中药一致性评价关键问题-中药固体制剂溶出度测定方法与评价

随着中药制剂现代化的发展,溶出度作为固体制剂体外工艺控制的重要指标,其日益受到重视。针对中药药效成分的复杂多样性,本文依据文献对中药固体制剂溶出度测定的重要意义、溶出度测定装置、检测方法和数据处理分析方法的现状进行综述。提出用不同批次制剂的溶出曲线点的宏定性相似度S_m≥0.9和宏定量相似度70%≤P_m≤110%作为判定批间溶出曲线一致性的新标准,为中药固体制剂的溶出度研究提新的控制标准。评价中药工艺是否恒定规范以保证药效是否最优,固体制剂溶出度的一致性是先决条件。中药一致性控制中的药效物质总量控制并不难,最难的地方是中药固体溶出度的一致性控制。溶出度控制是中药固体制剂一致性控制的重点和难点,是制剂药效一致性控制的前提条件。     

基于生物活性测定方法的黄连素固体制剂体外溶出度研究

目的:探讨符合中医药特点的中药固体制剂质量控制与评价的化学-生物联合评价模式。方法:以复方黄连素片为模型药,考察在溶出介质水中,不同溶出时间的复方黄连素片溶出液对敏感菌的抑制作用,提出基于细菌抑制率所得复方黄连素片的溶出度测定法,并与HPLC法所测的盐酸小檗碱指标成分的溶出度进行f₂相似因子法相关性评价。结果:抑菌实验表明,黄连素对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽胞杆菌、藤黄微球菌和白色念珠菌等多种菌敏感,其中枯草芽胞杆菌的抑菌圈边缘清晰、敏感度较高。以HPLC法所测得的复方黄连素片的溶出曲线为参比,7个不同厂家复方黄连素片的生物效价溶出度曲线相似因子f₂均大于50,说明以生物效价测定法为基础的溶出度能较为全面地反映出复方黄连素片的生物利用度。结论:以生物活性为基础的溶出度评价方法有望成为评价中药固体制剂体外溶出度的有效手段之一。     

基于生物等效性分析呋塞米片体内外试验的相关性

目的 开展体内外相关性试验以探讨国内生产的呋塞米片的药物溶出度试验是否可以替代生物等效性试验。方法 选择呋塞米片受试与对照制剂,按照中国药典要求和光纤药物溶出度实时测定仪测试方法,监测呋塞米累积溶出百分率并计算f₂相似因子,测定2种制剂的体内血药浓度并计算药动学参数,测算其体内吸收分数、生物利用度和生物等效性,分析呋塞米片体内外试验的相关性。结果 经f₂相似因子方法评估,受试与对照制剂的呋塞米溶出曲线相似,2种制剂的主要药动学参数t_max、C_max、AUC_0-24和AUC_0-∞、生物利用度和生物等效性均差异明显,其体内百分吸收系数和体内外试验的相关性较差。结论 国内生产的呋塞米片的药物溶出度试验尚不能替代生物等效性试验。     

基于生物检测的双黄连片溶出度研究(英文)

中药固体制剂的溶出度研究一直是中药现代化的难点问题。中药与化学合成药不同,中药药效物质十分复杂,临床疗效可能取决于其中的未知成分,也可能取决于各个成分的协同作用。单独使用化学方法测定中药固体制剂的溶出度不能全面反映其内在质量,本课题组首次提出基于生物检测的一种新的溶出度评价方法。在试验中,以清热解毒类中药固体制剂双黄连片为模型药,进行了溶出度研究。在pH值为6.8的溶解介质,即磷酸盐缓冲液中双黄连片不同溶出时间的溶液对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用不同,应用微量量热法获得金黄色葡萄球菌的生长功率–时间曲线和该抑制作用的一系列生物热动力学参数。结果表明,基于生物热动力学的方法可以用于控制中药固体制剂的内在质量。生物热活性检测有望成为中药固体制剂体外溶出度评价的重要手段之一。     

伊潘立酮片溶出度一致性评价研究

目的 考察自制伊潘立酮片（1 mg规格）与参比制剂的溶出度一致性。方法 用HPLC法测定伊潘立酮在不同pH溶出介质中的溶解度,绘制伊潘立酮“pH-溶解度”曲线,测定自研制剂与参比制剂在4种不同pH溶出介质（0.1 mol/L HCl溶液、pH 4.5醋酸盐缓冲液、pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液、水）中的溶出度,绘制溶出曲线,用相似因子法进行拟合。结果 在所选4种溶出介质下,自研制剂与参比制剂的溶出曲线相似因子f₂值均大于50。结论 自研制剂与参比制剂能够达到体外溶出一致。     

厄贝沙坦片的制备工艺与溶出度一致性研究

目的 制备厄贝沙坦仿制片并对其进行工艺与溶出度一致性研究。方法 以原研药（卡压舒®）为参比制剂,通过单因素实验考察黏合剂种类、黏合剂用量、片剂硬度、不同含水量和包衣增重对溶出度的影响,确定处方组成。放大制备3批厄贝沙坦仿制片,在4种不同溶出介质中考察3批样品和原研药的溶出一致性,通过相似因子（f₂）法评价自制与参比制剂溶出曲线的相似性。结果 3% HPMC-E5作为黏合剂较5% PVP K30作为黏合剂时稳定,黏合剂用量、硬度和水分在考察的范围内基本不影响,包衣增重2%~3%,3批自制片与原研片在不同溶出介质中f₂均大于50。结论 厄贝沙坦片制备工艺稳定且自制制剂与参比制剂在不同溶出介质中的体外溶出行为一致。     

图像数据化软件在仿制药体外溶出曲线一致性评价中的应用

目的 利用图像数据化软件读取日本橙皮书中或FDA固体制剂溶出曲线数据库中溶出曲线数据,再用f₂相似因子计算公式计算,用于国产仿制药与原研药的体外溶出曲线一致性评价的预试验。方法 按软件使用说明,设置坐标原点和纵坐标、横坐标最大值。利用截图软件获取参比制剂的溶出曲线图,保存为图像文件。确定溶出曲线上需要获取数据的点,经软件分析即可获得各个点的累积溶出量。再用f₂相似因子计算公式计算,得到的f₂值用于仿制药与参比制剂溶出曲线一致性判断。结果 以盐酸雷尼替丁片为例,通过图像分析软件可以获得日本橙皮书溶出数据库中参比制剂的累积溶出量数据,用于仿制药与参比制剂体外溶出曲线一致性评价的预试验。结论 图像分析软件可以通过数据化处理,得到文献上参比制剂的溶出量数据,用于仿制药体外溶出曲线一致性的预试验。     

富马酸喹硫平片在4种溶出介质中溶出曲线的比较研究

目的 比较自研富马酸喹硫平片与国外原研药在4种不同pH的溶出介质中的体外溶出行为,为评价自研富马酸喹硫平片的质量及为制剂生产工艺提供参考。方法 采用《中国药典》2015年版（四部）通则0931第二法（桨法）,转速为50 r/min,分别以水、pH 1.0盐酸溶液、pH 4.5醋酸盐缓冲液和pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液为溶出介质,溶出介质体积为900 mL;以紫外-分光光度法测定富马酸喹硫平含量,并计算累积溶出度,绘制溶出曲线;采用相似因子（f₂）法评价溶出曲线的相似度。结果 在4种不同pH的溶出介质中,自研和原研富马酸喹硫平片溶出行为基本一致,30 min时溶出度均达到85%以上,f₂均大于50。结论 自研富马酸喹硫平片在4种溶介质中均可以完全释放,与原研制剂体外溶出行为均相似,能确保二者药品质量的一致性。     

非模型依赖多变量置信区间法用于药品体外溶出评价的探讨

目的 在口服固体制剂仿制药体外溶出相似性评价研究中,针对批内溶出量相对标准偏差（RSD）较大、无法满足相似因子（f₂）法适用条件的情况,验证非模型依赖多变量置信区间法在溶出曲线相似性评价中的使用区别。方法 参考FDA和CFDA发布的《口服固体制剂溶出度试验技术指导原则》,使用两种不同的非模型依赖多变量置信区间法,即Bootstrap统计验证方法（BS）和Mahalanobis distance多变量分析法（MD）对模拟的参比制剂与仿制制剂溶出数据相似性进行评价。结果 利用BS法得出仿制批与参比批的f₂预期值（f₂^*）=59.965,大于50。MD法得到参比批次间多变量统计矩最大值是1.559 4,并将其确定为相似性限度,仿制批与参比批多变量置信区间90%上限为2.656 7,大于相似限度。结论 采用BS法评价体外溶出具备相似性,而采用MD评价方法则不具备相似性。因此,对于同一组数据,选用不同的评价方式可能会得出不同的结论。     

明目蒺藜丸联合聚乙烯醇滴眼液治疗干眼症的临床研究

目的 制备他达拉非片并考察其体内外释药特性。方法 以溶出度为评价指标,筛选他达拉非片各辅料用量及包衣增重。用相似因子（f₂）法比较自制制剂与参比制剂在0.5% SDS溶液、含0.5% SDS的0.1 mol/L的盐酸溶液、含0.5% SDS的pH 4.5醋酸钠缓冲液、含0.5% SDS的pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液中溶出曲线的相似性。比较二者在Beagle犬体内的药动学特征。结果 他达拉非片处方为他达拉非20 mg、乳糖50M 227.625 mg、羟丙基纤维素L 10.5 mg、交联羧甲基纤维素钠19.6 mg、SDS 0.525 mg、微晶纤维素M102 70 mg、硬脂酸镁1.75 mg,包衣增质量范围2%～4%。自制与参比制剂在4种溶出介质中的f₂均大于65,二者体外溶出行为相似。2种制剂在Beagle体内的药动学参数AUC_0~t、C_max、t_max均无显著性差异,自制他达拉非片的相对生物利用度为（101.67±8.99）%。结论 成功制备他达拉非片,其体外溶出和体内药动学行为与参比制剂相似。     

国产盐酸二甲双胍片与国际公认参比制剂溶出度比较

目的建立盐酸二甲双胍片溶出度测定方法,并分别比较250 mg及500 mg 2种规格国产盐酸二甲双胍片与国际公认参比制剂的溶出曲线。方法分别以水、0.1 mol·L-1盐酸、pH 4.0及pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲溶液为溶出介质,采用桨法进行体外溶出度试验。用高效液相-紫外分光光度法(HPLC-UV)测定溶出介质中药物含量,并采用溶出度相似因子(f2值)分别评价国产片(每片250 mg)与日本橙皮书Glycoran(每片250 mg)、国产片(每片500 mg)与欧盟上市Merck SantéS.A.S(每片500 mg)在各pH介质中的相似性。结果每片250 mg的2种制剂在各溶出介质中,15 min内的溶出百分率均>85%。在0.1 mol·L-1盐酸的溶出介质中,国产盐酸二甲双胍片(每片500 mg)与欧盟上市Merck SantéS.A.S(每片500 mg)的溶出曲线f2值为78.5(>50);在水、pH 4.0及pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲溶液的溶出介质中,2种制剂的溶出曲线f2值均<50。结论 2种规格为每片250 mg的盐酸二甲双胍片溶出行为相似。除0.1 mol·L-1的盐酸介质外,2种规格为每片500 mg的盐酸二甲双胍片在各种溶出介质中的溶出行为不相似。     

非诺贝特片仿制药与原研药溶出度一致性评价研究

目的 建立非诺贝特片溶出度曲线测定方法,评价国内10家仿制药产品与原研药品溶出曲线的相似性。方法 用含0.025 mol·L^-1 SDS的pH 1.0盐酸溶液、pH 4.0缓冲液、pH 6.8缓冲液和水溶液4种溶出介质,分别考察非诺贝特片仿制药与原研片的溶出状况,并通过计算相似因子（f₂）评价溶出曲线的相似性。结果 国内仅1家企业产品与原研片在4种溶出介质中的溶出曲线均相似,其余企业产品与原研片相比溶出行为均不一致。结论 该方法适用于非诺贝特片的溶出曲线测定,可为非诺贝特片质量一致性评价提供参考。     

氯氮平片仿制药与原研药溶出度一致性评价研究

摘要 目的 建立氯氮平片溶出度曲线测定方法,评价国内9家仿制药产品与原研药品溶出曲线的相似性。方法 用pH1.0溶液、pH4.0缓冲液、pH6.8缓冲液和含0.2%SDS水溶液四种溶出介质,分别考察氯氮平片仿制药与原研片的溶出状况,并通过计算相似因子（f2）评价溶出曲线的相似性。结果 国内2家制药公司产品与原研片在四种溶出介质中的溶出曲线均相似,其余企业产品与原研片相比溶出行为均不一致。结论 该方法适用于氯氮平片的溶出曲线测定,可为氯氮平片质量一致性评价提供参考。     

Quantitative Assessment of the in vivo Dissolution Rate to Establish a Modified IVIVC for Isosorbide Mononitrate Tablets

A modified in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) of the oral solid dosage forms has been proposed as a linear correlation between in vitro and in vivo dissolution. Nevertheless, the analysis of in vivo dissolution is limited by the lack of available methods. In this proof-of-concept study, a novel pharmacokinetic (PK) model containing the in vivo dissolution process and its quantification was presented to directly estimate the in vivo dissolution rate constant (k_d). The new model was validated with a hypothetical oral solution (k_d → +∞). The accuracy of the new method was clarified by comparing with the relatively true value of k_d from the literature. Isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN) was used as a model drug to explore the practicability of the novel method. The dissolution capacities of ISMN reference and test tablets were discriminated by an improved in vitro dissolution method. Following the human PK studies, the k_d values and corresponding in vivo dissolution profiles of two formulations were obtained using the novel method. Finally, a modified level A IVIVC between in vitro and in vivo dissolution of ISMN tablets was established, which is expected to guide the optimization of the tablet formulation containing ISMN.     

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of nimesulide lyophilized orally disintegrating tablets

Development of a lyophilized orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) that enhanced the in vitro dissolution and in vivo absorption of nimesulide (NM), a drug with poor solubility and poor bioavailability, is presented. The ODTs were prepared by freeze-drying an aqueous dispersion of NM containing a matrix former, a sugar alcohol, and a collapse protectant. In addition, different disintegration accelerators were tested. The influence of formulation parameters on the disintegration time and in vitro dissolution of NM from ODTs along with other tablet characteristics was investigated. Results obtained from disintegration and dissolution studies showed that lyophilized ODTs disintegrated within few seconds and showed significantly faster dissolution rate of NM compared to the plain powder drug and NM in commercially available immediate release tablet Sulide^®. The ODTs were also examined using differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope. Stability results, after 12-month storage of selected ODTs at 25 °C and 60% relative humidity, were satisfactory. The extent of absorption of NM from a selected ODT when compared to an conventional immediate release tablet as a reference after administration of 100 mg oral dose of NM was determined in healthy subjects using a randomized crossover design. In this study, the rate of absorption of NM from ODT was faster than that from the reference tablet, had a significantly higher (p = 0.012) peak plasma concentration, and shortened time to C_max by 1 h (p = 0.029). The extent of absorption expressed by AUC was 62% larger when compared to the commercially available tablet.     

Comparison of the dissolution and pharmacokinetic profiles of two galenical formulations of the endothelin receptor antagonist macitentan

Macitentan (ACT-064992) is an orally active endothelin receptor antagonist. We first compared the in vitro dissolution characteristics of uncoated and film-coated tablets with hard gelatin capsules containing 10 mg ACT-064992. Subsequently, we compared the oral pharmacokinetics of ACT-064992 and its active metabolite ACT-132577 of the coated tablet and the gelatin capsule formulation in 11 male volunteers.The dissolution profile showed a rapid disintegration of all formulations with >90% dissolution of ACT-064992 within 45 min. The pharmacokinetics of ACT-064992 and its metabolite ACT-132577 were comparable for the two formulations. ACT-064992 revealed a slow absorption (median t_max 8 h) and a terminal half-life of approximately 13 h. Bioequivalence criteria were met for AUC_0−t and AUC_0−∞. Mean C_max was 19% lower after ingestion of the tablet compared to capsules with its lower 90% confidence limit below the accepted bioequivalence range. The pharmacokinetics of the metabolite ACT-132577, characterized by a t_max of approximately 48 h and a terminal half-life of approximately 45 h, was not different between the two formulations.We conclude that the absorption profile of the tablet differs from the capsule in peak but not in total exposure, which is not expected to be of clinical significance.     

Application of dynamic neural networks in the modeling of drug release from polyethylene oxide matrix tablets

The main objective of this study was to demonstrate the possible use of dynamic neural networks to model diclofenac sodium release from polyethylene oxide hydrophilic matrix tablets. High and low molecular weight polymers in the range of 0.9–5 × 10⁶ have been used as matrix forming materials and 12 different formulations were prepared for each polymer. Matrix tablets were made by direct compression method. Fractions of polymer and compression force have been selected as most influential factors on diclofenac sodium release profile. In vitro dissolution profile has been treated as time series using dynamic neural networks. Dynamic networks are expected to be advantageous in the modeling of drug release. Networks of different topologies have been constructed in order to obtain precise prediction of release profiles for test formulations. Short-term and long-term memory structures have been included in the design of network making it possible to treat dissolution profiles as time series. The ability of network to model drug release has been assessed by the determination of correlation between predicted and experimentally obtained data. Calculated difference (f₁) and similarity (f₂) factors indicate that dynamic networks are capable of accurate predictions. Dynamic neural networks were compared to most frequently used static network, multi-layered perceptron, and superiority of dynamic networks has been demonstrated. The study also demonstrated differences between the used polyethylene oxide polymers in respect to drug release and suggests explanations for the obtained results.     

奥卡西平半片制剂的往复筒溶出方法研究及分剂量评价

目的 建立往复筒溶出方法考察奥卡西平刻痕片仿制药与原研药分割后半片制剂的体外溶出行为相似性,评价原研药和仿制药的分剂量药学特性差异。方法 以pH 1.2盐酸溶液、pH 4.5醋酸盐缓冲液、pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液和水(均含0.5%十二烷基硫酸钠250 mL)为溶出介质,往复频率为10 dip·min^-1,采用往复筒溶出装置测定仿制药和原研药的溶出曲线,结合相似因子(f₂)法评价仿制药和原研药的溶出行为相似性,并与桨法进行比较。采用脆碎度检测仪及电子天平,通过人工掰分法和切药器法测定各厂家半片制剂的脆碎度、分割后质量差异及质量损失。结果 仿制药A在4种溶出介质中的f₂均>50,与原研药的溶出行为相似;仿制药B在4种溶出介质中f₂均<50,和原研药的溶出行为不相似。仿制药A、B分割后质量差异、质量损失和脆碎度均高于原研药。结论 采用往复筒法测定奥卡西平半片制剂的溶出曲线相较于桨法具有良好的区分力,且仿制药的分剂量质量控制相较于原研药仍有一定差距。     

Comparative in vitro and in vivo evaluation of three tablet formulations of amiodarone in healthy subjects

Background and the purpose of the study

The relative in vivo bioavailability and in vitro dissolution studies of three chemically equivalent amiodarone generic products in healthy volunteers was evaluated in three separate occasions. The possibility of a correlation between in vitro and in vivo performances of these tablet formulations was also evaluated.

Methods

The bioequivalence studies were conducted based on a single dose, two-sequence, cross over randomized design. The bioavailability was compared using AUC_0–72, AUC_0–8, C_max and T_max. Similarity factor, dissolution efficiency (DE), and mean dissolution time (MDT) was used to compare the dissolution profiles. Polynomial linear correlation models were tested using either MDT vs mean residence time (MRT) or fraction of the drug dissolved (FRD) vs fraction of the drug absorbed (FRA).

Results

Significant differences were found in the dissolution performances of the tested formulations and therefore they were included in the development of the correlation. The 90% confidence intervals of the log-transformed AUC0-72, AUC_0–8, and C_max of each two formulations in each bioequivalence studies were within the acceptable range of 80–125%. Differences were not observed between the untransformed T_max values. Poor correlation was found between MRT and MDT of the products. A point-to-point correlation which is essential for a reliable correlation was not obtained between pooled FRD and FRA. The dissolution condition which was used for amiodarone tablets failed for formulations which were bioequivalent in vivo and significant difference between the dissolution characteristics of products (f2<50) did not reflect their in vivo properties.

Major conclusions

Bioequivalence studies should be considered as the only acceptable way to ensure the interchangeability and in vivo equivalence of amiodarone generic drug products. The dissolution conditions used of the present study could be used for routine and in-process quality control of amiodarone tablet formulations.     

Design of a novel bilayered gastric mucoadhesive system for localized and unidirectional release of lamotrigine

Lamotrigine is a BCS class II drug with pH dependent solubility. The bilayered gastric mucoadhesive tablets of lamotrigine were designed such that the drug and controlled release polymers were incorporated in the upper layer and the lower layer had the mucoadhesive polymers. The major ingredients selected for the upper layer were the drug and control release polymer (either HPMC K15M or polyox) while the lower MA layer predominantly comprised of Carbopol 974P. A 2³ full factorial design was constructed for this study and the tablets were optimized for parameters like tablet size, shape, ex vivo mucoadhesive properties and unidirectional drug release. Oval tablets with an average size of 14 mm diameter were set optimum. Maximum mucoadhesive bond strength of 79.3 ± 0.91 * 10³ dyn/cm² was achieved with carbopol when used in combination with a synergistic resin polymer. All the tested formulations presented a mucoadhesion time of greater than 12 h. The incorporation of methacrylic polymers in the lower layer ensured unidirectional drug release from the bilayered tablets. The unidirectional drug release was confirmed after comparing the dissolution results of paddle method with those of a modified basket method. Model independent similarity and dissimilarity factor methods were used for the comparison of dissolution results. Controlled drug release profiles with zero order kinetics were obtained with polyox and HPMC K15M which reported t_90% at 6th and 12th hours, respectively. The “n” value with polyox was 0.992 and that with HPMC K15M was 0.946 indicating an approximate case II transport. These two formulations showed the potential for oral administration of lamotrigine as bilayered gastric mucoadhesive tablets by yielding highest similarity factor values, 96.06 and 92.47, respectively, between the paddle and modified basket method dissolution release profiles apart from reporting the best tablet physical properties and maximum mucoadhesive strength.