急性脑卒中患者74例糖代谢异常及其预后的前瞻性研究

目的探讨急性脑卒中患者的糖代谢异常情况及其对预后指标的影响。方法选取2010年1月～2011年12月某院收治的74例急性脑卒中患者为研究对象,分为出血性脑卒中组和缺血性脑卒中组,进行血糖、血清胰岛素和糖化血红蛋白检查,分析不同血糖水平对急性脑卒中预后指标的影响。结果①出血性脑卒中组出现糖代谢异常者12例(38.71%),低于缺血性脑卒中组41.86%(18/43),比较差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);缺血性脑卒中组平均血糖(10.4±1.4)mmol/L,高于出血性脑卒中组(9.8±1.7)mmol/L,而且均高于对照组,各组比较差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);出血性脑卒中组、缺血性脑卒中组以及健康对照组3组糖化血红蛋白和胰岛素值无明显差别,比较差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。②本组资料显示,无论是出血性还是缺血性脑卒中,病情程度越重,血糖水平越高。③两组患者神经功能缺损评分(NDS)随血糖水平升高而升高,格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)随血糖水平升高而降低,日常生活活动能力(ADL)随血糖水平升高而降低,比较差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。出血性脑卒中组神经功能缺损评分(NDS)、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)以及日常生活活动能力(ADL)评分与缺血性脑卒中无明显差别,比较差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。结论急性脑卒中患者血糖水平程度与预后密切相关,临床应及时动态监测糖代谢指标变化,并积极处理,以改善患者预后。     

MEWS评分与APACHEⅡ评分在重症胰腺炎患者预后预测中的对比研究

[目的]探讨改良早期预警评分(MEWS)应用于重症胰腺炎患者预后预测的可行性。[方法]依据事先设定的入组及排除标准,选取2007年1月～2010年8月经我科治疗的重症胰腺炎患者为研究对象,共计54例。以确定诊断即刻作为观察起点,采集相关数据或化验标本。其后对每一位患者分别进行急性生理与慢性健康(APACHEⅡ)评分及MEWS评分;30d后为观察终点;预后作为观察指标。资料收集完后进行统计分析。[结果]以死亡作为预测指标时,APACHEⅡ评分界值是21分,敏感度94.12%,特异度91.67%;ROC曲线下面积Az=0.9632;u=19.6536;P=0.0000。MEWS评分界值是7分,特异度91.89%,敏感度82.35%,ROC曲线下面积Az=0.9340;u=12.5601;P=0.0000。均有较强的预测价值。[结论]APACHEⅡ评分及MEWS评分对重症胰腺炎患者愈后具有同等预测价值,但MEWS评分结构简单,获取数据方便,省时、节省费用,故可在重症胰腺炎患者预后预测中应用。     

血糖对急性缺血性脑卒中静脉溶栓患者预后的影响

目的探讨血糖对急性缺血性脑卒中静脉溶栓患者预后的影响。方法回顾性分析2016年9月至2017年9月扬州大学附属医院神经内科120例急性缺血性脑卒中静脉溶栓患者的临床资料,根据改良rankin量表评分,以0~1分(100例)作为预后良好组,以2~6分(20例)作为预后不良组,比较两组的血糖指标。以患者的平均血糖水平将其划分为A组(> 11. 1 mmol/L) 36例,B组(7. 8~11. 1 mmol/L) 44例,C组(<7. 8 mmol/L) 40例,对比3组的美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分以及并发症发生率。结果预后良好组的血糖指标优于预后不良组,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。C组的NIHSS评分以及并发症发生率均低于其他两组,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。结论血糖与急性缺血性脑卒中静脉溶栓患者预后有紧密的关系,血糖浓度过高,会导致急性缺血性脑卒中静脉溶栓患者预后不良、神经功能改善差、并发症发生率高。     

MEWS评分与APACHEⅡ评分在重症胰腺炎患者预后预测的对比研究

[目的]探讨改良早期预警评分(MEWS)应用于重症胰腺炎患者预后预测的可行性.[方法]依据事先设定的入组及排除标准,选取2007年1月～2010年8月经我科治疗的重症胰腺炎患者为研究对象,共计54例.以确定诊断即刻作为观察起点,采集相关数据或化验标本.其后对每一位患者分别进行急性生理与慢性健康(APACHEⅡ)评分及MEWS评分;30d后为观察终点;预后作为观察指标.资料收集完后进行统计分析.[结果]以死亡作为预测指标时,APACHEⅡ评分界值是21分,敏感度94.12％,特异度91.67％;ROC曲线下面积Az=0.963 2;u=19.6536;P=0.000 0.MEWS评分界值是7分,特异度91.89％,敏感度82.35％,ROC曲线下面积Az=0.934 0;u=12.5601;P=0.000 0.均有较强的预测价值.[结论]APACHEⅡ评分及MEWS评分对重症胰腺炎患者愈后具有同等预测价值,但MEWS评分结构简单,获取数据方便,省时、节省费用,故可在重症胰腺炎患者预后预测中应用.     

急性心肌梗死患者早期心律震荡与梗死面积及预后的关系研究

[目的]探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者早期心律震荡(HRT)与梗死面积及预后的关系。[方法]选择165例早期AMI患者进行24h动态心电图(Holter)检查,计算HRT的两个参数:震荡初始(TO)和震荡斜率(TS),并对TO、TS进行分析。所有患者根据是否发生心源性死亡分为死亡组和生存组。规定12导心电图中病理性Q波导联数≥4者为大面积梗死,≤3者为小面积梗死。组间比较采用χ2检验。[结果]死亡组TO≥0且TS≤2.5ms/RR间期的阳性率显著高于生存组(P﹤0.01)。大面积AMI组TO≥0且TS≤2.5ms/RR间期的阳性率显著高于小面积AMI组(P﹤0.01)。[结论]TO,TS值的变化与AMI患者早期的心源性死亡及梗死面积密切相关。HRT的减弱或消失可作为预测AMI患者早期发生恶性心脏事件的敏感指标之一。     

颅脑创伤患者早期动态监测血碱剩余水平对判断预后的价值

目的 动态监测颅脑创伤患者入院后3d内血碱剩余(BE)水平的变化,评估血BE水平对预后的影响.方法 选取颅脑创伤患者56例,监测入院后3d内动脉血BE水平,按入院即刻格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分将患者分为轻型(13 ～ 15分)组15例、中型(9～ 12分)组22例、重型(3～8分)组19例,按预后分为死亡组14例与存活组42例,以入院后3d内血BE水平分为高BE(≥-8 mmol/L)组35例和低BE(＜-8 mmol/L)组21例,比较评估血BE水平与患者病情严重程度、预后的关系.结果 轻、中、重型组患者入院后1、2、3d血BE水平较入院即刻出现不同程度的升高,轻型组[(-3.02±0.21)mmol/L]、重型组[(-9.64±1.19)mmol/L]分别与中型组[(-8.49±1.44)mmol/L]比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);死亡组患者入院即刻、入院后1、2、3d血BE水平均显著低于存活组[(-11.97±2.13)mmol/L比(-6.29±1.16) mmol/L,(-9.84±1.33)mmol/L比(-4.89±1.78) mmol/L,(-8.78±2.01)mmol/L比(-3.61±1.43)mmol/L,(-7.84±1.42)mmol/L比(-3.10±0.98) mmol/L](P＜ 0.01);低BE组入院即刻急性生理和慢性健康状况Ⅱ评分、病死率均高于高BE组[(24.84±3.68)分比(16.27±2.21)分;52.4％(11/21)比8.6％(3/35)] (P＜ 0.01),入院即刻GCS评分低于高BE组[(7.56±3.09)分比(1 0.51±2.43)分](P＜0.01).结论 早期动态监测血BE水平是评价颅脑创伤患者治疗效果及预测预后的简单而有效的指标,值得临床推广应用.     

入院时血浆脑利钠肽水平与急性缺血性脑卒中预后的关系探讨

[目的]探讨急性缺血性脑卒中病人入院时血浆脑利钠肽(BNP)水平能否成为急性缺血性脑卒中病人发病后3个月神经功能恢复程度的预测指标。[方法]根据《中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南2010》诊断标准,前瞻性入选88例24 h内发病的急性缺血性脑卒中病人,于入院24 h内检测血浆BNP,将3个月后神经功能恢复良好组与3个月后神经功能恢复较差组进行比较。[结果]发病3个月后神经功能恢复程度与入院时BNP值等级、梗死体积均有显著相关性(P值﹤0.001),3个月后神经功能恢复较差组入院时血浆BNP水平[(884.75±330.07)pg/mL]显著高于3个月后神经功能恢复良好组[(263.27±281.89)pg/mL],P<0.001。入院时血浆BNP水平≥366.40 pg/mL可作为发病3个月后神经功能恢复较差组的预测指标,其敏感性为96.00%,特异性为76.19%。[结论]急性缺血性脑卒中病人入院时血浆BNP水平可作为其发病3个月后神经功能恢复程度的预测因子。     

慢性心力衰竭患者心率震荡现象的临床意义

目的 探讨慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者窦性心率震荡(HBT)的临床意义.方法 30例CHF患者(CHF组)及28例非器质性心脏病患者(对照组)行24 h动态心电图检查.根据NYHA心功能分级,将CHF组分为轻度CHF组(Ⅰ～Ⅱ级)16例及重度CHF组(Ⅲ～Ⅳ级)14例;CHF组中缺血性心脏病18例及非缺血性心脏病12例.分析比较各组HRT的初始值(TO)及震荡斜率(TS)两项指标.结果 CHF组TO值[(0.43±0.83)%]较对照组[(-1.49±1.00)%]明显增高(P＜0.05),CHF组TS值[(2.67±0.66)ms/RRI]较对照组[(8.52±2.09)ms/RRI]明显降低(P＜0.05).重度CHF组TO值[(0.79±0.67)%]较轻度CHF组[(0.12±0.86)%]明显增高(P=0.026),重度CHF组TS值[(2.88±0.79)ms/RRI]较轻度CHF组[(2.40±0.35)ms/RRI]明显增高(P=0.045).缺血性心脏病与非缺血性心脏病患者TO及TS值比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).CHF组中TO及TS值同时异常(TO≥0,TS≤2.5 ms/RRI)占53.3%(16/30),而TO或TS值仅1项异常占40.0%(12/30),CHF组HRT检测异常率为93.3%(28/30).结论 CHF患者HRT现象明显减弱,HRT可作为CHF严重程度的有效观测指标,对CHF患者预后的预测起指导作用.     

SIRS评分应用于预测急性颅脑损伤患者预后的临床研究

目的 探讨全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)评分预测急性颅脑损伤患者预后的作用和意义.方法 对收治的620例急性颅脑损伤患者在入院24 h内进行SIRS评分及GCS评分,分析不同SIRS分值患者的病死率、相同年龄患者不同GCS分值与SIRS分值及预后的关系.结果 随着SIRS分值的升高,患者病死率增加,当SIRS分值≥2分时患者病死率显著升高,与SIRS分值<2分时比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);相同年龄组当SIRS分值≥2分时,GCS分值为8～12分的患者病死率15.38%(4/26),GCS分值<8分的患者病死率50.00%(8/16),二者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 SIRS评分具有独立预测颅脑损伤患者预后的作用,有一定的临床应用价值.     

高血压脑出血患者血浆氨基末端脑利钠肽前体和C反应蛋白变化的临床意义

目的探讨高血压脑出血(HICH)患者静脉血浆氨基末端脑利钠肽前体(NT－pro－BNP)和C反应蛋白(CRP)的变化及其临床意义。 方法选取2016年1月至2017年12月江苏大学附属金坛医院重症医学科(ICU)收治的HICH患者65例(观察组)和30例同期到院进行健康体检者(对照组)为研究对象进行回顾性病例对照分析。对HICH患者和对照组健康者血浆NT－pro－BNP和CRP进行比较。观察组病例依据入ICU后格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS),分为GCS评分≤8分组、GCS评分>8分组,依据转归分为生存组与死亡组。比较组间NT－pro－BNP和CRP的差异。 结果观察组患者静脉血NT－pro－BNP、CRP水平较对照组增高[NT－pro－BNP水平分别为：(823.67±3 095.51)pg/L、(43.60±51.06)pg/L,CRP水平分别为：(52.26±52.50)mg/L、(1.25±2.29)mg/L,P均<0.05]。死亡组HICH患者的静脉血NT－pro－BNP和CRP水平高于生存组[NT－pro－BNP：(2 172.50±5 272.32)pg/L、(179.92±143.75)pg/L,CRP：(98.50±59.16)mg/L、(30.19±30.53)mg/L,P均<0.05]。GCS评分≤8分HICH患者静脉血CRP水平高于GCS评分>8分的患者[(73.04±56.34)mg/L、(26.45±32.98)mg/L,P<0.05],但两者NT－pro－BNP水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论血浆NT－pro－BNP、CRP水平可用于指导HICH的临床诊断,CRP水平能反映病情严重程度。两者联合应用可作为诊断和判断HICH预后的实验室指标。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.