卡维地洛治疗慢性心力衰竭的随机对照研究

目的 评价卡维地洛对于慢性心力衰竭的治疗效果.方法 59例慢性心力衰竭病人随机分为卡维地洛组（n=30）和对照组（n=29）,对照组给予美托洛尔口服.比较两组病人在治疗前后的临床症状及心功能指标.结果 卡维地洛可有效改善病人的临床症状和心功能指标（P＜0.05）.与对照组相比,卡维地洛在减少左心室舒张末期内径（left ventricular end diastolic dimension,LVEDd）和提高心左心室射血分数（left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF）方面较美托洛尔更有效（P＜0.05）.结论 卡维地洛可有效改善慢性心力衰竭病人心功能,并在减少LVEDd和提高LVEF方面优于美托洛尔.     

糖尿病合并心力衰竭患者血浆B型钠尿肽的临床意义

目的探讨血浆B型钠尿肽与糖尿病心力衰竭患者的心功能分级、右心室内径(right ventricular internal dimension,RVID)、左心室舒张末内径(left ventricular end-diastolic dimension,LVEDd)、左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)的相关性。方法糖尿病80例,分为心力衰竭组46例和心功能正常组34例;对照组为健康体检者28例。测定血浆B型钠尿肽、RVID、LVEDd、LVEF。结果心力衰竭组血浆B型钠尿肽明显高于心功能正常组及对照组(P<0.01),心力衰竭组血浆B型钠尿肽随心功能的恶化而升高,心功能正常组与对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);心力衰竭组血浆B型钠尿肽与RVID(r=0.714,P<0.05),LVEDd(r=0.732,P<0.05)呈正相关,与LVEF(r=-0.606,P<0.05)呈负相关。结论血浆B型钠尿肽可作为诊断糖尿病心力衰竭的辅助生化指标。     

重组人脑利钠肽与沙库巴曲缬沙坦序贯治疗急性心肌梗死并心力衰竭的效果观察

目的 探讨急性心肌梗死合并心力衰竭患者接受重组人脑利钠肽（rebinant human brain natriuretic peptide,rhBNP）联合缬沙坦或rhBNP联合沙库巴曲缬沙坦序贯治疗的效果及安全性。方法 共纳入80例急性心肌梗死合并心力衰竭患者。随机分为rhBNP联合缬沙坦组和rhBNP联合沙库巴曲缬沙坦组,各40例。比较两组患者在治疗3月后的血清N末端B型脑钠肽前体（N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP）、血钾、血钠、肾小球滤过率估计值（estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR）、左心室射血分数（left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF）、左心室收缩末期内径（left ventricular end-systolic dimension,LVESD）、左心室舒张末期内径（left ventricular end diastolic dimension,LVEDD）变化情况。结果 治疗后LVEF结果均高于治疗前,NT-pro...     

阿替普酶与瑞替普酶治疗急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的疗效对比

目的探究与分析阿替普酶与瑞替普酶治疗急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的疗效。方法选取惠东县第二人民医院自2014年4月至2016年4月收治的90例急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者,按照就诊时间顺序分为对照组与观察组,每组各45例,对照组给予阿替普酶溶栓治疗,观察组给予瑞替普酶溶栓治疗,对比两组心功能及心电图变化。结果两组治疗后左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)较治疗前均明显升高,且同期观察组治疗后LVEF明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组治疗后左心室舒张末期内径(left ventricular end-diastolic dimension,LVEDD)、左心室收缩末期内径(left ventricular end-systolicdimension,LVESD)、左心室舒张末期容积(left ventricular end-diastolic volume,LVEDV)、左心室收缩末期容积(left ventricular end-systolic volume,LVESV)较治疗前下降,明显改善,且观察组治疗后LVEDD、LVESD、LVEDV、LVESV明显低于对照组治疗后,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组溶栓0.5 h、1 h、1.5 h及2 h内再通成功率比对照组明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用瑞替普酶治疗急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的疗效显著,可有效改善心功能,纠正心电图的异常变化,提高患者生活质量。     

2型糖尿病合并高血压患者左心室结构和功能变化

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者在并发或不并发高血压时的心脏结构和功能的变化。方法 2型糖尿病98例,依血压水平分为单纯2型糖尿病组50例,2型糖尿病合并高血压组48例,对照组30例为体检健康者。观察血糖、血脂、体重指数,应用超声心动图仪检测左心室结构和功能。结果 与对照组相比,2型糖尿病患者有糖、脂代谢异常（P〈0.05）,3组之间左心室舒张末内径（left ventricular end diastolic dimension,LVEDd）、室间隔厚度（interventricular septum thickness,LVST）、左心室后壁厚度（left ventricular posterior wall thickness,LVPWT）及左心室质量指数（left ventricular mass index,LVMI）差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,2型糖尿病合并高血压组明显高于其他两组（P〈0.05）,3组间舒张早期血流充盈峰值流速E值及E/A比值差异无统计学意义（P〈0.05）,2型糖尿病合并高血压组下降更明显;与对照组相比,2型糖尿病合并高血压组的左心室射血分数（left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF）、左心室短轴缩短率（fractional shortening,FS）下降（P〈0.05）。结论 2型糖尿病患者存在左心室结构及功能受损,随血压升高,这些改变更为明显。     

达格列净治疗老年射血分数降低性心力衰竭患者的疗效及安全性

目的 观察达格列净治疗老年射血分数降低性心力衰竭（心衰）患者的疗效及安全性。方法 选取合肥市第二人民医院2019年1月至2021年6月诊断为射血分数降低性心衰的老年患者，采取随机数字表法将患者分为对照组（100例）和观察组（100例）。对照组患者用常规抗心衰药物给予治疗，观察组患者在此基础上加用达格列净，比较治疗前后两组患者左心室射血分数（left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF）、左心室舒张末期内径（left ventricular end-diastolic diameter,LVEDD）、左心室收缩末期内径（left ventricular end-systolic diameter,LVESD）、氨基末端脑钠肽前体（N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP）、估算肾小球滤过率（estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR）、6 min步行距离（6 minute walking distance,6MWD）及不良反应。结果 观察组患者的LVEF、...     

巨大左心室瓣膜置换术的围术期护理

瓣膜性心脏病伴巨大左心室是指左心室舒张末期内径（left ventricular end diastolic dimension,LVEDD）≥70 mm,左心室收缩末期内径（left ventricular end systolic dimension,LVESD）≥50 mm.瓣膜病合并巨大左心室患者病程长、心肌损害重,常继发多脏器功能障碍,加上全身营养差,免疫力低下,围手术期病死率达9.0%～17.7%[1,2].我院近年来对20 例巨大左心室患者行瓣膜置换手术,疗效满意,现将护理经验总结如下.     

阿霉素致大鼠心力衰竭干预起点探讨

目的探讨阿霉素导致大鼠心力衰竭心室结构演变和应用此模型进行心力衰竭治疗性试验时恰当的干预起点。方法以累积剂量达15mg/kg,3周内注射完毕的方法建立阿霉素致大鼠心力衰竭模型。分别于注射阿霉素前,注射后3、4、5、6周和7周在M型超声下观察左心室舒张末期内径(left ventricular end-diastolic dimension,LVEDd),左心室收缩末期内径(left ventricular end-systolic dimension,LVESd)和左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)变化;于注射阿霉素前,注射后6周,7周使用免疫酶联吸附法(ELISA)法检测血清脑利钠肽浓度。结果注射阿霉素7周后与注射阿霉素前比较,LVEF(69.6%±10.3%vs.78.7%±13.7%,P0.01),LVEDd[(0.67±0.03)cmvs.(0.52±0.02)cm,P0.01],LVESd[(0.41±0.17)cmvs.(0.30±0.02)cm,P0.01]和脑钠肽[(0.37±0.15)μg/Lvs.(0.18±0.06)μg/L,P0.01]差异有统计学意义。结论足量注射阿霉素7周后可作为阿霉素致大鼠心衰模型治疗性试验时干预的起点。     

心肌梗死患者miR-150、miR-21-5p水平表达变化及其与心室重构、预后的关系分析

目的 探究急性心肌梗死（acute myocaridial infarction, AMI）患者miR-150、miR-21-5p水平表达变化及与心室重构、预后的关系。方法 选择2019年7月至2021年7月治疗的120例AMI患者为研究对象（AMI组）,另选取同期80健康体检者为对照组,比较2组患者外周血miR-150、miR-21-5p水平及心室重构指标[左室射血分数（left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF）、左心室舒张末内径（left ventricular end-diastolic dimension,LVEDD）、左室收缩末容积（left ventricular end-systolic volume, LVESV）、左心室质量指数（left ventricular mass index,LVMI）],分析miR-150、miR-21-5p与心室重构指标相关性;患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI）术后随访1年,统计不良心血管事件（major adverse cardi...     

倍他洛克干预扩张型心肌病心率变异性的影响

目的观察倍他洛克对扩张型心肌病患者心率变异性的影响。方法将41例扩张型心肌病患者随机分为倍他洛克组(n=21)、对照组(n=20)。比较两组治疗前后左室舒张末期内径(LVEDd),左室射血分类(LVEF)和24h心率变异性(HRV)。结果倍他洛克明显提高左室射血分数(LVEF),减少左室舒张末期内径(LVEDd)。心率变异性各指标比较差异有显著性。结论倍他洛克能改善扩张型心肌病的心功能,提高扩张型心肌病患者心率变异性,改善患者的心脏自身调节功能。     

MIC trial: metoprolol in patients with mild to moderate heart failure: effects on ventricular function and cardiopulmonary exercise testing

Beta-blocker therapy results in a functional benefit in patients with heart failure (CHF) due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). This study assessed if similar effects were observed in patients with ischemic heart disease (CAD), NYHA II-III after 6 months of therapy with metoprolol. Methods and results: Fifty-two patients with CHF secondary to DCM (26 patients) and CAD (26 patients) and a left ventricular ejection fraction (EF)<40% were enrolled in the placebo-controlled study. The study medication was titrated over 6 weeks, the mean final dosage was 135 mg/day. Three patients died due to cardiogenic shock, two received placebo and one metoprolol. Eight patients did not complete the study due to non-compliance. Metoprolol significantly reduced heart rate at rest and after submaximal and maximal exercise. Vo(2)-max and Vo(2)-AT as well as the 6-min walk test improved significantly after metoprolol treatment. There was a significant increase in EF at rest (27.3-35. 2%), submaximal (28.5-37.7%) and maximal exercise (28.7-40.9%) in the metoprolol-treated patients. No differences were found between patients with CAD and DCM. We also observed reduced left ventricular volumes. Conclusion: The additional therapy with metoprolol improved cardiac function and the cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in patients with CHF.     

Long-term effects of carvedilol in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy with persistent left ventricular dysfunction despite chronic metoprolol

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to analyze whether long-term treatment with the nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent carvedilol may have beneficial effects in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), who are poor responders in terms of left ventricular (LV) function and exercise tolerance to chronic treatment with the selective beta-blocker metoprolol.

BACKGROUND

Although metoprolol has been proven to be beneficial in the majority of patients with heart failure, a subset of the remaining patients shows long-term survival without satisfactory clinical improvement.

METHODS

Thirty consecutive DCM patients with persistent LV dysfunction (ejection fraction ≤40%) and reduced exercise tolerance (peak oxygen consumption <25 ml/kg/min) despite chronic (>1 year) tailored treatment with metoprolol and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were enrolled in a 12-month, open-label, parallel trial and were randomized either to continue on metoprolol (n = 16, mean dosage 142 ± 44 mg/day) or to cross over to maximum tolerated dosage of carvedilol (n = 14, mean dosage 74 ± 23 mg/day).

RESULTS

At 12 months, patients on carvedilol, compared with those continuing on metoprolol, showed a decrease in LV dimensions (end-diastolic volume −8 ± 7 vs. +7 ± 6 ml/m², p = 0.053; end-systolic volume −7 ± 5 vs. +6 ± 4 ml/m², p = 0.047), an improvement in LV ejection fraction (+7 ± 3% vs. −1 ± 2%, p = 0.045), a reduction in ventricular ectopic beats (−12 ± 9 vs. +62 ± 50 n/h, p = 0.05) and couplets (−0.5 ± 0.4 vs. +1.5 ± 0.6 n/h, p = 0.048), no significant benefit on symptoms and quality of life and a negative effect on peak oxygen consumption (−0.6 ± 0.6 vs. +1.3 ± 0.5 ml/kg/min, p = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

In DCM patients who were poor responders to chronic metoprolol, carvedilol treatment was associated with favorable effects on LV systolic function and remodeling as well as on ventricular arrhythmias, whereas it had a negative effect on peak oxygen consumption.     

Long-term comparison of metoprolol and methyldopa in the treatment of hypertension

The effect of the cardioselective beta-adrenoreceptor blocking compound, metoprolol, was compared with methyldopa in the long-term management of hypertension. Thirty patients given metoprolol and twenty-six given methyldopa were treated for 2 years. The maximum dose of metoprolol was 200 mg twice daily (average 308 mg) and of methyldopa 1,000 mg twice daily (average 1,120 mg). Blood pressure was similar at entry to the study (metoprolol 177/110 mmHg and methyldopa 181/111 mmHg). After 2 years of treatment the blood pressure levels were again similar (metoprolol 149/91 mmHg and methyldopa 148/91 mmHg). Erect pressures were lower in the methyldopa group, but there was no difference between supine and erect blood pressure levels in those on metoprolol. At an exercise load of 300 and 600 kpm the increase in systolic pressure was significantly less in the metoprolol group. The proportional increase in systolic and diastolic pressure in response to a standardized stress situation was reduced by treatment with metoprolol but not by methyldopa. Tolerance to therapy did not develop in either group. The main difference between metoprolol and methyldopa was in the incidence and severity of side effects. Four patients were withdrawn from the metoprolol group. Seventeen were withdrawn from methyldopa mainly because of side effects including drowsiness, depression, skin rash, and impotence. Six patients on metoprolol and seventeen on methyldopa continued on therapy although side effects were present. It is concluded that metoprolol and methyldopa lower blood pressure to the same extent, but metoprolol is advantageous because of a lower incidence of side effects.     

大剂量美托洛尔治疗心力衰竭的临床试验

目的: 比较不同剂量美托洛尔治疗心力衰竭患者的疗效。方法: 经临床确诊的慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者182例,随机分为常规剂量组和大剂量组。常规剂量组,在基础治疗同时维持美托洛尔治疗剂量25～50 mg/d。大剂量组,在基础治疗同时美托洛尔治疗剂量逐渐递增至目标剂量或最大耐受剂量。完成试验每组各81例。两组患者美托洛尔治疗剂量稳定后维持12周,比较每组患者治疗前后临床指标［NYHA、HR、BP、左室舒张末内径（LVEDD）、左室射血分数（LVEF）、血浆去甲肾上腺素（NE）、脑钠尿肽（BNP）浓度和6min最大步行距离］的变化及两组间变化差异。结果: 大剂量组有81例患者完成实验,最终美托洛尔治疗剂量为(100±30)mg/d,大剂量组治疗前后心功能分级（NYHA）明显改善,心率(85±9)次/min减慢至(73±5)次/min,LVEF由(41±4)%到(44±5)%,NE由（518±311）ng/L到(251±67)ng/L,BNP由（323±91）μg/L到(238±72)μg/L,6 min步行距离由(331±49)m提高至(339±44),均有统计学差异（P<0.05）。与常规剂量组相比,心功能分级（NYHA）有改善,心率(73±5)次/min vs.(83±9)次/min, NE(251±67)ng/L vs.(389±286)ng/L,BNP(238±72)μg/L vs.(302±103)均有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论: 常规剂量和大剂量美托洛尔治疗CHF均能在12周改善心脏重构、提高心功能和增加运动耐量,但大剂量更有效控制心率。大剂量比常规剂量更进一步抑制神经激素的过度激活,尤其降低血浆NE 与BNP浓度,更充分发挥其生物学疗效。     

美托洛尔对舒张功能不良性心衰患者心率变异性的影响

目的探讨舒张功能不良性心衰患者应用美托洛尔后心脏自主神经功能的变化。方法对照组常规抗心衰治疗,治疗组在常规抗心衰治疗的基础上加服美托洛尔,从12.5mg/d开始,缓慢增加剂量至25～50mg/d,治疗前和治疗3个月后分别进行心率变异性(HRV)分析。结果与对照组比较,治疗组治疗3个月后HRV指标SDNN、SDANN、rMSSD、PNN50均明显提高(P<0.01),且心功能改善明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论在常规治疗的基础上,加用美托洛尔治疗舒张功能不良性心衰,可改善心脏自主神经调节功能,可提高HRV,增强疗效。     

Beta blocker effects on plasma homocysteine levels in patients with hypertension

Recent studies have shown that hyperhomocysteinemia might play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The effects of antihypertensive agents on plasma homocysteine levels have not been tested extensively. We investigated the effects of beta-blocker therapy on homocysteine levels in patients with hypertension. In the study, 120 patients with newly diagnosed hypertension were enrolled. All patients received metoprolol succinate 100 mg/day initially. If blood pressure was above normal on the 15th day of follow-up, the metoprolol dosage was doubled. Before initiation of the antihypertensive medication and after the fourth month of treatment, homocysteine levels were measured. Of the 120 patients enrolled, 39 could not complete the study. Homocysteine levels decreased significantly by the end of the fourth month when compared with basal values (13.5+/-4.5 micromol/l versus 12.4+/-4.9 micromol/l; P = 0.001). There was no relation between homocysteine level and blood pressure control. There was a significant decrease in homocysteine levels in the women treated in this study (P = 0.001); however, this effect was absent in men (P = 0.185). We demonstrate that metoprolol succinate treatment significantly decreases plasma homocysteine levels in patients with hypertension, especially in women.     

Ketanserin in the treatment of essential hypertension. A double-blind study against metoprolol and a further long-term open treatment

Monotherapy with Ketanserin, a serotonin receptor antagonist, reduces blood pressure in a sizeable number of patients with essential hypertension. The present study was designed to compare its antihypertensive potency with those of metoprolol in a double-blind treatment and further to study its long-term efficacy and safety in a one-year open trial, alone or combined to metoprolol, according to diastolic blood pressure (DBP) normalization. Twenty-four patients with mild to moderate hypertension were randomly assigned to two parallel treatment groups, one group (n = 11) received Ketanserin (40 mg/day) and the other one (n = 13) metoprolol (200 mg/day). After 3 months double-blind treatment, all patients received Ketanserin, on an open basis for one year alone or combined to metoprolol if Ketanserin failed to normalize DBP. A significant antihypertensive effect was demonstrated after 3 months double-blind treatment, for Ketanserin and metoprolol, in both standing and supine position (p less than 0.01). Heart rate showed a clear decrease by metoprolol (p less than 0.01). In the one-year follow-up, patients were divided in: I (n = 7) patients on Ketanserin (previously treated with the same drug); II (n = 4) patients on Ketanserin plus metoprolol (previously treated with Ketanserin, in whom it failed to normalize DBP); and III (n = 13) patients on Ketanserin (previously treated with metoprolol). In group I the blood pressure lowering effect of Ketanserin remained constant after one-year follow-up. In group II, although the number of patients was insufficient, a trend in the decrease of parameters was observed. In group III, supine and standing DBP diminished from 92.5 +/- 8 and 92.5 +/- 7 during treatment with metoprolol to 83.6 +/- 9 and 79.8 +/- 8 mmHg respectively at 12 months, after treatment with Ketanserin (p less than 0.05); accordingly, the cumulative percentage of normalized DBP increased from 4/13 after metoprolol to 12/13 at the end of the trial. Ketanserin side effects were minimal. Taking into account the wide variety of contraindications or side effects with beta-blockers and diuretics, Ketanserin appears as a new and important alternative in the treatment of mild and moderate essential hypertension.     

培哚普利及美托洛尔对中心动脉压的作用

目的比较培哚普利和美托洛尔对轻中度高血压病患者中心动脉压与肱动脉压的影响。方法在冠状动脉造影结束后,分别同步测量145例高血压病或(和)冠心病患者升主动脉根部(直接测量法)和肱动脉(袖带加压法)的血压,其中单药降压治疗二周以上的轻中度高血压病患者分为培哚普利组(4mg/d,62例)、美托洛尔组(25mg/d,39例)。结果升主动脉收缩压高于袖带加压法测量的肱动脉收缩压9.6mmHg(P<0.01),升主动脉舒张压低于袖带加压法肱动脉舒张压2.0mmHg(P<0.01),升主动脉脉压较肱动脉脉压大11.6mmHg(P<0.01)。虽然培哚普利组和美托洛尔组袖带加压法测得的肱动脉压相同,但是培哚普利组的升主动脉收缩压低于美托洛尔组(P<0.05)。结论升主动脉压与袖带加压法测得的肱动脉压差异有非常显著意义。虽然培哚普利和美托洛尔降低肱动脉压效果相似,但培哚普利降低升主动脉收缩压较美托洛尔更显著。     

A comparison of the effects of combined or separate alpha- and beta-blockade in the treatment of hypertension in the acute stage of myocardial infarction

We have assessed the benefit of separate or combined alpha- and beta-receptor blockade in the treatment of 33 patients suffering from acute (less than 48 hr) myocardial infarction complicated by sustained (greater than 6 hr) systolic hypertension (systolic blood pressure greater than 150 mm Hg). Eight patients have been treated with metoprolol, 7 with phentolamine and 18 with labetalol. We evaluated the effects of these drugs on hemodynamics and arterial and mixed venous blood gases. The patients were divided into two groups on the basis of the pulmonary wedge pressure. The first group had a pressure greater than 15 mm Hg. It included 9 patients treated with labetalol (1.8 mg/min for 1 hr) and 7 others with phentolamine (0.6 mg/min for 1 hr). The wedge pressure in the second group was less than 13 mm Hg. Nine patients in this group had been treated with labetalol (2.1 mg/min for 1 hr) and 8 others with metoprolol (0.2 mg/kg in 15 min). Labetalol normalized the blood pressure in both groups within 1 hr as did phentolamine. Metoprolol did not significantly reduce either the systolic or the diastolic pressures. The high wedge pressures in the first group were reduced by both labetalol and phentolamine. The cardiac index was increased following phentolamine administration while it was reduced by labetalol. In the group with low wedge pressure, labetalol and metoprolol induced a slight but significant reduction in cardiac index but the pulmonary wedge pressures were significantly increased for metoprolol only. The rate-pressure product was very significantly decreased by labetalol and metoprolol but not by phentolamine. The emergency treatment of systemic hypertension occurring in the setting of acute myocardial infarction would thus appear to be best achieved by combined alpha- and beta-blockade rather than with either pure alpha- or pure beta-blockade. Phentolamine, however, would be a good drug in the presence of a reduced cardiac index.     

扩张型心肌病患者高血压患病率的初步调查

目的观察扩张型心肌病患者高血压患病率及其并发高血压的主要危险因素。方法随机选取扩张型心肌病患者362例及401例同年龄的普通居民(对照组),统计各组高血压患病率并作组间比较;根据患者有无合并高血压,将扩张型心肌病患者分成高血压亚组与非高血压亚组,比较两亚组患者与血压相关的临床资料有无差异。结果扩张型心肌病患者高血压患病率明显高于对照组(32.9%比21.7%,P<0.01);扩张型心肌病两亚组患者的年龄、性别、职业、左心室射血分数等因素差异无显著性(P>0.05),但高血压亚组患者的心率及高血压家族史百分率均明显高于非高血压亚组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论扩张型心肌病患者的高血压患病率高,交感神经系统兴奋性升高及高血压遗传因素可能是其并发高血压的主要危险因子。