补心气胶囊在麻醉大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型中的保护作用

目的:研究补心气胶囊(黄芪、人参、菖蒲等)对大鼠心肌缺血及灌注损伤的影响.方法:结扎大鼠冠状动脉左前降支(LAD)30min再通60min造成心肌缺血及再灌注损伤模型,检测了血清磷酸肌酸激酶(creatine phosphokinase,CPK)和乳酸脱氢酶活性(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)、超氧化物歧化酶活性(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、丙二醛含量(malondialdehydebis,MDA)并观察心律失常情况、心肌梗塞的范围.结果:补心气胶囊具有显著降低心律失常发生率、心律失常严重指数(arrhythmias severity index,ASI)和心肌梗死范围的作用.并显著降低血清CPK、LDH活性及MDA含量,改善SOD活性的降低.结论:补心气胶囊能拮抗实验性心肌缺血及再灌注损伤,具有明显的保护作用.     

血府逐瘀汤对急性心肌缺血大鼠心肌保护作用的实验研究

目的探讨血府逐瘀汤对冠心病心肌缺血心肌损伤的保护作用及其作用机制。方法将60只大鼠随机分为6组,分别为:空白对照组、模型对照组、阳性对照组(复方丹参滴丸)、血府逐瘀汤高、中、低剂量组,6天后皮下注射异丙肾上腺素(ISO)两次,检测乳酸脱氢酸(LDH)、磷酸激酸激酶(CK)与心电图(ECG)的改变。结果血府逐瘀汤能明显降低血清LDH活性及CK活力;改善ISO所致的大鼠心电图ST-T段的偏移。结论血府逐瘀汤对急性心肌缺血大鼠心肌损伤有保护作用。     

亚麻籽多糖对大鼠缺血再灌注心肌线粒体损伤的保护作用

[目的]观察亚麻籽多糖对大鼠缺血再灌注心肌线粒体损伤的保护作用。[方法]结扎Wistar大鼠冠状动脉30min再灌注20min,测定心肌线粒体中琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、细胞色素C氧化酶(CCO)和SOD活性,膜磷脂及MDA含量。[结果]与模型组比较,亚麻籽多糖(200、400mg/kg)组SDH、CCO、SOD活性明显升高(P﹤0.05,膜磷脂含量增加(P﹤0.05,MDA含量降低(P﹤0.05)。[结论]亚麻籽多糖对缺血再灌注损伤的心肌线粒体功能具有保护作用。     

番茄红素对体外氧化损伤的影响

[目的]观察不同浓度的番茄红素对体外氧化损伤的影响。[方法]当人胚肺二倍体细胞（SL-7细胞）处于对数生长期时,加入不同浓度的番茄红素,作用24h后除溶剂对照组外其余再加入H2O2作用1h。测定细胞培养上清液中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的含量;同时测定细胞内脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）的含量以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性。[结果]0.5、1、5μmol/L番茄红素能维持细胞膜的完整性,LDH和MDA的含量与H2O2组比较显著降低（P﹤0.05）,同时SOD活力增强（P﹤0.05）,GSH的含量增加（P﹤0.05）。但10μmol/L番茄红素组上述作用不明显。[结论]0.5、1、5μmol/L番茄红素对体外氧化损伤有保护作用;10μmol/L番茄红素无保护作用。     

多因素环境变化对心肌缺血家兔SOD活力和MDA含量的影响

[目的]探讨在心肌缺血的状况下多种环境因素变化对SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)活力与MDA(丙二醛)含量的影响。[方法]健康家兔72只,随机分为心肌缺血组、心肌缺血低氧高温组、心肌缺血低氧组、心肌缺血饥饿组、心肌缺血低氧高温饥饿组、单纯低氧组,单纯饥饿组、单纯高温组和正常对照组,每组8只。心肌缺血模型按心肌缺血方法手术。将各组分别置于相应的环境中,时间为30min,实验后立即抽取静脉血进行血清SOD活力和MDA含量的测定。[结果]心肌缺血后,多因素的环境变化作用于机体可使SOD活力下降(P﹤0.05),MDA含量升高(P﹤0.05)。[结论]多因素的环境变化可使心肌缺血家兔的自由基增多。     

藏族大骨节病血清生化指标检测及相关性分析

[目的]探讨血清钙、磷、镁、碱性磷酸酶、乳酸脱氢酶、肌酐等生化指标与藏族大骨节病患者的相关性。[方法]收集四川省阿坝州若尔盖地区藏族大骨节病患者295例(其中I度68例,II度89例,III度138例),同地区藏族正常对照290例,测定患者及对照的13项血清生化指标:钙(Ca)、磷(PHOS)、镁(Mg)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、α羟丁酸脱氢酶(HBDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷氨酰转移酶(GGT)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、肌酐(Cre)。[结果]藏族大骨节患者血清Mg、ALP、LDH、HBDH水平均显著高于对照组(P﹤0.05);患者血清CK、DALT、AST、GGT、Cre水平则显著低于对照组(P﹤0.05);而患者组和对照组血清Ca、PHOS、TP、ALB水平没有明显差异(P﹥0.05)。同时,患者血清ALP、LDH、HBDH、ALT和AST水平还与病情严重程度存在明显的相关性(P﹤0.05)。[结论]藏族大骨节患者血清中Mg、ALP、LDH、HBDH水平显著升高,CK、ALT、AST、GGT、Cre水平则明显降低;且ALP、LDH、HBDH、ALT和AST水平与大骨节病的严重程度相关。因此,这些生化指标的检测对于大骨节患者的早期诊断和预防以及病程进展的监测具有非常重要的意义。     

心肌坏死标志物血清联合检测在急性心肌梗死早期诊断中的应用

[目的]探讨心肌坏死标志物联合检测对于急性心肌梗塞早期诊断及鉴别诊断的应用价值。[方法]依据国际心脏病协会和1979年世界卫生组织(WHO)制定的标准,将临床确诊的40例心肌缺血症状的患者划为A组,40例症状不典型的患者划为B组,40例无症状的健康体检者划为C组,作为对照组。电泳检测血清中天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST),肌酸激酶(CK)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性,以及血清中心肌钙蛋白I(cTnI),MMB和肌红蛋白(MYO)含量。将检测的结果与临床诊断进行对照回顾分析。[结果]急性心肌梗死早期患者的血清cTnI、MMB、MYO含量、AST、CK及LDH活性,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。与对照组比较,症状不典型组患者的血清中cTnI、MMB和MYO含量明显增高,AST、CK及LDH活性增高(P﹤0.05);但与例急性心肌梗死早期患者比较,血清中cTnI、MMB、MYO含量和CK活性升高明显,而AST和LDH活性下降明显(P﹤0.05)。[结论]心肌坏死标志物血清联合检测无论在急性心肌梗死早期诊断,还是明确诊断之后的治疗过程中,都有重要的临床意义。     

海洋胶原肽对糖尿病大鼠脂代谢和抗氧化水平的影响

[目的]观察海洋胶原肽对四氧嘧啶诱导糖尿病大鼠血清脂质和抗氧化水平的影响。[方法]通过对SD大鼠腹腔注射四氧嘧啶建立糖尿病大鼠模型,随机分为海洋胶原肽低、中、高剂量组和高糖模型对照组,分别灌胃给予海洋胶原肽0.225g/kg.BW、0.450g/kg.BW、1.35g/kg.BW和同体积蒸馏水;另设定正常高剂量组和正常空白对照组,灌胃给予1.35g/kg.BW海洋胶原肽和同体积蒸馏水,连续8周。取大鼠尾血,测量血清脂质(TG、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C)和抗氧化指标(MDA、SOD)。[结果]试验开始时(0周)海洋胶原肽各剂量组大鼠TC、TG、MDA水平明显高于正常空白对照组,HDL-C、SOD水平则明显较低(P﹤0.05);与高糖模型对照组相比差异无统计学意义。干预8周后海洋胶原肽各剂量组血清TC水平仍高于正常空白对照组(P﹤0.05);而TG水平与正常对照组差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05);4周末时低、高剂量组HDL-C明显上升,甚至高于正常空白对照组(P﹤0.05);LDL-C试验前后组间均无明显差异;各剂量组SOD活力仍明显低于正常空白对照组(P﹤0.05);MDA水平高于正常对照组,但低于高糖对照组(P﹤0.05)。[结论]海洋胶原肽可有效改善四氧嘧啶诱导糖尿病大鼠的脂代谢紊乱,并有一定的抗氧化损伤功能;由于糖尿病大鼠受损较严重,以上结论有待进一步研究证实。     

番茄红素对大鼠急性心肌梗死所致心肌损伤的保护作用

目的探讨番茄红素对大鼠急性心肌梗死所致心肌损伤的保护作用及抗氧化作用机制。方法 60只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、番茄红素高、低剂量组(番茄红素10和5 mg/kg bw)三组。对照组灌喂橄榄油。4w后,结扎三组大鼠心脏左冠状动脉前降支,建立大鼠急性心肌梗死模型,记录心电图,心脏切片计算心肌梗死面积。测定血清中肌酸肌酶(CK)、肌酸肌酶同工酶(CK-MB)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)及血清与心肌组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果番茄红素可明显降低血清CK、LDH活性及MDA含量,提高SOD活性(P<0.05)。结论番茄红素对急性心肌梗死具有明显保护作用,其机制可能与其增强抗氧化酶活性,减少自由基对心肌的氧化损伤,稳定生物膜有关。     

茶多酚对甲醛染毒大鼠肺损伤的保护作用

[目的]探讨茶多酚对甲醛染毒大鼠肺损伤的保护作用。[方法]30只3月龄,体重(200±20)g的SPF级SD大鼠,随机分为空白对照组、模型组、茶多酚组。将除正常对照组外的其余两组动物暴露于气态甲醛(10mg/m3)中3个月,每天4h,茶多酚组给予茶多酚水溶液200mg/kg.d-1灌胃。检测肺组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)及肺组织形态学变化。[结果]模型组大鼠肺组织SOD活性及GSH含量明显低于正常对照组(P﹤0.01),MDA含量明显高于正常对照组(P﹤0.01);茶多酚组大鼠肺组织SOD活性及GSH含量高于模型组(P﹤0.05),MDA含量低于模型组(P﹤0.05)。肺组织形态学改变:模型组大鼠肺组织呈现间质性肺炎和肺泡性肺炎的病理学特点,茶多酚组肺炎状况明显改善。[结论]茶多酚水溶液能提高甲醛染毒大鼠肺组织SOD活性及GSH含量,降低MDA含量,使受损肺组织形态部分改善,表明茶多酚水溶液对甲醛染毒大鼠肺损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.