卡维地洛治疗慢性心力衰竭的远期预后观察

目的观察β受体阻滞剂卡维地洛对慢性心力衰竭（CHF）的远期预后。方法选择CHF病人71例，随机分为对照组（28例）和治疗组（43例），对照组采用综合疗法，治疗组加用卡维地洛（10～40）mg／d，在治疗前和观察期满5年时，分别对心功能NYHAⅡ级～Ⅲ级病人进行评估。结果5年期间，对照组和治疗组因心力衰竭加重再住院率分别为85.71％和25．58％（P〈0.005），病死率分别为32．14％和9.30％（P〈0．05），与治疗前相比，治疗组心功能（NYHA分级）明显改善（P〈0．001），而对照组无明显改善。结论卡维地洛可显著改善CHF病人的远期预后。     

应用依那普利联合美托洛尔治疗慢性心力衰竭的临床观察

目的　观察血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂依那普利和 β -受体阻滞剂美托洛尔联合应用对慢性心力衰竭 (CHF)的远期疗效。方法　共选择CHF患者 94例 ,随机分为对照组 (46例 )和治疗组 (48例 )。对照组采用常规治疗 (即强心、利尿、扩血管 )。治疗组在此基础上加用依那普利 5～ 10 (mg/d)和美托洛尔 37 5～ 10 0 (mg/d) ,在治疗前和观察期满 5年时分别对心功能NYHAⅡ～Ⅲ级患者作 6min步行试验 ,记录步行距离。结果　 5年期间 ,对照组和治疗组因心力衰竭加重再住院率分别为80 4 3%和 2 7 0 8% (P <0 0 0 5 ) ,病死率分别为 32 6 1%和 8 33% (P <0 0 5 ) ;与治疗前比较 ,治疗组心功能 (NYHA分级 )及 6min步行距离有明显改善 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而对照组无明显改善。结论　依那普利联合美托洛尔可显著改善CHF患者的远期预后     

培哚普利治疗慢性心力衰竭长期随访

目的 观察血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂培哚普利对慢性心力衰竭（CHF）的远期预后。方法 选择CHF患者72例，随机分为对照组（29例）和治疗组（43例）。对照组采用综合疗法。治疗组在上述基础上加用培哚普利（2-4mg/d)。在治疗前和观察期满4年时分别对心功能NYHAⅡ-Ⅲ级患者作踏车负荷试验，记录患者所能耐受的最大运动功率和运动持续时间。结果 4年期间，对照组和治疗组因心力衰竭加重再住院率分别为82．76％和25．58％（P＜0．005），病死率分别为31．03％和9．30％（P＜0．025）；与治疗前相比，治疗组心功能（NYHA分级）、最大运动功率和运动持续时间均明显改善（P＜0．001），而对照组各项指标无明显改善。结论 培哚普利可显著改善CHF患者的远期预后。     

福辛普利联合比索洛尔对充血性心力衰竭患者心功能及心室重构的影响

目的研究福辛普利联合比索洛尔对充血性心力衰竭（CHF）患者心功能及心室重构的影响。方法将86例CHF患者随机分成两组,对照组给予福辛普利治疗;联合组给予福辛普利＋比索洛尔联合治疗。连续治疗24周,观察两组血压、心率以及心功能变化,评价临床疗效和左室重构情况。结果联合组血压和心率均较治疗前明显改善,临床总有效率为93．23％,明显高于对照组的67．44％（P〈0．05）。联合组心室重构较对照组明显延缓（P〈0．05）。结论福辛普利联合比索洛尔方案能有效改善CHF患者心功能及心室重构,适用于CHF患者的长期治疗。     

应用依那普利联合美托洛尔治疗慢性心力衰竭的临床观察

目的观察血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂依那普利和β-受体阻滞剂美托洛尔联合应用对慢性心力衰竭(CHF)的远期疗效.方法共选择CHF患者94例,随机分为对照组(46例)和治疗组(48例).对照组采用常规治疗(即强心、利尿、扩血管).治疗组在此基础上加用依那普利5～10(mg/d)和美托洛尔37.5～100(mg/d),在治疗前和观察期满5年时分别对心功能NYHA Ⅱ～Ⅲ级患者作6 min步行试验,记录步行距离.结果 5年期间,对照组和治疗组因心力衰竭加重再住院率分别为80.43%和27.08%(P<0.005), 病死率分别为32.61%和8.33%(P<0.05); 与治疗前比较,治疗组心功能(NYHA分级)及6 min步行距离有明显改善(P<0.05),而对照组无明显改善.结论依那普利联合美托洛尔可显著改善CHF患者的远期预后.     

比索洛尔联合坎地沙坦对心力衰竭患者血浆脑利钠肽的影响

目的探讨比索洛尔联合坎地沙坦对慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者血浆脑利钠肽（BNP）浓度的影响。方法将200例CHF患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,对照组给予常规治疗,治疗组在常规治疗基础上加用比索洛尔和坎地沙坦,疗程为6个月。测定两组患者用药前及给药6月后血浆BNP浓度、心脏射血分数（EF）、左室短轴缩短率（FS）及心脏指数（CI）。结果治疗组显效率、有效率、无效率分别为51％、40％、9％,对照组分别为40％、31％、29％,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。治疗后治疗组EF、FS、CI改善（P均〈0．01）,血浆BNP浓度降低（P〈0．01）。结论比索洛尔联合坎地沙坦可降低CHF患者的血浆BNP浓度,改善心功能。     

卡维地洛与比索洛尔治疗慢性心力衰竭的疗效比较研究

目的探讨卡维地洛与比索洛尔治疗慢性心力衰竭(CHF)的临床疗效和安全性。方法将广西桂林市中西医结合医院心内科2002年1月至2004年2月因CHF(NYHA心功能Ⅱ~Ⅲ级)收治的83例患者随机分成2组:卡维地洛组(42例)和比索洛尔组(41例)。卡维地洛组口服卡维地洛从小剂量3.125mg每日2次开始,每2周剂量加倍,直至靶剂量25mg每日2次或最大耐受剂量,疗程6个月。比索洛尔组口服1.25mg每日1次,剂量递增同前,直至靶剂量10mg每日1次或最大耐受剂量,疗程6个月。比较两组的心功能改善情况和不良反应。结果用卡维地洛和比索洛尔治疗后超声检查各项心功能指标和NYHA心功能分级均有改善。不良反应发生情况卡维地洛组有1例患者,比索洛尔组有2例患者不能耐受而退出。结论卡维地洛与比索洛尔治疗慢性心力衰竭疗效相似,而且安全性良好。     

比索洛尔治疗充血性心力衰竭临床观察

目的　观察比索洛尔对充血性心力衰竭患者心室重塑及心功能的影响。方法　充血性心衰患者 10 4例 ,左室射血分数 <4 0 % ,心功能 (NYHA)Ⅱ～Ⅳ级 ,常规治疗 (强心、利尿、ACEI)基础上随机分为比索洛尔组和对照组。观察心功能、左室舒张末内径 (LVEDD)、左室收缩末内径 (LVESD)、射血分数 (EF)。结果　观察 6个月 ,比索洛尔平均用量 ( 4 35± 1 19)mg/d。比索洛尔组症状和心功能改善 ,与对照组比较 ,临床有效率上升 (P <0 0 5 ) ,LVEDD和LVESD改善 ,EF值升高 (P <0 0 1)。结论　比索洛尔可改善充血性心衰患者的心功能 ,改善心室重塑     

比索洛尔在慢性心力衰竭合并慢性阻塞性肺病患者中的应用观察

目的 观察比索洛尔对慢性心力衰竭（CHF）合并COPD患者的疗效及安全性.方法 将43例CHF合并COPD患者随机分成两组,对照组给予常规治疗,治疗组在对照组的基础上加用比索洛尔.比较两组治疗前及治疗6个月后的血压、心率、血气分析、心功能和肺功能的变化情况.结果 治疗组治疗后的心率、血压、LVEF、LVED、LVSD、6MWT和NYHA心功能分级指标与对照组有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,而两组的血气分析和肺功能（FEV1%、FEV1/FVC）差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.结论 比索洛尔用于治疗CHF合并COPD患者安全有效.     

美托洛尔治疗慢性心力衰竭临床研究

目的观察β受体阻滞剂美托洛尔c慢性心力衰竭(CHF)远期预后的影响.方法选择CHF患者72例随机分为对照组29例和观察组43例,对照组采用综合疗法,观察组在综合治疗的基础上加美托洛尔125～50mg,2/d.在治疗前和观察期二年f分别对心功能(NYHA)2～3级患者作踏车负荷实验,记录患者所能耐受的最大运动功率和运动持续时间.结果二年期间,对照组和观察组因心力衰竭加重再住院率分别为82.76%和25.58%(P＜0.005),病死率分别为31.03%和9.03%(P＜0025);与治疗前相比,观察组心功能(NYHA分级)、最大运动功率、运动持续时间均明显改善(P＜0001),而对照组无明显改善.结论关托洛尔可显著改善慢性心力衰竭患者的远期预后.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.