received: June 28, 2001 / Accepted: November 20, 2001     

A case of secondary malignant lymphoma of the urinary bladder

A 56-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for salvage chemotherapy of recurrent diffuse large B cell malignant lymphoma at clinical stage IIIb and which had been treated with 6 cycles of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP). Computed tomography showed multiple tumors in the bladder after a cycle of ifosfamide, etoposide and mitoxantrone (MINE), but cystoscopy after the second cycle revealed a single non-papillary tumor about 1cm in diameter. After 3 cycles of MINE therapy, transurethral resection of bladder tumor was performed. At the time of the operation, the protruded lesion disappeared and there remained only a scar. Biopsy of the scar revealed malignant lymphoma infiltrated into the submucosal layer. Although the rate of the bladder involvement of malignant lymphoma reaches 3-20% in autopsy cases, it is very rare for a secondary malignant lymphoma of the urinary bladder to be diagnosed clinically. The prognosis of the secondary bladder lymphoma is much poorer than that of the primary one, because of the widespread dissemination of the disease at the time of diagnosis.     

肝脏罕见肿瘤的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨肝脏罕见肿瘤的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析我院2005年5月至2010年1月收治的25例肝脏罕见肿瘤患者的临床病理资料.结果 25例患者中肝局灶性结节性增生6例,肝血管平滑肌瘤、肝门部神经鞘瘤、肝左叶动脉瘤、肝胆管囊腺瘤、肝错构瘤、肝胆管绒毛状腺瘤、肝弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤各1例,肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤2例,肝原发间质瘤2例,肝母细胞瘤5例,肝胚胎性肉瘤3例;术前行B超检查24例,CT检查22例,MRI检查6例,仅有3例(16.7%)检查和术后病理结果一致.术前诊断和术后病理符合5例(20%).25例均行手术切除治疗,包括半肝切除术7例,肝叶切除术7例,肝段切除术9例,肿瘤局部挖除2例.肝脏良性、低度恶性肿瘤及1例弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤术后无复发,5例恶性肿瘤随访中3例术后复发行再次手术切除,术后随访无复发;另2例死亡,平均术后生存期4个月.结论肝脏罕见肿瘤影像学诊断率低,手术切除是主要的治疗手段,对能切除的复发性肿瘤性病变应争取再次手术切除.     

Nephrogenic Adenoma in a Patient with Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder Receiving Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

A 76-year-old-man was admitted to our hospital for a recurrent bladder tumor. He had received intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) treatment for a transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. A follow-up cystoscopy revealed a solitary papillary tumor in the left bladder wall. A transurethral cold cup biopsy revealed a nephrogenic adenoma without any evidence of malignant cells. We discuss the pathogenesis of nephrogenic adenoma and suggest that prolonged cystitis caused by intravesical BCG may play an etiological role.     

Primary malignant lymphoma of the cauda equina

A case report of paraplegia secondary to a malignant B-cell lymphoma primary in the cauda equina is presented. Initial diagnosis was suggested on cytocentrifuge preparations of cerebrospinal fluid with subsequent tissue confirmation following bilateral laminectomy (T12-L3). Histologically, the tumor was a diffuse "histiocytic" lymphoma by Rappaport's or large noncleaved FCC lymphoma by Lukes and Collins classification. Immunologic studies typed the tumor as a B-cell neoplasm with lambda light chains. Following an extensive evaluation of the patient, the lymphoma was found to be limited to the lower spinal cord. Although radiotherapy was initiated there was no improvement of her neurological symptoms, and CSF cytology remains positive for rare malignant cells 2 months after diagnosis. A complete reevaluation at 3 months after laminectomy was negative for lymphoma involvement of other sites.     

Surgical approach for histopathological determination of anterior mediastinal malignant lymphoma

In a retrospective review of all patients who admitted our hospital between January 1992 and December 2006, we identified 9 with anterior mediastinal malignant lymphoma. They represented 6.8% of the 133 patients with mediastinal tumor. Histology revealed 3 cases of primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma, 2 of Hodgkin lymphoma, 2 of precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma and 2 of thymic extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Careful attention should be paid to the relatively high incidence of malignant lymphoma in the anterior mediastinal tumors. It is highly important to differentiate of malignant lymphoma from other diseases that shape anterior mediastinal tumor to avoid unnecessary operation. Early and accurate diagnosis of these tumors is also important because some of these patients require immediate treatment by hematology specialists.     

Familial primary intracranial malignant lymphoma

A 76-year-old female developed depression and loss of appetite. On admission, in June of 1987, she was disoriented. Computed tomography (CT) revealed enhanced masses without perifocal edema in the cerebellar vermis and left occipital lobe. The cerebellar tumor was subtotally removed through a suboccipital craniectomy. Histological examination disclosed malignant lymphoma of the diffuse, large cell type. The patient underwent postoperative irradiation, and no other tumors were detected by whole-body CT or gallium scans. Her 51-year-old son had been admitted to another hospital in April of 1987, with complaints of depression and change in mental status. Neurological examination revealed right hemiparesis, and CT demonstrated an enhanced left frontal paraventricular mass and severe perifocal edema. The histological diagnosis was malignant lymphoma, and the patient received postoperative irradiation and chemotherapy. A few cases of familial extracranial malignant lymphoma have been described. However, to the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported occurrence of familial primary intracranial malignant lymphoma.     

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma arising from the wall of old tuberculous empyema--a surgical case report

A 71-year-old male underwent therapeutic pneumothorax for left pulmonary tuberculosis 42 years ago. He visited our hospital in February 1988 with a complaint of hemosputum. In October, cytology of sputum revealed malignant cells, and the patient was admitted to our hospital for further examination. Because malignant cells were found by the left bronchial lavage, pan-pleuropneumonectomy was performed on January 12, 1989 under the diagnosis of left lung cancer. The tumor was partially left unremoved. Histological diagnosis was diffuse large cell type, B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Postoperatively, 2 courses of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, prednisone, etoposide (CHOP and VP-16) therapy were performed. However, the patient died of respiratory insufficiency on the 125th postoperative day. Recently, cases of malignant lymphoma involving the pleura after the old tuberculous empyema and therapeutic pneumothorax have been increased. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and treatment are recommended when tumor shadow is suspected as a result of imaging examination.