Insulin Therapy and Colorectal Adenoma Risk Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-Control Study in Korea

Purpose Patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus may be at increased colorectal adenoma and cancer risk. Moreover, chronic insulin therapy may increase the risk of colorectal cancer among patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. We investigated to determine whether insulin therapy might increase the risk of colorectal adenoma among clinically confirmed patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods We conducted a retrospective study among patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus who underwent total colonoscopy between January 2003 and July 2006 at Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital. Among them (n = 325), patients with histologically confirmed colorectal adenomas (n = 100) and the same number of controls matched by age and sex were selected and analyzed. Results Adenoma cases showed significantly higher rate of chronic insulin therapy (more than 1 year) than controls (P = 0.018). In multivariate regression analysis, patients who received chronic insulin therapy had three times the risk of colorectal adenoma compared with patients who received no insulin (odds ratio, 3; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1–8.9; P = 0.04). Conclusions Chronic insulin therapy was associated with increased colorectal adenoma risk among Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. This result may provide a need for more intensive colorectal cancer screening program in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially those who receive chronic insulin therapy.     

Metabolically Healthy Obesity Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Colorectal Adenoma Occurrence Diagnosed by Surveillance Colonoscopy

Background/AimsThe risk of recurrence of colorectal adenoma among obese individuals without metabolic abnormalities or in those with metabolically healthy obesity is largely unexplored. Therefore, we longitudinally investigated the risk of adenoma occurrence in individuals undergoing surveillance colonoscopy according to metabolic status and obesity.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included 16,872 Korean adults who underwent their first screening colonoscopy between 2003 and 2012 and who then underwent follow-up colonoscopy until 2017. Participants were categorized into a metabolically healthy nonobese group (reference group), a metabolically healthy obese group, a metabolically abnormal nonobese group, and a metabolically abnormal obese group. Hazard ratios (HRs) for adenoma recurrence compared to the reference group were calculated in each group.ResultsDuring a median follow-up duration of 47.3 months (interquartile range, 35.6 to 58.9 months), 3,673 (21.8%) and 292 (1.73%) participants developed adenoma and advanced adenoma, respectively. When age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, family history of colorectal cancer, and baseline adenoma risk were adjusted, the risk of adenoma recurrence was increased in metabolically healthy obese individuals (HR, 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12 to 1.57) and metabolically abnormal obese individuals (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.30) but not in metabolically abnormal nonobese individuals (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.94 to 1.13).ConclusionsIn this study, metabolically healthy obese individuals and metabolically abnormal obese individuals exhibited increased risks of occurrence of colorectal adenoma diagnosed by surveillance colonoscopy. This finding implies that obesity itself, even without metabolic abnormalities, is associated with an increased risk of adenoma recurrence. ^{(Gut Liver} 2021;15-390⁾     

Heavy Cannabis Use Is Associated With Low Bone Mineral Density and an Increased Risk of Fractures

PurposeTo investigate possible associations between recreational cannabis use and bone health in humans.MethodsCross-sectional study of individuals recruited from primary care in the UK between 2011 and 2013. Cases were regular smokers of cannabis divided into moderate (n = 56) and heavy user (n = 144) subgroups depending on whether they reported fewer or more than 5000 cannabis smoking episodes during their lifetime. Controls comprised 114 cigarette smokers.ResultsHeavy cannabis users had lower total hip bone mineral density (mean ± SD Z-score: −0.20 ± 0.9 vs +0.2 ± 0.9, P < .0005), lower spine bone mineral density (−0.5 ± 1.2 vs 0.0 ± 1.2, P < .0005), and lower body mass index (BMI; 26.5 ± 6.0 vs 29.0 ± 7.0, P = .01) than controls. Fracture rate was also increased in heavy users (rate ratio = 2.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.59-2.95; P < .001). When compared with controls, serum cross-linked C-telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX) concentrations were raised in heavy cannabis users (0.3 ± 0.1 vs 0.2 ± 0.1 pg/mL, P = .045), as were serum N-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP) concentrations (47.1 ± 19.2 vs 41.2 ± 17.8 pg/mL, P = .01). Serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were reduced in heavy users compared with controls (25.3 ± 16.8 vs 36.9 ± 26.7 nmol/L, P = .002). Multiple regression analysis revealed that heavy cannabis use was an independent predictor of spine bone mineral density, accounting for 5.4% of the variance (P = .035), and total hip bone mineral density, accounting for 5.8% of the variance (P = .001), but mediation analysis suggested that the effect on spine bone mineral density was indirect and mediated through low body mass index.ConclusionsHeavy cannabis use is associated with low bone mineral density, low BMI, high bone turnover, and an increased risk of fracture. Heavy cannabis use negatively impacts on bone health both directly and indirectly through an effect on BMI.     

Assessing Fracture Risk and Effects of Osteoporosis Drugs: Bone Mineral Density and Beyond

Although there have been numerous advances in the assessment of bone strength and fracture risk, the majority of these techniques can only be performed in research laboratories, making them largely unavailable to practicing clinicians. Prospective epidemiologic studies have identified risk factors that can be assessed within the clinic and combined with bone mineral density to allow clinicians to better identify untreated individuals at heightened risk for fracture and to make informed treatment decisions based on 10-year absolute fracture risk. This article discusses the assessment of fracture risk in clinical practice, reviews currently and soon-available bone measurement tools, and details the impacts of osteoporosis therapies on fracture risk.     

Risk Factors of Unplanned Readmission After Colorectal Surgery: A Prospective,Multicenter Study

Purpose Unplanned readmission after colorectal surgery is a relatively frequent event, knowledge of which often is inaccurate. This study was designed to examine the incidence and causes of readmissions and to determine the criteria that could predict them. Methods From June to September 2002, 1,421 patients were enrolled in a prospective, multicenter study performed by the Association Francaise de Chirurgie. The goal of the study was to determine mortality and morbidity after colorectal surgery for elective or emergency surgical management of diverticular disease or cancer. In the study, readmissions within three months after discharge were assessed. Results Of 1,421 patients, 342 patients (27 percent) were readmitted once after a mean period of 53 days. Among the readmissions, 248 (19.5 percent) were planned and 94 (7.5 percent) were unplanned (mainly for septic complications). With the multivariate logistic regression analysis, five independent factors were significantly associated with a higher risk of unplanned readmission (in order of importance): surgical field contamination, long duration of operation, need for an associated surgical procedure, hemoglobin level <12 g/dl, and absence of air testing after colorectal anastomosis. Conclusions The study permitted to individualize several factors significantly associated with a higher risk of unplanned readmission after colorectal surgery. Reprints are not available.     

Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients Have an Increased Risk of Coexisting Colorectal Neoplasms

Background/Aims

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and colorectal neoplasms (CRNs) share risk factors. We aimed to investigate whether the CRN risk is increased in ESCC patients.

Methods

ESCC patients who underwent a colonoscopy within 1 year of diagnosis were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were matched 1:3 by age, gender, and body mass index to asymptomatic controls. CRN was defined as the histological confirmation of adenoma or adenocarcinoma. Advanced CRN was defined as any of the following: ≥3 adenomas, high-grade dysplasia, villous features, tumor ≥1 cm, or adenocarcinoma. The risk factors for both CRN and advanced CRN were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

Sixty ESCC patients were compared with 180 controls. The ESCC group had significantly higher numbers of CRNs (odds ratio [OR], 2.311; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.265 to 4.220; p=0.006) and advanced CRNs (OR, 2.317; 95% CI, 1.185 to 4.530; p=0.013). Significant risk factors for both CRN and advanced CRN by multivariate analysis included ESCC (OR, 2.157, 95% CI, 1.106 to 4.070, p=0.024; and OR, 2.157, 95% CI, 1.045 to 4.454, p=0.038, respectively) and older age (OR, 1.068, 95% CI, 1.032 to 1.106, p<0.001; and OR, 1.065, 95% CI, 1.024 to 1.109, p=0.002, respectively).

Conclusions

The rates of CRN and advanced CRN are significantly increased in ESCC. Colonos-copy should be considered at ESCC diagnosis.     

溃疡性结肠炎相关腺瘤和结直肠癌回顾性临床病例分析

背景:研究表明溃疡性结肠炎(UC)患者发生结直肠癌的风险明显增加。目的:总结UC相关腺瘤和UC相关结直肠癌(UcCRC)的发病概况和临床病理特点。方法:选取2000年1月～2012年3月南京军区南京总医院住院确诊的UC患者603例,对其中UC相关腺瘤和UcCRC患者的性别、年龄、病程、临床症状、病理表现等临床资料进行回顾性分析经。结果:603例UC患者中,UC相关腺瘤28例,发病率为4.6%(28/603);UcCRC 4例,发病率为0.7%(4/603)。UC相关腺瘤患者的UC中位病程为3年,UcCRC患者的UC中位病程为29年。UC相关腺瘤好发部位依次为直肠/乙状结肠(16处)、降结肠(7处)、横结肠(6处)、升结肠以及回盲部(4处),UcCRC发病部位分别为升结肠(1例)、降结肠(2例)、乙状结肠(1例)。UC相关腺瘤和UcCRC的临床症状与一般UC相似。结论:UC相关腺瘤和UcCRC的发病率随UC病程的延长而增加。长期病程的UC患者应定期行结肠镜检查,对预防和早期检出结直肠癌具有积极意义。     

Hepatitis E Virus Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors in High-Risk Groups: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background:Seroepidemiology, risk factors to hepatitis E virus exposure, and prevalence of hepatitis E virus viremia have not yet been investigated among patients under immunosuppression or with liver disease that are high risk for infection in Turkey.Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 292 consecutive serum samples from renal transplant recipients, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, patients with acute hepatitis, and patients with chronic hepatitis C were prospectively collected in a tertiary university hospital. Sera were tested for hepatitis E virus immunoglobulin G/immunoglobulin M and hepatitis E virus ribonucleic acid using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and in-house nested polymerase chain reaction with Sanger sequencing, respectively. Sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory data, and risk factors were collected using a questionnaire and hospital database. Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to identify independent predictors for anti-hepatitis E virus seropositivity.Results:Among all patients, only 2 patients (1 renal transplant recipient and 1 patient with acute hepatitis) were identified as having hepatitis E virus genotype 3 viremia. Hepatitis E virus viremia rate was 0.6% in whole group. These patients showed no signs of chronic hepatitis E virus infection for 6 months and were spontaneously seroconverted 6 months after enrollment. Anti-hepatitis E virus IgG was positive in 29 patients yielding a hepatitis E virus seroprevalence of 9.9%. Older age (adjusted odds ratio: 1.03, 95% CI, 1.00-1.06; P = .022) and eating undercooked meat (adjusted odds ratio: 3.11, 95% CI, 1.08-8.92; P = .034) were independent risk factors to anti-hepatitis E virus seropositivity in all patients. Similarly, multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that age (adjusted odds ratio: 1.03, 95% CI, 0.99-1.07, P = .058) and eating undercooked meat (adjusted odds ratio: 5.77, 95% CI, 1.49-22.25, P = .011) were independent risk factors for anti-hepatitis E virus IgG positivity in the liver disease subgroup consisting of acute hepatitis and chronic hepatitis C patients.Conclusion:The hepatitis E virus seroprevalence rate was high (9.9%), despite low viremia rate (0.6%) in high-risk patients. The emergence of hepatitis E virus genotype 3 might indicate a serious problem for these patients. Future investigations are needed to elucidate foodborne transmission routes of hepatitis E virus in Turkey.     

Risk for osteoporosis and fracture with glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoid use is ubiquitous and is associated with multiple adverse reactions. Among them, osteoporosis and bone fractures are of our concern. In this review, we present current evidence on the effect of glucocorticoids on bone mineral density and the risk of fractures, the mechanisms underlying those effects, and the recommendations for monitoring and treating patients who take them.The bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and total hip is lower, and the risk of fractures is higher in glucocorticoid users than non-users. These effects have a rapid onset, are dose-dependent, and improve soon after discontinuation of glucocorticoids. They also appear to occur even with non-systemic routes of administration and with low doses.Glucocorticoids reduce bone mineral density by increasing osteoclast activity and decreasing osteoblast and osteocyte activity. Calcium metabolism and parathyroid hormone activity are less important than was initially thought.Treatment decisions are on risk stratification using clinical, radiographic, and prediction tools. Our armamentarium for the treatment and prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis includes calcium and vitamin D, bisphosphonates, recombinant parathyroid hormone, monoclonal antibodies against receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, and hormone treatments.     

老年男性骨质疏松症患者骨密度和生化指标的变化

目的：了解老年男性骨质疏松症患者骨密度和骨代谢生化指标变化的特点。方法：对30例老年男性骨质疏松症患者进行腰椎（L2－4）骨密度（BMD）、骨矿含量（BMC）、血和尿骨代谢生化指标的测定,并与对照组进行比较。结果：骨质疏松（OP）组的BMD和BMC均显著小于对照组,分别比对照组下降21．6％和25％;OP组骨形成指标血清碱性磷酸酸（ALP）和C端骨钙素（BGP）明显高于对照组,分别上升25．4％和222％;骨吸收指标尿羟脯氨酸与肌酐的比值（HOP／Cr)和Ⅰ型胶原N－末端肽与肌酐的比值（INTX／Cr)明显高于对照组,分别上升22．6％和223％。OP组血清T水平明显低于对照组,两组血清25－羟维生素D3（25－OH－D3）均在正常低限或低于正常水平。结论：腰椎（L2－4）BMD和BMC是诊断男性骨质疏松症的主要依据;老年男性骨质疏松症患者一部分人属于骨代谢高转换型;雄激素对老年男性骨量的维持起重要作用;老年男性维生素D缺乏质疏松症发生的重要基础。     

Elevated HbA1c Is an Independent Predictor of Aggressive Clinical Behavior in Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Case-Control Study

AIM: The aim of this study was to seek an association between the control of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as determined by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, and the outcome of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of patients with T2DM who had CRC diagnosed between 1997 and 2001. We defined well-controlled T2DM as HbA1c < 7.5% and poorly controlled T2DM as HbA1c > or = 7.5%. A group of age- and gender-matched patients who had CRC without T2DM were used as controls. Forty clinical factors were reviewed, and those associated with poor clinical outcome in each group were examined by univariate analysis (UA) and by the maximum likelihood analysis of logistic regression to determine the independent predictors of cancer outcome. RESULTS: We identified 155 patients with T2DM and CRC, and 114 control patients who had CRC without T2DM. We found no significant differences in any clinical factor by UA between the patients with well-controlled T2DM and the patients who had CRC without T2DM. Compared to both of those patients groups, in contrast, the patients with poorly controlled T2DM had more right-sided CRCs (P = 0.04, OR = 2, 95% CI = 1-4.1), more advanced CRCs (P = 0.02, OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1-4.4), a younger age of presentation (P = 0.05), greater use of exogenous insulin (P = 0.002), and a poorer 5-year survival (P = 0.001) by UA. Logistic regression showed that poorly controlled T2DM independently predicted the early onset of CRC, a more advanced stage at the time of presentation, poorer 5-year survival, and an increased incidence of right-sided CRCs. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with T2DM who have CRC, poor glycemic control is associated with a clinically aggressive course for the cancer.     

Bone mineral density and bone remodelling in Tunisian patients with ankylosing spondylitis: A cross-sectional study

Aim of the workTo assess the bone turnover markers and bone mineral density (BMD) in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients and to evaluate their association with clinical variables.Patients and methodsForty-seven AS patients were compared with 47 matched control. Clinical features and inflammatory parameters were assessed. C-terminal telopeptide fragments of type I collagen (CTX), alkaline phosphatases (ALP), N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP) serum levels, and BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck were evaluated. The Bath AS disease activity and functional indices (BASDAI and BASFI) were assessed.ResultsMean serum levels of C-reactive protein, ALP and CTX were higher in AS patients than control (p = 0.001, p = 0.001 and p = 0.027 respectively). Osteopenia and osteoporosis were significantly more frequent in AS patients (57.4%) than control (21.3%) (p < 0.001). The PINP and ALP significantly correlated with disease duration (r = 0.33, p = 0.02 and r = 0.3, p = 0.04 respectively). BMD of the femoral neck was significantly lower in AS patients with history of coxitis than AS patients without (p = 0.02). Patients on anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNFα) therapy had higher T score (lumbar spine) compared to those not. Multivariate regression showed that CRP levels and disease activity were independently associated with low BMD and T score (lumbar) was significantly associated with anti-TNF use (p = 0.007).ConclusionsAn increase in bone turnover markers and decrease of BMD were observed in AS patients. Inflammatory activity of AS was associated to hyper bone remodelling and decrease of BMD. Anti-TNF use seems to be beneficial on AS inflammation and therefore on the BMD.     

类风湿性关节炎患者骨密度变化的临床研究

目的　探讨类风湿性关节炎 (RA)患者骨密度 (BMD)的变化和骨质疏松 (OP)的发生情况及其与临床指标的相关性。方法　采用双能X线骨密度仪 ,测量 5 3例RA患者和 63名正常人的前臂、腰椎和股骨区的BMD ,并同时测定各临床指标。结果　RA患者的骨量丢失较对照组明显(P <0 .0 5 ) ,除股骨颈外 ,各测定部位的BMD均明显低于对照组 (P <0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1)。RA患者中发生OP组较非OP组年龄更大 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,关节功能更差 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,健康评估表积分更高 (P <0 .0 1) ,握力更低 (P <0 .0 5 )。 2 8例服用糖皮质激素的RA患者中有 13例 ( 4 6.4% )发生OP ,明显高于未服用糖皮质激素组的 5 /2 5 ( 2 0 .0 % ) ( χ2 =4.113 ,P =0 .0 5 ) ,服用激素组腰椎 3 (L3 )的BMD明显低于未服用激素组 (t =2 .163 ,P =0 .0 5 )。LogisticRegression分析显示年龄 (OR =1.10 3 ,P =0 .0 1)和关节功能 (OR =5 .689,P =0 .0 1)为RA患者OP发生的相关因素。结论　RA患者多部位的BMD均显著降低。其BMD的降低和OP的发生是多因素的 ,与年龄、关节炎的严重程度和是否服用糖皮质激素等有关     

Risk factors associated with bone loss and occurrence of fragility fractures in rheumatoid arthritis patients

Aim of the work

To investigate the bone mineral density (BMD) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Tunisian patients, to identify the risk factors associated with its decrease and to assess the fracture risk.