Neonatal outcome in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients treated with metformin during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of metformin exposure during pregnancy on neonates of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) patients. METHOD: Neonatal outcomes of 33 women with PCOS treated with metformin during pregnancy were compared to neonatal outcomes of 66 normal healthy women in a retrospective case-control study. RESULTS: The mean birth weight percentile of neonates exposed to metformin in utero during the first trimester was significantly lower than that of neonates delivered to normal healthy matched controls. After controlling for pregnancy complications, this observation became only marginally statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Although metformin is an attractive option for induction of ovulation in PCOS patients, there is a need for more evidence related to its safety during pregnancy.     

早孕期服用二甲双胍对合并多囊卵巢综合征孕妇妊娠结局的影响

目的 观察具有多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovarian syndrome,PCOS)病史的患者在早孕期服用二甲双胍对妊娠结局的影响.方法 选择2007年3月到2010年2月215例具有PCOS病史的孕妇.在本次妊娠前口服二甲双胍后受孕或既往有过反复流产史且伴有血糖升高及高胰岛素血症的58例PCOS患者为观察组,在妊娠早期开始或继续(孕前已用者)口服二甲双胍1.0～1.5 g/d;157例有PCOS史但孕期从未用过二甲双胍的孕妇作为对照组.用卡方或t检验比较2组的妊娠结局.结果 观察组早期自然流产率显著低于对照组(5.2％与28.7％,x2=13.476,P＜0.01);观察组与对照组相比,晚期流产率(6.9％与6.4％)、妊娠期高血压(3.9％与4.9％),子痫前期(3.9％与3.9％)、早产(13.7％与20.6％)及羊水过少发生率(5.9％与3.0％)差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).2组新生儿平均出生体重[(2925±530)g与(2910±659)g]、新生儿窒息(3.7％与6.8％)、新生儿畸形(0.0％与0.9％)、新生儿低血糖(5.6％与6.8％)、巨大胎儿(1.9％与3.4％)、胎儿生长受限(5.6％与6.0％)及新生儿转新生儿重症监护病房的比例(18.0％与27.4％)差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).追踪观察婴儿体格智力发育情况,现最长为3.5岁,体格智力发育正常.结论 妊娠早期口服二甲双胍可降低PCOS患者自然流产率,未观察到对子代的不良影响.     

Reproductive outcome after exposure to surgery under anesthesia during pregnancy

The objective of the study was to examine the teratogenic potential of surgery under anesthesia during pregnancy in the large population-based dataset of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980 – 1994. An analysis of cases with congenital abnormalities and matched healthy controls was performed. Of 35,727 pregnant women who had babies without any defects (control group), 73 (0.20%) had had operations under anesthesia. Of 20,830 pregnant women who had offspring with congenital abnormalities, 31 (0.15%) had operations with anesthesia. There was no higher rate of surgery under anesthesia in any congenital abnormality group. In addition, the case-control pair analysis did not show a significantly higher rate of surgery and anesthesia in the second and third months of gestation in any group of congenital abnormalities. A lower birth weight was found in healthy newborn infants born to mothers with surgery during pregnancy, however, it was explained by the subgroup with cervical incompetence often treated by cerclage which is of limited efficacy. Surgery under anesthesia does not appear to present teratogenic risk to the fetus. Received: 27 November 1997 / Accepted: 2 February 1998     

多囊卵巢综合征患者妊娠期胰岛素抵抗及妊娠结局观察分析

目的探讨多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者妊娠期胰岛素抵抗的变化及与妊娠结局的关系。方法选择2007年9月至2009年2月在中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院妇产科确诊为PCOS并妊娠成功的102例孕妇为PCOS组,同期在本院早孕检查、产检及分娩的普通孕产妇701例为对照组,比较两组孕妇的妊娠并发症及妊娠结局。对PCOS组中的38例及对照组中的50例孕妇于24～28周进行75g葡萄糖耐量检查及胰岛素释放试验,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛β细胞分泌功能指数(HOMA-β)、血糖和胰岛素曲线下面积。结果 PCOS组血糖曲线下面积及胰岛素曲线下面积大于对照组(22.22±4.48、19.29±3.19,228.93±130.05、155.62±69.54,P<0.05);PCOS组空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、HOMA-IR、HOMA-β大于对照组,分别为4.61±0.57、4.56±0.39,7.81±4.65、6.35±4.45,1.65±1.08、1.31±0.95,169.47±119.4、126.94±85.81,但差异无统计学意义。PCOS组与对照组妊娠并发症发生率分别为自然流产23.53%、8.27%,妊娠期糖...     

Revisit of metformin treatment in polycystic ovarian syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy in women; its traditional pharmacological therapy mainly addresses short-term symptom control and does not correct the associated long-term metabolic risks. Recently, there has been increasing evidence that insulin resistance has an important implication in the pathogenesis of PCOS and that insulin-sensitizing drugs are a useful therapeutic approach. Therefore this review aims to discuss the current evidence on the use of metformin, a commonly used insulin-sensitizing agent, in treating both the short-term and the long-term problems of women with PCOS.     

二甲双胍对体外受精/卵胞质内单精子显微注射中多囊卵巢综合征患者妊娠结局有效性的系统评价

目的:系统性评价二甲双胍对常规体外受精/卵胞质内单精子显微注射(IVF/ICSI)中多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者妊娠结局的有效性,旨在为助孕前的干预措施提供理论依据。方法:计算机检索中国学术期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、万方数据库、维普数据库、Pub Med、Medline、Embase有关二甲双胍对IVF/ICSI中PCOS患者妊娠结局的临床随机对照试验(RCT)。按Cochrane系统评价方法,首先对纳入的文献进行质量评价和资料提取后,采用Rev Man5.2软件进行Meta分析。结果:纳入11个RCT研究,共1 310例患者,其中二甲双胍组713例,对照组597例。Meta分析结果显示:与对照组相比较,二甲双胍组的临床妊娠率(OR=1.60,95%CI:1.26~2.04,P=0.000 2)较高,卵巢过度刺激综合征(OHSS)发生率较低(OR=0.45,95%CI:0.31~0.64,P=0.000 1)。而活产率(OR=1.38,95%CI:0.98~1.94,P=0.06)和流产率(OR=0.72,95%CI:0.51~1.02,P=0.07)组间无统计学差异。结论:二甲双胍可提高IVF/ICSI中PCOS患者的妊娠率、降低OHSS发生率,但不能提高活产率及降低流产率。     

Effects of metformin on insulin resistance, androgen concentration, ovulation and pregnancy rates in women with polycystic ovary syndrome following laparoscopic ovarian drilling

AIM: To evaluate the effects of metformin on insulin resistance, androgen concentration, ovulation rates and pregnancy rates in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: Forty-two infertile women with PCOS were selected in this randomized clinical study. Basal steroid and gonadotropin levels were measured, and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. The patients were randomly divided into group 1 (n = 21) and group 2 (n = 21). Group 1 patients were treated with laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD). Group 2 patients underwent laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD) and received 1700 mg per day of metformin for 6 months. LOD was performed in women with PCOS using a unipolar electrode. Serum progesterone (P) level > 5 ng/mL was considered as a confirmation of ovulation. Ovulation and pregnancy rates were determined after six cycles. RESULTS: Serum androgens and insulin response to OGTT decreased significantly after metformin therapy. Mean serum P levels and endometrial thickness were significantly higher in cycles treated with metformin plus LOD (34.6 +/- 25.4 ng/mL, 8.4 +/- 1.1 mm) than in those treated with LOD alone (26.2 +/- 24.7 ng/mL, 7.9 +/- 2.8 mm) (P < 0.05). The ovulation (56 of 65 cycles, 86.1% vs 29 of 65 cycles, 44.6%) and pregnancy rates (nine of 21 women, 47.6% vs four of 21 women, 19.1%) were significantly higher in group 2 than in group I. CONCLUSIONS: Metformin improves insulin resistance, reduces androgen levels and significantly increases the ovulation and pregnancy rates in infertile women, following LOD.     

Effect of bariatric surgery on pregnancy outcome

Objective

To compare the perinatal outcomes of women who delivered before with women who delivered after bariatric surgery.

Methods

A retrospective study was undertaken to compare perinatal outcomes of women who delivered before with women who delivered after bariatric surgery in a tertiary medical center between 1988 and 2006. A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed to control for confounders.

Results

During the study period, 301 deliveries preceded bariatric surgery and 507 followed surgery. A significant reduction in rates of diabetes mellitus (17.3% vs 11.0; P = 0.009), hypertensive disorders (23.6% vs 11.2%; P < 0.001), and fetal macrosomia (7.6% vs 3.2%; P = 0.004) were noted after bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery was found to be independently associated with a reduction in diabetes mellitus (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.26-0.67; P < 0.001), hypertensive disorders (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.25-0.59; P < 0.001), and fetal macrosomia (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.21-0.94; P = 0.033).

Conclusion

A decrease in maternal complications, such as diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders, as well as a decrease in the rate of fetal macrosomia is achieved following bariatric surgery.     

Impact of metformin therapy on ovarian stimulation and outcome in 'coasted' patients with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing in-vitro fertilization

This study was designed to determine if metformin therapy improves ovarian stimulation and IVF outcomes in coasted patients with clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). A retrospective data analysis was performed on women with clomiphene citrate-resistant PCOS treated with or without metformin, who underwent 72 cycles of IVF-embryo transfer with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). In 59 cycles, patients were coasted to allow oestradiol concentrations to drop before human chorionic gonadotrophin administration. In patients undergoing coasting, the outcome of IVF with ICSI was compared in those who were treated and untreated. In patients treated with metformin, follicular fluid concentrations of testosterone and insulin were significantly lower (60.5 +/- 5 versus 79.1 +/- 6 ng/dl; P < 0.05 and 18 +/- 2.5 versus 22 +/- 2.4 micro IU/ml; P < 0.05 respectively), and the mean number of oocytes retrieved (22.3 +/- 2.4 versus 19.7 +/- 1.6) did not differ. The metformin-treated group showed an increase in the mean number of mature oocytes, oocytes fertilized and cleaving embryos (4-cell or greater by 72 h). However, in the group of patients undergoing coasting, maximum oestradiol concentrations and number of days of coasting were all lower in the metformin-treated group with increased clinical pregnancy rates (71 versus 30%, P < 0.05). Therefore, metformin use appears beneficial in improving IVF outcomes in clomiphene citrate-resistant PCOS patients.     

Index pregnancy versus post-index pregnancy in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss

Objective: To compare pregnancy outcomes of two consecutive pregnancies in a cohort of women with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), in order to determine the long-term prognosis of women with RPL managed in a dedicated RPL clinic.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study including 262 patients with two or more consecutive pregnancy losses followed by two subsequent pregnancies – index pregnancy (IP) and post-index pregnancy (PIP). All patients were evaluated and treated in the RPL clinic in the Soroka University Medical Center.

Results: Comparing IP with PIP, no significant difference in perinatal outcome was observed. The perinatal outcome remained encouraging with approximately 73% birth rate (73.7% versus 72.5%; p?=?0.83). Only 11% of the women with RPL continued to experience pregnancy losses for two subsequent pregnancies. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, number of miscarriages pre-Index was the only factor independently associated with birth in the PIP.

Conclusion: There is no significant difference between IP and PIP regarding perinatal outcome. Appropriate management in the RPL clinic conferred a significant beneficial effect on long-term pregnancy outcome of a cohort of women with RPL.     

多囊卵巢综合征孕期代谢特点及其管理

多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）是育龄女性内分泌和代谢紊乱性疾病,对孕期与非孕期育龄妇女均可能产生不利影响。近年来,随着对PCOS孕妇的相关研究不断深入,发现其妊娠期母儿并发症的发生率升高,且与胰岛素抵抗、肥胖、糖脂代谢、高雄激素血症等相关,做好孕前、孕期及产后的管理对近远期并发症的预防可能均有重要作用。文章对PCOS孕期代谢特点及其管理等内容进行阐述。     

Revisit of metformin treatment in polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy in women; its traditional pharmacological therapy mainly addresses short-term symptom control and does not correct the associated long-term metabolic risks. Recently, there has been increasing evidence that insulin resistance has an important implication in the pathogenesis of PCOS and that insulin-sensitizing drugs are a useful therapeutic approach. Therefore this review aims to discuss the current evidence on the use of metformin, a commonly used insulin-sensitizing agent, in treating both the short-term and the long-term problems of women with PCOS.     

Association of thrombophilia and polycystic ovarian syndrome in women with history of recurrent pregnancy loss

Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence of thrombophilic disorders in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) women with history of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Materials and methods: This study was carried out in 184 women with history of RPL, of which 92 of them were diagnosed with PCOS and 92 patients were without known PCOS. The prevalence of thrombophilic disorders was compared between the two mentioned groups. Results: According to the findings, 70.7% of PCOS women with history of RPL had thrombophilic disorders. The prevalence of protein C deficiency was significantly higher in PCOS group compared to the non-PCOS group (21.7% vs. 10.9%, p = 0.04). There was a trend toward higher prevalence of protein S deficiency in PCOS group compared to the control group, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (23.9% vs. 13%, p = 0.05). The prevalence of other thrombophilic disorders such as antithrombin III deficiency, homocysteine elevation, antiphospholipid antibody and Factor V Leiden was comparable between groups. Conclusion: The prevalence of thrombophilic disorders was more common in PCOS women than the normal group. The protein C deficiency is associated with PCOS in women with history of RPL. There was a trend toward higher prevalence of protein S deficiency in PCOS women, which needs further study.