皮下脂肪组织与内脏脂肪组织

肥胖不仅指过多的脂肪积聚,还包括脂肪的分布异常。内脏脂肪的增加是多种代谢性疾病（如2型糖尿病、心血管疾病等）的高危因素。脂肪组织通过分泌脂肪细胞因子和炎症因子调节胰岛索敏感性和参与胰岛素信号通路。因此,研究脂肪组织分布与内分泌特点对防治肥胖及其相关疾病具有重要的意义。     

Ⅱ型固有淋巴细胞在白色脂肪棕色化中的作用

正Ⅱ型固有淋巴细胞(typeⅡinnate lymphoid cells,ILC2s)于2001年被发现,由共同淋巴样祖细胞发育而来,广泛分布在血液、肠道、气管、肺脏、脾脏、肝脏、动物脂肪和皮肤等部位,经白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-25或IL-33刺激后可产生IL-5和IL-13等2型辅助性T(type 2 helper T,Th2)细胞因子,在Th2     

Comparison of T1 relaxation times in adipose tissue of severely obese patients and healthy lean subjects measured by 1.5 T MRI

Subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) differ in composition, endocrine function and localization in the body. VAT is considered to play a role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, and other obesity‐related disorders. It has been shown that the amount, distribution, and (cellular) composition of adipose tissue (AT) correlate well with metabolic conditions. In this study, T₁ relaxation times of AT were measured in severely obese subjects and compared with those of healthy lean controls. Here, we tested the hypothesis that T₁ relaxation times of AT differ between lean and obese individuals, but also between VAT and SAT as well as superficial (sSAT) and deep SAT (dSAT) in the same individual. Twenty severely obese subjects (BMI 41.4 ± 4.8 kg/m²) and ten healthy lean controls matched for age (BMI 21.5 ± 1.9 kg/m²) underwent MRI at 1.5 T using a single‐shot fast spin‐echo sequence (short‐tau inversion recovery) at six different inversion times (T_I range 100–1000 ms). T₁ relaxation times were computed for all subjects by fitting the T_I‐dependent MR signal intensities of user‐defined regions of interest in both SAT and VAT to a model function. T₁ times in sSAT and dSAT were only measured in obese patients. For both obese patients and controls, the T₁ times of SAT (275 ± 14 and 301 ± 12 ms) were significantly (p < 0.01) shorter than the respective values in VAT (294 ± 20 and 360 ± 35 ms). Obese subjects also showed significant (p < 0.01) T₁ differences between sSAT (268 ± 11 ms) and dSAT (281 ± 19 ms). More important, T₁ differences in both SAT and VAT were highly significant (p < 0.001) between obese patients and healthy subjects. The results of our pilot study suggest that T₁ relaxation times differ between severely obese patients and lean controls, and may potentially provide an additional means for the non‐invasive assessment of AT conditions and dysfunction. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

血清S100IRMA对黑色素瘤的临床应用价值

Ｓ１００是一种广泛分布于神经组织中的钙离子结合蛋白。我们用ＩＲＭＡ检测了１２６例黑色素瘤患者血清Ｓ１００浓度。转移组（Ⅲ／Ⅳ）阳性率为４１．３％（１９／４６），其中Ⅲ期患者为８．７％（２／２３），Ⅳ期为７３．９％（１７／２３）；而非转移组（Ⅰ／Ⅱ）为１．２５％（１／８０）。在２３例Ⅳ期患者中，Ｓ１００阳性患者（１７例）的存活期（中位数：８个月）低于Ｓ１００阴性患者（６例，中位数：〉２０个月）；对４     

脂肪组织工程研究进展

组织工程为临床疑难问题的解决提供了新的思路 ,而工程化脂肪组织具有组织重建与填充作用 ,广泛应用于外科领域。本文就脂肪组织工程涉及的前脂肪细胞生长分化、分子调控、聚合物支架及细胞外基质、微环境等方面进行综述     

Comparison of DNA synthesis in white and brown adipose tissue in rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions

Ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions cause excessive fat accumulation in white adipose tissue (WAT), and brown adipose tissue (BAT); however, little information is available on whether or not cell proliferation occurs in WAT and BAT after VMH lesioning. In this study, we determined the DNA content and thymidine incorporation in unilateral parametrial WAT and interscapular BAT 0, 1, 3, and 7 days after VMH lesioning, and examined the mechanism of increased DNA content in WAT. In rats with VMH lesions, the weight of WAT and BAT had increased significantly at 7 days, and the DNA content and thymidine incorporation of WAT had increased significantly at 3 days and continued to increase for up to 7 days, while those of BAT did not increase for as long as 7 days after VMH lesioning. Restricted food intake according to the pair-feeding method partially inhibited the increased DNA content in WAT. The increased DNA content in WAT was mostly restored but not completely by the administration of anti-insulin antibody, and by administration of propranolol, a -adrenergic blocker. The results demonstrated that VMH lesions induced DNA synthesis in WAT early after VMH lesioning, but did not induce DNA synthesis in BAT, and suggested that either hyperinsulinemia or a -adrenergic receptor mechanism or both may be responsible for the increased DNA content in WAT.     

脱细胞脂肪组织制备：能否成为异体注射或原位成脂的软组织填充物

文题释义： 细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)：是由动物细胞合成并分泌到胞外、分布在细胞表面或细胞之间的大分子,主要是一些多糖和蛋白,或蛋白聚糖。这些物质构成复杂的网架结构,支持并连接组织结构、调节组织的发生和细胞的生理活动。细胞外基质是动物组织的一部分,不属于任何细胞,它决定结缔组织的特性,对于一些动物组织的细胞具有重要作用。 脱细胞脂肪组织：脂肪组织移植已成为整形外科及修复重建领域重要的手段,广泛用于软组织缺损的修复和以美容为目的的软组织填充。来源于脂肪组织由细胞外基质组成的脱细胞基质已成为脂肪医学一个新的发展方向,展示出良好的应用前景。脂肪组织脱细胞基质的产生原因可以分为物理性、化学性、酶学以及多种方法的联合,不同的方法对脂肪组织清除细胞的效果不同,对细胞外基质的影响也不同,最终会使宿主对移植的脱细胞材料产生的反应不同,进而影响脱细胞产品的安全性和有效性。 背景：通过脱细胞脂肪组织构建无种子细胞的组织工程脂肪为当前软组织填充的研究热点。 目的：探讨近年来脱细胞脂肪组织的制备方法对其移植后诱导脂肪再生效果的影响,并展望其临床应用前景。 方法：检索1971年1月至2018年12月 PubMed数据、Elsevier数据库相关文献,英文检索词为“adipose tissue engineering;adipose tissue extracellular matrix;soft tissue repair;angiogenesis;adipogenic induction”。阅读近年国内外与脱细胞脂肪组织制备和移植相关的文献,从脱细胞脂肪组织制备方法的改良,交联细胞因子和生物材料等方面进行总结归纳。 结果与结论：当前研究表明,脂肪组织细胞外基质可作为软组织填充的理想支架材料,植入皮下可募集宿主干细胞并诱导期增殖和成脂分化。但现有的脱细胞方案会导致细胞外基质蛋白和结构的损失,这极大的影响了脱细胞脂肪组织植入体内的脂肪再生能力,但通过超临界二氧化碳设备脱油、机械力预处理、交联细胞因子或生物材料等手段可以减少脱细胞脂肪组织制备过程中细胞外基质蛋白的损失和或补充具有促进组织再生功能的蛋白,最终提高脱细胞脂肪组织移植后的血管和脂肪新生能力。脱细胞脂肪组织由于其天然的成脂诱导能力,在脂肪组织工程中具有强大的应用前景,若能克服其制备流程中细胞外基质蛋白损耗或在安全可控的前提下,有望成为可异体注射并原位成脂的理想软组织填充物。 ORCID: 0000-0002-9784-2874(聂佳莹) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

Olfactory stimulation with scent of grapefruit oil affects autonomic nerves, lipolysis and appetite in rats

In a previous study, we found that olfactory stimulation with scent of grapefruit oil (SGFO) excites the sympathetic nerve innervating the white adipose tissue in rats. Here we further examined the effects of SGFO in rats and observed that olfactory stimulation with SGFO excited the sympathetic nerves innervating the brown adipose tissue and adrenal gland and inhibited the parasympathetic gastric nerve. Local anesthesia of the nasal mucosa with xylocaine or anosmic treatment using ZnSO₄ eliminated the autonomic changes caused by SGFO. Moreover, stimulation with SGFO elevated the plasma glycerol level, and treatment with either ZnSO₄ or an intraperitoneal injection of diphenhydramine, a histamine H1 receptor-antagonist, abolished the glycerol elevation by SGFO. Furthermore, a 15-min exposure to SGFO three times a week reduced food intake and body weight. Finally, limonene, a component of grapefruit oil, induced reponses similar to those caused by SGFO, and diphenhydramine eliminated the glycerol response to limonene. Thus, the scent of grapefruit oil, and particularly its primary component limonene, affects autonomic nerves, enhances lipolysis through a histaminergic response, and reduces appetite and body weight.     

14例肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤病理形态分析

目的 观察肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤（ＨＡＭＬ）的形态学特点。方法 采用ＨＥ切片、ＰＡＳ糖原和免疫组织化学ＳＰ法染色、电镜观察等对本院１０例及会诊４例ＨＡＭＬ进行研究。结果 １４例ＨＡＭＬ均显示肿瘤细胞围绕血管呈上皮样排列,血管分厚壁及薄壁２种,上皮样细胞分为４种形态,形态与免疫表型有一定相关关系,部分上皮样细胞胞质ＰＡＳ阳性且抗淀粉酶消化,电镜下可见类似前黑色素小体及密体。结论 肌动蛋白、ＨＭＢ４５阳性     

Quantitative image analysis in adipose tissue using an automated image analysis system: differential effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and -gamma agonist on white and brown adipose tissue morphology in AKR obese and db/db diabetic mice

Morphometric analysis of adipocytes is widely used to demonstrate the effects of antiobesity drugs or anti-diabetic drugs on adipose tissues. However, adipocyte morphometry has been quantitatively performed by manual object extraction using conventional image analysis systems. The authors have developed an automated quantitative image analysis method for adipose tissues using an innovative object-based quantitative image analysis system (eCognition). Using this system, it has been shown quantitatively that morphological features of adipose tissues of mice treated with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists differ dramatically depending on the type of PPAR agonist. Marked alteration of morphological characteristics of brown adipose tissue (BAT) treated with GI259578A, a PPAR-alpha agonist, was observed in AKR/J (AKR) obese mice. Furthermore, there was a 22.8% decrease in the mean size of adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) compared with vehicle. In diabetic db/db mice, the PPAR-gamma agonist GW347845X decreased the mean size of adipocytes in WAT by 15.4% compared with vehicle. In contrast to changes in WAT, GW347845X increased the mean size of adipocytes in BAT greatly by 96.1% compared with vehicle. These findings suggest that GI259578A may activate fatty acid oxidation in BAT and that GW347845X may cause adipocyte differentiation in WAT and enhancement of lipid storage in BAT.     

Vascularisation in adipose depots surrounding immune-stimulated lymph nodes

We report a change in the vascularisation of the adipose depots surrounding the popliteal lymph node that has, and the contralateral node that has not, been exposed to a simulated immune challenge. The percentage of the depot that consists of vessels, as measured by image analysis, decreases over a period of 2 d after immune stimulus, then increases in a biphasic manner over the next 2–3 wk. By 1 mo after the stimulus, the vascularisation has returned to baseline values. The adipose tissue surrounding both the stimulated and the unstimulated lymph nodes shows a similar pattern, but the unstimulated depot lags by 3–6 d in reaching its maximum vascularisation. These data support the hypothesis that perinodal adipose tissue is involved in peripheral immune responses.     

细胞外基质作为组织工程支架的最新进展

目前存在很多由于先天缺陷、创伤或肿瘤切除等导致人体完整性缺陷的现象,故近年来组织工程成为研究热点。支架材料是组织工程的要素之一。人脂肪组织细胞外基质粉末呈三维空间结构,能促进干细胞增殖、分化、新生血管形成及生长因子释放等,已成为组织工程支架的新材料。