抑郁与焦虑共病障碍临床研究

目的:调查抑郁与焦虑共病障碍的发生率,探讨其特点及预后.方法:对150例抑郁障碍患者用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)和临床疗效总评量表(CGI)评定,3个月后进行随访.结果:45.3%的抑郁障碍患者共病焦虑障碍,共病以广泛焦虑障碍与惊恐障碍为最多(分别为22.0%、13.3%);入组时及3个月末,共病组HAMD、HAMA、CGI及SDSS总分均显著高于抑郁组(P＜0.05),3个月末共病组HAMA减分率显著低于抑郁组(P＜0.05),HAMD减分率两组差异无显著性.结论:抑郁与焦虑共病障碍发生率高,具有抑郁及焦虑症状重、社会功能损害重,焦虑症状不易缓解等特征.     

小学生焦虑抑郁障碍共病调查

目的：探讨小学生焦虑抑郁障碍共病情况。方法：用儿童焦虑障碍筛查量表（SCRED）对县城2900名及农村1800名8～14岁小学生进行筛查,对筛查出的焦虑障碍儿童进行抑郁障碍诊断,对焦虑与抑郁障碍共病儿童实施相关量表及问卷测量。结果：儿童焦虑抑郁障碍共病率为12.7%,其中县城12.9%,农村12.3%,两地差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.011,P=0.915）。焦虑抑郁障碍共病儿童与仅有焦虑障碍儿童在焦虑量表及家庭功能评定量表上得分差异均无显著性（P均〉0.05）,抑郁量表分与焦虑量表的躯体焦虑、广泛焦虑及焦虑总分呈显著相关（P〈0.001）。结论：小学生焦虑与抑郁障碍共病率较高。     

焦虑和抑郁障碍共病的治疗

焦虑障碍包括广泛性焦虑障碍 (GAD) ,惊恐障碍 ,强迫症 (OCD) ,社交恐怖 ,混合性焦虑抑郁障碍 (MAD)和创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD)。其中 MAD在 ICD- 1 0中的定义是 :患者多见于初级保健机构 ,有一定程度的焦虑和抑郁症状 ,并伴有植物神经症状 ,但又不符合特定的焦虑症或抑郁症诊断标准 ,也应与应激性生活事件无关[1] 。焦虑和抑郁障碍在诊断标准中是相互独立的疾病实体 ,但通常在同一个体共存。当两组症状分别考虑时 ,足以符合相应的诊断标准 ,这种情况称为焦虑、抑郁障碍共病。这种共病在初级保健人群中的患病率达 1 9% ,与单一焦虑或…     

儿童焦虑障碍与抑郁障碍的关系

按照儿童精神障碍两维度划分法,儿童焦虑障碍和抑郁障碍同属于内化性(internalizing)障碍,或称情绪障碍。儿童焦虑障碍是一组以过分焦虑、担心、害怕为主要体验的心理障碍,包括儿童分离性焦虑障碍、广泛性焦虑障碍、特定恐怖症、社交恐怖症、惊恐障碍,有些文献将选择性缄默症、     

抑郁障碍和焦虑障碍共病专家研讨会会议纪要

抑郁障碍和焦虑障碍共病 (以下简称抑郁焦虑共病 )是当前全球精神病学界关注的热点之一 ,也正在逐渐引起国内同道的重视。为此 ,中华医学会精神病学分会焦虑障碍研究协作组邀请部分专家 ,于 2 0 0 3年 3月 3日在哈尔滨市召开抑郁焦虑共病专题研讨会。讨论的议题集中于临床 ,如抑郁焦虑共病的流行病学、临床现象学和治疗学。现将本次会议的主要发言内容纪要于下。张明园教授 (上海第二医科大学 ) :首先就抑郁焦虑共病的概念 ,谈几点个人观点 :( 1)共病 (comorbidity)也被译为同病、合病或其他 ;目前国内多习惯称为共病 ,其含义是指两种疾病共…     

老年焦虑抑郁障碍共病54例临床研究

目的 探讨老年焦虑抑郁障碍的临床特征、诊断及治疗方法.方法 选取54例符合入组标准及排除标准的患者进行临床研究,归纳临床症状并进行统计分析.用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)进行评分,对比治疗前后的评分变化,并以HAMA和HAMD减分率判定疗效.结果 老年焦虑障碍多与抑郁共病,躯体主诉多为其主要特点.治疗后第2周末开始起效,疗效随时间延长同步上升,治疗后第2、4、8周末HAMA、HAMD量表评分与治疗前比较,有显著性差异(P ＜0.05,P＜0.01).药物及心理治疗的总有效率90.75％.结论 老年焦虑障碍多与抑郁共病,及时干预治疗效果满意.     

脑卒中后焦虑抑郁共病研究进展

脑卒中患者除偏瘫外,还可出现一系列情感行为的变化,其中抑郁和焦虑是脑卒中后常见的心理障碍.有研究表明只有39.5%的情感障碍和59.3%的焦虑障碍是以单独的形式出现的,而焦虑抑郁共病（comorbid anxiety and depression,CAD）则是最常见的共病模式[1].这种情绪变化不仅影响患者的生存质量,也妨碍其神经功能的恢复,不仅给患者带来躯体上和精神上痛苦,而且增加了家庭和社会的负担,为此,越来越多的学者意识到脑卒中后抑郁焦虑共病早期诊断和积极干预的重要性.现将脑卒中后焦虑抑郁共病的研究情况作一介绍.     

焦虑障碍和抑郁障碍共病率较高的原因——读者来信

正编辑先生:在临床上,焦虑和抑郁可谓难兄难弟,常并肩出现,几乎所有涉及精神疾病共病的流行病学调查都显示,抑郁障碍和焦虑障碍的共病率位居首位。不知这是什么原因,请指教!读者答读者来信读者您好:在中国5个城市(北京、上海、广州、成都和长沙)的15家三级甲等综合医院的心血管科、消化科、神经科和妇科门诊对8,487例患者的诊断性调查显示,抑郁障碍的患病率是12.0%,焦虑障碍的     

多发性硬化并发的焦虑抑郁障碍

<正> 多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)是一种中枢神经系统自身免疫性疾病。好发年龄为20～40岁,该年龄段患者不仅承受病痛及维持生计的压力,而且社会交往能力也有所下降。心理社会因素和疾病本身造成与情绪调节相关的脑组织损伤使患者并发焦虑抑郁的风险明显增加。焦虑抑郁不仅导致患者治疗的依从性下降,增加自杀风险,而且加重认知障碍,降低生活质量。目前人们对MS患者焦虑抑郁的识别和干预率均低,应该引起广大医务工作者的重视。     

抑郁障碍与人格障碍的共病研究

精神疾病与人格障碍共病的研究日趋增多，特别是关于抑郁障碍与人格障碍的共病关系，本文目的在于探讨其治疗意义和预后转归。     

抑郁障碍与人格障碍的共病研究

目的　了解抑郁障碍患者中人格障碍的发生率,探讨抑郁障碍与人格障碍的共病情况。方法　使用SCID- Ⅱ对102例抑郁障碍患者进行人格障碍的评估,并与102例正常人群对照,对抑郁障碍组进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定。结果　抑郁障碍组人格障碍的发生率为51.9%,31.4%的患者被诊断为两种或以上的人格障碍,显著高于对照组的14.7%;女性抑郁障碍患者人格障碍的发生率(63.5%)显著多于男性患者(40.0%);重性抑郁症与心境恶劣患者人格障碍的共病率则无统计学差异(P>0.05);抑郁障碍患者中最常见的人格障碍类型为回避型、强迫型、消极型以及偏执型。结论　抑郁障碍患者中具有较高的人格障碍患病率,对抑郁障碍和人格障碍的共病应引起临床高度重视。     

Comorbidity of bipolar and anxiety disorders: An overview of trends in research

Over the last three decades burgeoning research has shown that anxiety disorder comorbidity is not only highly prevalent in bipolar disorder (BD), but it also adversely impacts the course, outcome, and treatment of BD. The present review provides an overview of the current trends in research on comorbid anxiety and BDs based on prior reviews and meta-analyses (n = 103), epidemiological surveys, and large-scale clinical studies. The results reiterated the fact that at least half of those with BD are likely to develop an anxiety disorder in their lifetimes and a third of them will manifest an anxiety disorder at any point of time. All types of anxiety disorders were equally common in BD. However, there was a wide variation in rates across different sources, with most of this discrepancy being accounted for by methodological differences between reports. Comorbid anxiety disorders negatively impacted the presentation and course of BD. This unfavourable clinical profile led to poorer outcome and functioning and impeded treatment of BD. Despite the extensive body of research there was paucity of data on aetiology and treatment of anxiety disorder comorbidity in BD. Nevertheless, the substantial burden and unique characteristics of this comorbidity has important clinical and research implications.     

Place of chronic insomnia in the course of depressive and anxiety disorders

BACKGROUND: Insomnia is frequent in the general population and is often related to a psychiatric illness. However, little is known about how the chronicity of insomnia affects this relation and how often subjects with chronic insomnia have antecedents of psychiatric disorders. METHODS: A total of 14,915 subjects aged from 15 to 100 years representative of the general population of the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, and Portugal were interviewed by telephone using the Sleep-EVAL system. The questionnaire assessed current psychiatric disorders according to the DSM-IV classification and a series of questions assessed the psychiatric history. Insomnia was considered as chronic when it lasted for 6 months or more. RESULTS: The prevalence for insomnia accompanied with impaired daytime functioning was 19.1% and significantly increased with age. More than 90% of these subjects had a chronic insomnia. About 28% of subjects with insomnia had a current diagnosis of mental disorders and 25.6% had a psychiatric history. A DSM-IV insomnia disorder was found in 6.6% of the sample. Presence of severe insomnia, diagnosis of primary insomnia or insomnia related to a medical condition, and insomnia that lasted more than one year were predictors of a psychiatric history. In most cases of mood disorders, insomnia appeared before (> 40%) or in the same time (> 22%) than mood disorder symptoms. When anxiety disorders were involved, insomnia appeared mostly in the same time (>38%) or after (> 34%) the anxiety disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that psychiatric history is closely related to the severity and chronicity of current insomnia. Moreover, chronic insomnia can be a residual symptom of a previous mental disorder and put these subjects to a higher risk of relapse.     

抑郁症和精神分裂症共患焦虑障碍的研究

目的：了解抑郁症和精神分裂症患者与焦虑障碍的共病发生率及其相关因素。方法：对精神分裂症41例和抑郁症40例，用简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、Hamilton抑郁量表(HAMD)、Hamilton焦虑量表(HAMA)、Liebowitz社交焦虑量表(LSAS)进行评定。结果：抑郁症与焦虑障碍的共病率为50．0％，精神分裂症与焦虑障碍的共病率为29．3％。LSAS与HAMA呈正相关(r=0．465)。有关抑郁症和精神分裂症患者共患焦虑障碍经多元逐步回归分析可排除药源性焦虑。结论：对抑郁症和精神分裂症共患焦虑障碍问题应引起高度重视。     

抑郁障碍患者与焦虑障碍患者的个性测定比较

目的 探讨抑郁障碍患者与焦虑障碍患者的个性特征差异。方法 使用本土化的人格测量工具《中国人个性测量表2》（CPAI-2）对抑郁障碍患者和焦虑障碍患者进行调查。结果 在一般性格特征上两类人群在新颖性（t=2．39,P〈0．05）、多元思考（t=3．01,P〈0．01）、理智-情感（t=3．09,P〈0．01）、阿Q精神（t=2．26,P〈0．05）、老实-圆滑（t=-1．98,P〈0．05）、人际触觉（t=2．57,P〈0．05）等六个方面存在显著差异,在病态性格特征上两类人群在焦虑紧张（t=2．15,P〈0．05）、抑郁（t=-2．48,P〈0．01）、病态依赖（t=-2．34,P〈0．05）、兴奋性（t=2．42,P〈0．05）等四个方面存在显著差异。结论 抑郁障碍患者和焦虑障碍患者的个性特征存在有共性和个性。     

Effects of comorbid anxiety disorders on the course of bipolar disorder-I

Abstract

Background and aims: Although comorbid anxiety disorders (AD) are quite frequent in bipolar disorders (BD), data on how this comorbidity affects BD are limited. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the frequency of comorbid AD in Turkish patients with bipolar disorder-I (BD-I) and the effects of comorbid AD on the course of BD-I. Methods: 114 patients with BD-I were included in the study. All patients were diagnosed by a psychiatrist. The patients were divided into two groups as BD-I patients with lifetime comorbid AD (BDI-CAD) or those without comorbid AD (BDI). Results: 37 (32.46%) patients had one or more comorbid lifetime AD. The numbers of admissions to the outpatient clinic within calendar year 2013 (P = 0.014), the number of lifetime mood episodes (P = 0.019) and the duration of BD (P = 0.007) were higher in the BDI-CAD group compared with the BDI group. There was a strong relationship between the duration of the disorder and the number of episodes (r = 0.583, P < 0.001). Partial correlation analyses showed that the number of admission to the outpatient clinic correlated significantly with the frequency of episodes (P = 0.007, r = 0.282). Conclusion: We found that the patients with BDI-CAD use the healthcare system more frequently than the BDI patients. This suggests that AD comorbidity may have a negative influence on the course of BD-I and it is a factor that should be considered in the clinical follow-up.     

Pathological worry, anxiety disorders and the impact of co-occurrence with depressive and other anxiety disorders

The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) was administered to 123 outpatients with principal diagnoses of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), panic disorder with agoraphobia, and panic disorder without agoraphobia (PD) to examine the specificity of pathological worry for GAD. The mean PSWQ scores in patients with GAD and SAD were significantly higher than the mean PSWQ scores in patients with PD, while not differing significantly in the subgroups without any co-occurring depressive or anxiety disorders. Patients with any co-occurring depressive or anxiety disorder scored significantly higher on the PSWQ. In a logistic regression analysis, high PSWQ scores independently predicted only GAD and SAD diagnoses. The study suggests that pathological worry is specific not only for GAD, and indicates that a significant relationship exists between pathological worry, GAD and SAD, and that depressive and anxiety disorders co-occurrence increases levels of pathological worry in patients with anxiety disorders.     

精神分裂症和抑郁症伴焦虑障碍的研究

目的 了解精神分裂症和抑郁症住院病人与焦虑障碍的共病发生率及相关因素分析。方法 住院精神分裂症病人41例和抑郁病人40例,用简明精神病量表（BPRS）、Hamilton抑郁量表（HAMD）、Hamilton焦虑量表（HAMA）、Liebowitz社交焦虑量表（LSAS）进行评定。结果 精神分裂症病人焦虑障碍的共病率为29．26％,抑郁症与焦虑障碍的共病率为50L。LSAS与HAMA呈正相关（r=0.465)。有关精神分裂症和抑郁症病人共病焦虑障碍经多元逐步回归可排除药源性焦虑。结论 对精神分裂症和抑郁症共患焦虑障碍应引起临床高度重视。     

Excess mortality in depressive and anxiety disorders: The Lifelines Cohort Study

BackgroundTo examine the mortality risk of current and life-time depressive as well as anxiety disorders, whether this risk is moderated by sex or age, and whether this risk can be explained by lifestyle and/or somatic health status.MethodsA cohort study (Lifelines) including 141,377 participants (18–93 years) which were followed-up regarding mortality for 8.6 years (range 3.0–13.7). Baseline depressive and anxiety disorders according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition criteria were assessed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and lifetime diagnoses by self-report. All-cause mortality was retrieved from Statistics Netherlands. Cox-regression was applied to calculate proportional hazard ratios, adjusted for lifestyle (physical activity, alcohol use, smoking, and body mass index) and somatic health status (multimorbidity and frailty) in different models.ResultsThe mortality rate of depressive and anxiety disorders was conditional upon age but not on sex. Only in people below 60 years, current depressive and anxiety disorders were associated with mortality. Only depressive disorder and panic disorder independently predicted mortality when all mental disorders were included simultaneously in one overall model (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.18 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.56–3.05], p < 0.001 and HR = 2.39 [95% CI: 1.15–4.98], p = 0.020). Life-time depressive and anxiety disorders, however, were independent of each other associated with mortality. Associations hardly changed when adjusted for lifestyle characteristics but decreased substantially when adjusted for somatic health status (in particular physical frailty).ConclusionsIn particular, depressive disorder is associated with excess mortality in people below 60 years, independent of their lifestyle. This effect seems partly explained by multimorbidity and frailty, which suggest that chronic disease management of depression-associated somatic morbidity needs to be (further) improved.