足背多叶皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨足背多叶皮瓣的临床应用价值。方法根据足背动脉在足背部发出分支的解剖特点,将足背皮瓣设计成两叶或三叶形状,同时修复2个或2个以上互不相连的创面。1998年1月至2004年5月,临床应用12例,局部转移修复同侧足部创面3例,游离移植修复手部创面9例。结果皮瓣全部成活。有8例获得随访7-24个月,外形满意。两点分辨觉6-9mm.。结论根据足背动脉在足背部发出分支的解剖特点,将足背皮瓣设计成2叶或3叶,一次修复多个互不相连的创面。皮瓣血供可靠,手术简便、实用,足背是修复多创面软组织缺损的良好供区。     

足背深浅静脉交通支的瓣膜朝向与皮瓣移植的关系

解剖研究了30例成人下肢标本的足背浅静脉与深静脉间的交通支,重点观察了这些交通支内瓣膜存缺情况及其朝向。这些交通支的静脉瓣可以分为三类:第一型的静脉瓣膜朝向引导血流由浅入深,第二型则引导血流由深至浅,第三型静脉交通支内没有瓣膜。足背皮瓣移植术中,沟通深浅两套静脉系统的关键性交通支是浅弓支。浅弓支属第三型,其出现率占70%,这是大多数足背皮瓣移植时只吻合浅静脉或深静脉均能引导血液回流,保证皮瓣成活的解剖学基础。但对30%缺乏浅弓支的个体,手术时必须同时吻合浅深两套静脉,才能保证回流通畅。     

探讨VSD负压封闭引流后延期皮瓣移植术的临床疗效

目的探讨清创后VSD负压封闭引流后延期行腓肠神经、小隐静脉远端蒂筋膜皮瓣移植术的临床疗效。方法选择2007年6月～2011年10月足部皮肤软组织缺损行腓肠神经、小隐静脉远端蒂筋膜皮瓣移植术病例37例,采用急诊清创后即行皮瓣移植18例为对照组;采用急诊清创、VSD负压封闭引流后延期行皮瓣移植19例为观察组,术后随访观察患者的并发感染情况,皮瓣成活情况以及术后患者功能恢复优良程度。结果两组抗感染能力、皮瓣成活率、功能恢复优良率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论采用VSD技术加延期腓肠神经、小隐静脉远端蒂筋膜皮瓣移植术修复足部皮肤软组织缺损,可以大大降低足部皮肤软组织缺损的感染的发生率,并提高了皮瓣的成活率,改善了患者的患肢功能。     

带足背内侧皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖学

目的：为带足背内侧皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法：在３２侧成人下肢标本上，观测了踝间线以下足背内侧皮神经营养血管及其周围皮肤的血供情况。结果：足背内侧皮神经的血供主要来自足背动脉的皮动脉，以其近侧端（上支持带下缘）和远侧端（第１跖骨间隙）穿出的皮动脉较为恒定，起始处外径分别为０．８ｍｍ和０．６ｍｍ，穿出深筋膜前长分别为０．８ｃｍ和０．５ｃｍ。皮动脉的神经营养支在神经束间或神经旁则相互联通形成纵形（或链式）吻合，而皮动脉的皮支和神经营养支在足背内侧皮神经周围的浅筋膜内也相互沟通形成广泛的网状吻合。结论：可设计带皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣转位修复邻近部位的组织缺损     

国人足背动脉的解剖学测量及临床意义

目的:研究国人足背动脉的直径和管壁厚度,为足背动脉置管提供解剖学依据。方法:用体视显微镜分组测量31具尸体60侧足背动脉近端、中点和远端的内、外径。结果:足背动脉中点的外径、内径和管壁厚度分别为(2.47±0.49)mm、(1.28±0.50)mm和(0.60±0.16)mm,与近端和远端比较,3组均数差异均有统计学意义。3处足背动脉的内、外径及管壁厚度无侧别差异;男性管壁厚度大于女性;50岁以上者的外径和管壁厚度大于中、青年组。结论:本研究提供了华南地区国人足背动脉的解剖学相关资料,其结果对足背动脉穿刺置管术的开展与应用等具有参考价值。     

Anatomy of dorsalis pedis artery and its use in limb salvage surgery

The Dorsalis Pedis artery (DPA) is an often overlooked but important artery that can be utilized for limb salvage surgery. It is especially useful in the diabetic patient in whom disease at the level of the bifurcation of the popliteal artery is common. The unique anatomic location and communication with the pedal arch makes the DPA a good outflow vessel. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 105:401–405 (Verta, 1982, Ascer, 1988 J. Vasc. Surg., 8:434–441; Harris, 1989, Arch Surg., 124:1232–1235). © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

桡动脉与足背动脉的解剖学特点及其临床意义

目的研究桡动脉和足背动脉的直径及管壁厚度,为桡动脉和足背动脉置管以及经桡动脉冠状动脉造影等提供解剖学依据。方法用体视显微镜测量31具尸体62侧桡动脉远侧段和60侧足背动脉的内径(ID)及外径(ED)。结果①桡动脉平桡骨茎突上5cm处断面(SARA)的外径、内径和管壁厚度(WT)分别为(2.33±0.49)mm、(1.31±0.45)mm和(0.51±0.13)mm,与平桡骨茎突处断面(SBRA)比较,SARA小于SBRA(P<0.05)。②足背动脉中点断面(SMDPA)的外径、内径和管壁厚度分别为(2.47±0.49)mm、(1.28±0.50)mm和(0.60±0.16)mm。与近端和远端比较,3组均数差异均有统计学意义。③桡动脉远侧段与足背动脉的内、外径及管壁厚度无侧别差异,但有年龄和性别差异,50岁以上组大于中、青年组,男性管壁厚度大于女性。④SARA和SMDPA的内、外径和管壁厚度有正相关关系。结论:本研究结果对桡动脉和足背动脉穿刺置管术的开展与应用等具有参考价值。     

Vascular anomalies in campomelic syndrome

We report on 4 patients with the campomelic syndrome (CS) in whom postmortem angiography of the lower limbs was performed. Of the 4 ptients, 3 were phenotypic females (2 of them with a 46,XY karyotype) and one was a male with a normal 46,XY karyotype. Three fulfilled the criteria fo CS, and one (phenotypically female with a 46,XY karyotype) lacked the lower limb bowing and the talipes equinovarus typical of CS. This infant may constitute a further example of the recently reported CS without campomelia. The results of the angiographic study are compared with 46 postmortem angiographies of normal fetuses and newborn infants at different gestational ages. In the first 3 Cs patients the main arterial axis of the lower limb, formed by the superficial femoral and anterior tibial arteries, has smaller diameters than expected while the profunda femoris and posterior tibial arteries had greater diameters than age-matched controls However, the most striking abnormality was the absence or marked deficiency of the anterior tibial artery. Its terminal branch, the doralis pedis artery, was also absent and the plantar arch was abnormally formed by the posterior tibial artery either alone or in conjunction with the peroneal artery. The normal arterial pattern was found in the patient who lacked bowed bones. This finding supports an developmental association between vascular defects and lower limb anomalies in CS. This aberrant arterial pattern in CS may affect or be affected by muscle development. The shortness of the posterior femoral and calf muscles fix the knee and the ankle joints. Bone bowing is probably related to the abnormal mechanical forces applied to the developing long bones of the lowe limb. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Relationship between the deep peroneal nerve and dorsalis pedis artery in the foot: a cadaveric study

The aim of our work was to study the relationship between deep peroneal nerve (DPN) and dorsalis pedis artery (DPA) so that the frequency of these variations can be kept in mind by the angiographers and surgeons to ensure safe surgical approach during flap surgery. Ninety-two legs in 46 cadavers were dissected to study the relationship between DPN and DPA on the dorsum of the foot. The relationship of neurovascular bundle of the dorsum of the foot was classified into four types. Type I: division of the DPN distal to the midpoint between the two malleoli (observed in 26 limbs). In Type II, the division of the DPN was midway between the two malleoli (seen in 20 limbs). Both Type I and II are further divided into two subtypes (a and b) depending upon the crossing pattern of terminal branches of the DPN over DPA. In Type III, multiple branches of DPN were noted in two limbs. In Type IV, the looping pattern of DPN around the DPA was considered and was seen in eight limbs. Awareness of possible variations in the relationship of the DPA to DPN on the dorsum of the foot is important for vascular and reconstructive surgeons. Because it might help in decreasing confusion when considering treatment options like microvascular anastomosis in reconstruction of the leg.     

前臂背侧皮瓣的应用解剖

用显微解剖、组织切片及扫描电镜观察等方法对40例成人前臂背侧皮瓣进行了究研.前臂背侧皮瓣的供血动脉为骨间后动脉,外径为1.5mm,主干长15.4cm,在浅筋膜及深筋膜中有丰富的吻合支.该皮瓣的微血管构筑由五层血管网组成。各层血管网间有丰富的吻合支,互相沟通,共同完成整个皮瓣的血供.该皮瓣具有血管口径粗,位置恒定且浅表不损伤主要血管等优点.     

腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足背皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足背皮肤软组织缺损的疗效及其适应证。方法21例腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣转位修复足背皮肤软组织缺损,其中5例皮瓣远端达到跖趾关节,皮瓣面积(6cm×4cm)～(15cm×13cm)。结果21例皮瓣中,16例皮瓣远端在跖趾关节以近者完全成活;5例皮瓣远端达到或者超过跖趾关节者有3例皮瓣远端部分坏死,2例皮瓣远端小隐静脉与足背静脉吻合者完全成活。结论腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣是一种修复足背皮肤软组织缺损的较理想的手术方法,其修复创面的最远端可达到跖趾关节。     

以第1跖背动脉为蒂的足背皮瓣血供范围的解剖学研究

目的　通过墨汁灌注及血管铸形标本的制作,从解剖学探讨以第1跖背动脉为蒂的足背皮瓣的血供范围,为临床以第1跖背动脉为蒂的带足背皮瓣的第2足趾移植提供理论依据。 方法　将10侧新鲜截肢单足标本解剖分离后,从第1跖背动脉灌注墨汁,观测其染色范围。然后在显微镜下将皮瓣从深筋膜下掀起,观察细小皮支的染色范围。另取3侧标本,制作血管铸型标本。对测量结果进行统计学处理。 结果　(1)墨汁灌注染色：10侧标本染色范围为：内侧界达趾胫侧,外侧界达第3趾蹼间隙,远侧界达趾端,近侧界达跖跗关节。 (2)铸型标本观察：第1、2趾近端动脉分支分布密集,并可见第1、2、3跖背动脉之间的交通支。 结论　(1)以第1跖背动脉为蒂的足背皮瓣胫侧血供丰富,腓侧血供范围可达第3趾蹼腓侧。(2)在临床上设计带菱形或舵样足背皮瓣时,腓侧皮瓣不宜设计过大。     

足背内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复足远端创面应用解剖

目的：为远端蒂足背内侧皮伸经浅静脉营养血管皮瓣修复足远端皮肤缺损提供解剖学基础。方法：在31侧成人下肢标本f：解削观察足背内侧皮神经分支分布特点，6侧新鲜足标本观测皮神经血供分规律。结果：足背内侧皮神经及其分支恒定的血供来源，近端主要来自胫前动脉末端或足背动脉发m的皮支，外径0．8～1．0mm，内、外侧支远端来自南足底内侧动脉的皮支和第2跖背动脉末端的皮支，皮动脉外径在0.5—0．8mm。皮动脉分支营养神经及神经及浅静脉，在神经和静脉旁分支间形成链式吻合，与筋膜皮肤的血管互相吻合。结论：足背内侧皮神经浅静脉营养血管足背皮瓣可设计两种远端蒂修复足远端创面，(1)以第1跖趾关节内侧近端1．3～1．5cm为旋转轴点。(2)以距第2趾蹼游离缘1．5cm为旋转轴点。     

Trichophyton sensitivity in allergic and nonallergic asthma

BACKGROUND: Although the role of inhaled fungi in inducing asthma has been repeatedly confirmed, there are few reports about the association of asthma with dermatophyte sensitivity and the causal role of Trichophyton allergy in asthma. The objective was to investigate the presence of Trichophyton sensitivity among patients with allergic and nonallergic asthma in combination with tinea, and to compare the situation with several control groups in order to evaluate the factors determining Trichophyton sensitivity. METHODS: A total of 86 subjects (55 female, 31 male) with a mean age of 38.6 +/- 11.1 years were included in the study. The patients were divided into five groups: 1) nonallergic asthma plus tinea (n = 19) 2) allergic asthma plus tinea (n = 15) 3) asthma without tinea (n = 22) 4) tinea without asthma (n = 17) 5) healthy controls (n = 13). Skin tests with standardized extracts of T. rubrum and specific IgE measurements were performed in all subjects. All patients were also subjected to microscopic evaluation and fungal culture for dermatophyte infection. RESULTS: The skin test positivity rate to Trichophyton extract of groups 1 (63.1%), 2 (46.7%), and 4 (47.1%) was higher than that in groups 3 (4.4%) and 5 (7.7%) (P < 0.05). Although not significant, the rates of sensitivity to T. rubrum (63.1%) and of severe asthma (31.6%) were higher in the group with nonallergic asthma with tinea (group 1) than in other groups. Among 51 patients in whom direct microscopic evaluation revealed dermatophyte infection, 60.8% had positive fungal cultures for T. rubrum (58.1%), T. mentagrophytes (35.5%), and Candida (6.4%). CONCLUSION: According to our data, the presence of fungal infection seems to be an important determinant in hypersensitivity to Trichophyton whether or not the subject is asthmatic and/or allergic. Since a greater proportion of patients with nonallergic asthma--in whom the rate of severe asthma was also higher - showed positive skin tests to Trichophyton extracts in this study, we believe that patients with severe, intrinsic asthma should be examined for signs of fungal infection and tested to determine immediate hypersensitivity to dermatophyte antigens.     

丘脑与丘脑枕空间形态和位置的研究

目的 :对丘脑与丘脑枕在脑内的空间形态和位置资料进行定位研究 ,为脑立体定向手术提供解剖学基础。方法 :将成人 6 1只整脑制成 2mm厚的三维连续切片 ,并在各脑片上直接进行观测。结果 :获得丘脑和丘脑枕前后径、左右径 ,上下径 ,体积及“靶心”座标值。丘脑总体前后径 (2 9.48mm ) >上下径 (18.82mm) >左右径 (13 .91mm ) ,丘脑枕总体上下径 (10 .0 9mm ) >前后径 (9.5 5mm ) >左右径 (7.14mm)。丘脑体积左右均值为 (6 2 6 4.42± 42 .98)mm3;丘脑枕体积左右均值为 (75 0 .82± 16 .32 )mm3。通过还原、重建、重叠 ,绘出两个核团的空间投影轮廓叠加图。结论 :揭示三维切面上丘脑与丘脑枕在脑内空间的整体构型 ,其结果对脑的立体定向手术有参考价值。     

Perfusion through the dorsalis pedis artery for acute limb ischemia secondary to an occlusive arterial cannula during percutaneous cardiopulmonary support

Percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS) is a powerful resuscitation tool for patients in cardiogenic shock. The femoral artery is generally used for arterial access; however, vascular complications, particularly in atherosclerotic arteries, can occur. Although such complications occur infrequently, they can be fatal. We describe the case of a 75-year-old woman who required extended PCPS for cardiogenic shock secondary to coronary spasm after on-pump beating coronary artery bypass grafting. Limb ischemia occurred because of an occlusive cannula, and distal perfusion with a 20G elastic intravenous catheter inserted into the dorsalis pedis artery resolved the ischemia. The catheter was connected to the side port of an oxygenator and provided distal limb perfusion during PCPS. This technique appears to be useful in treating limb ischemia and may have application in patients with arterial occlusive disease who are dependent on mechanical support.     

Comparison of in vitro antifungal activity of novel triazoles with available antifungal agents against dermatophyte species caused tinea pedis

ObjectiveDermatophytes are a group of keratinophilic fungi that invade and infect the keratinized tissues and cause dermatophytosis. We investigated effectiveness of novel triazole (luliconazole and lanaconazole) in comparison with available antifungal agents against dermatophyte species isolated from patients with tinea pedis.Material and methodsA total of 60 dermatophytes species were isolated from the patients with tinea pedis. Identification of species was done by DNA sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 rDNA region. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing with luliconazole and lanaconazole and available antifungal agent was done in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, M38-A2 document.ResultsIn all investigated isolates, luliconazole had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (MIC range = 0.0005–0.004 μg/mL), while fluconazole (MIC range = 0.4–64 μg/mL) had the highest MICs. Geometric mean MIC was the lowest for luliconazole (0.0008 μg/mL), followed by lanoconazole (0.003 μg/mL), terbinafine (0.019 μg/mL), itraconazole (0.085 μg/mL), ketoconazole (0.089 μg/mL), econazole (0.097 μg/mL), griseofulvin (0.351 μg/mL), voriconazole (0.583 μg/mL) and fluconazole (11.58 μg/mL).ConclusionThe novel triazoles showed potent activity against dermatophytes and promising candidates for the treatment of tinea pedis caused by Trichophyton and Epidermophyton species. However, further studies are warranted to determine the clinical implications of these investigations.     

链型皮瓣的血管基础及临床意义

目的：探讨链型血供皮瓣类型的血管基础与临床意义。方法：从皮瓣的血管解剖和临床应用方面总结作者的研究和文献资料。结果：营养肢体被组织的穿支血管在浅出过程中，于深筋膜表面和皮神经、浅静脉周围，形成环环相扣的纵向链式吻合血管丛。临床将皮瓣的长轴与血管丛的轴向保持一致，成活的长宽比例可达5：1。结论：链型血供是随意型血供和轴型血供的中间过渡形式，对带皮神经浅静脉筋膜皮瓣的临床应用有指导意义。     

全膝关节置换后创面的皮瓣转移修复

BACKGROUND: Wound complications probably result in severe soft tissue defects after total knee arthroplasty, which brings orthopedic surgeon a big challenge. Some treatment options, such as frequent sterile dressings changes, persistent drainage, minor or thorough debridement, negative pressure wound therapy and split-thickness skin grafts, fail to help those quite large and deep wounds around the knee, with exposed fascia or prosthesis, bone, joint, tendon, large vessels and nerve, heal by secondary intention. Under these situations, orthopedic surgeon should consult plastic surgery and propose flap re-construction.