无充气后入路经锁骨下腔镜甲状腺手术治疗甲状腺乳头状癌的学习曲线及短期临床疗效

背景与目的 无充气后入路经锁骨下腔镜甲状腺手术由于切口隐蔽和术后吞咽障碍轻的优点,已被患者广泛接受。但中央区淋巴结后界的清扫仍存在不少的困难。笔者采用后入路的方式,可以很好地显露并清扫中央区淋巴结。本文通过累积和分析法（CUSUM）分析手术时间,探讨该术式应用于甲状腺乳头状癌治疗的学习曲线及短期临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2022年1月—2023年8月连续在安徽医科大学第三附属医院甲乳外科接受无充气后入路经锁骨下腔镜甲状腺手术的100例甲状腺乳头状癌患者的临床资料。以CUSUM拟合学习曲线,并依此结果比较不同阶段各观察指标的差异。结果 所有患者均在腔镜下顺利完成,无中转开放。手术时间随着手术例数增加呈前期下降,后期趋于平稳的趋势。学习曲线最佳拟合为三次方曲线,拟合曲线在手术例数增加至33例时到达顶点,以此为界将学习曲线分为学习阶段和熟练阶段。学习阶段患者的手术时间明显长于熟练阶段［（151.85±39.46）min vs. （93.88±19.04）min,P<0.01］。两个阶段患者在术中出血量、术后引流量、术后住院时间和术后并发症方面的比较均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。患者随访过程中无复发。结论 无充气后入路经锁骨下腔镜甲状腺手术治疗甲状腺乳头状癌安全可行,中央区显露良好,学习曲线短,适合推广开展。     

无充气腋窝入路腔镜甲状腺系膜切除术的学习曲线

目的 探讨无充气腋窝入路腔镜甲状腺系膜切除术的学习曲线。方法 回顾性分析由同一手术团队2020年5月～2022年12月行无充气腋窝入路腔镜甲状腺系膜切除术44例资料。以手术时间为指标,应用累积和分析法研究该手术的学习曲线,将学习曲线的拐点作为学习提高期和成熟稳定期的分界线,比较2个阶段患者的一般资料、手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、淋巴结清扫数目、术后并发症的差异。结果 44例均顺利完成手术,无中转开放手术。学习曲线拐点在21例,以此为界分为学习提高期和成熟稳定期。两阶段一般资料无统计学意义(P>0.05);学习提高期的手术时间显著长于成熟稳定期[(124.5±9.9) min vs.(82.0±8.8) min,t=15.166,P=0.000],术后胸锁乳突肌肿胀僵硬发生率高,但差异无统计学意义[6例(28.6%) vs. 1例(4.3%),χ²=3.174,P=0.075];2个阶段术中出血量、住院时间、淋巴结清扫数目、术后其他并发症等方面差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论 熟练掌握无充气腋窝入路腔镜甲状腺系膜切除术需要完成21例。     

经腋窝入路免充气腔镜甲状腺单侧腺叶切除术的学习曲线

目的:探讨经腋窝入路行免充气腔镜甲状腺单侧腺叶切除术的学习曲线。方法:回顾分析2020年3月至2021年9月由同一术者施行的经腋窝入路免充气腔镜甲状腺单侧腺叶切除术的前52例患者的临床资料,按手术日期采用累积和法分析学习曲线,根据学习曲线的结果将52例患者分为两个阶段,比较两个阶段患者的一般临床资料、手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、术后病理诊断等。结果:50例患者顺利完成手术,2例中转开放,根据累积和法学习曲线,曲线的转折点在第19例,以此将学习曲线分为技术探索期与成熟期,两个阶段患者的一般资料、术中出血量、术后并发症、术后病理诊断差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两个阶段的中位手术时间分别为235(210,305)min与165(145,187.5)min,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:经腋窝入路免充气腔镜甲状腺单侧腺叶切除术具有特定的学习曲线,掌握该技术需累计完成的手术例数约为19例。     

胸锁乳突肌缝线定位联合肌间隙注水分离在经腋窝无充气腔镜甲状腺手术中的应用

背景与目的 目前较为常用的腔镜甲状腺手术入路主要有经腋窝入路、经胸乳入路及经口入路等。经腋窝入路相较于其他术式,其利用颈部肌肉的自然间隙建腔,在颈前带状肌深面显露甲状腺并进行手术操作,对颈部功能影响较小,而且无需充CO₂,对心脑血管影响较小,因此近年来越来越被临床医生所接受。经腋窝入路腔镜甲状腺手术中寻找胸锁乳突肌肌间隙是该术式的一大难点,在此步骤中较多初学者不能准确定位肌间隙,进而增加了手术时间及创伤。为此,笔者中心对经腋窝无充气腔镜甲状腺手术作了一定的改进,降低术中寻找肌间隙的难度。本研究对该改良术式的近期疗效与安全性进行评估,为其在临床中的应用提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2023年1月—2023年5月江苏省宿迁市第一人民医院甲乳外科收治的46例甲状腺癌患者的临床资料。其中,23例接受改良经腋窝入路免充气腔镜下甲状腺手术（观察组）,另23例接受常规经腋窝入路免充气腔镜下甲状腺手术（对照组）。观察组患者术前超声引导下在胸锁乳突肌胸骨部与锁骨部之间的间隙内注水分离,扩大肌间隙,然后缝线定位胸锁乳突肌胸骨部后缘,准确进入肌间隙后,按照常规经腋窝入路腔镜甲状腺手术方法实施手术。结果 两组患者一般资料无明显差异（均P>0.05）,具有可比性。观察组平均手术时间明显短于对照组（65.6 min vs. 87.2 min,P<0.05）,而两组的术中出血量、术后引流量、中央区清扫淋巴结数及住院时间差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。观察组有1例出现腋窝皮下血肿,经抽液、包扎后改善,余患者均无呼吸困难、声音嘶哑、手足麻木、饮水呛咳等并发症发生。术后3个月,两组患者颈部疼痛评分及颈部损伤指数、吞咽障碍指数比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。所有患者术后均口服左旋甲状腺素钠片行个体化促甲状腺激素（TSH）抑制治疗,随访期间无患者出现复发转移。结论 术前行超声引导下胸锁乳突肌缝线定位联合肌间隙注水分离操作方便、实用,便于术中寻找肌间隙,降低了经腋窝无充气腔镜甲状腺手术整体手术难度,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺癌根治手术的临床体会

［摘要］ 目的 探讨经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺癌根治术临床应用的可行性及安全性。方法 查询我院实施经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺癌根治手术的临床资料,包括一般资料、手术方式、手术时间、出血量、并发症、住院时间、手术转归和术后病理结果等指标,综合分析该术式的可行性及安全性。结果 2016年11月~2018年11月我科共实施经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺癌根治手术36例,其中女性27例,男性9例,中位年龄27岁（22~32岁）;所有患者均成功实施口腔前庭入路甲状腺癌根治手术（甲状腺腺叶及峡部切除+患侧中央区淋巴结清扫术）,无中转病例;平均手术时间150 min（120~180 min）;术中平均出血量35 mL（20~75mL）;术后均无伤口感染、出血、声音嘶哑、饮水呛咳、手足抽搐等并发症发生;1例术中刺穿颏下皮肤,所有病例术后均出现不同程度的口唇和颏下肿胀,术后7天均基本消退;术后病理结果36例均为甲状腺乳头状癌,中央区淋巴结平均数目5.5枚（3~11枚）;术后3个月复查体表及口腔前庭均无疤痕,患者对美容效果满意。结论 选择合适的病例行经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺癌根治术安全可行,在美容效果和中央区淋巴结清扫彻底性上有优势。     

改良无充气腋窝入路腔镜甲状（旁）腺手术40例分析

摘   要 目的：分析改良后的无充气腋窝入路腔镜甲状（旁）腺手术的临床效果。 方法：回顾性分析2018年10月—2019年8月收治的40例行改良的无充气腋窝入路腔镜甲状（旁）腺手术患者的临床资料，包括病变大小、病理类型、手术方式、手术时间、术中出血量、手术并发症、术后拔管时间、手术满意度。 结果：40例患者中39例顺利完成手术；1例中转，术后病理证实为胸腺囊肿。病灶大小（24±10）mm；甲状腺微小乳头状癌13例，良性甲状腺结节及病变26例、增生甲状旁腺1例；行腺叶+峡部+中央区清扫13例，其中IV区活检3例，肿瘤单纯切除或单侧叶大部切除27例；手术时间（140±50）min；术中出血量（15±3）mL；39例手术顺利完成，1例中转开放手术后病理提示为胸腺囊肿，1例出现暂时性喉返神经麻痹，术后2个月恢复，1例出现锁骨处皮肤烫伤，换药并积极处理后好转；术后拔管时间（5±1）d；手术满意度（8.33±1.32）分。 结论：经腋窝入路无充气腔镜甲状（旁）腺手术切口隐蔽、经过学习曲线后操作时间可以接受，术后恢复好，美容效果良好，患者满意度高。     

腔镜甲状腺手术的麻醉管理

目的总结腔镜甲状腺手术的麻醉管理经验。方法2007年6月~2009年6月,在全麻下行胸前壁和乳晕入路或腋窝乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺手术22例,分析充气前、充气后30 min的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）、呼气末CO2分压（PETCO2）。结果12例（54.5%）在手术室内拔管,10例（45.5%）在麻醉后监护室（PACU）拔管,手术结束至拔除气管导管时间4~52 min,平均15.5 min。充气后30 min,SBP、DBP、HR的变化与充气前比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）,PETCO2与充气前比较显著升高（P〈0.05）,但都在正常范围之内。结论腔镜甲状腺手术中,颈部CO2充气可造成PETCO2显著升高,只有加强呼吸管理并严格拔管指征,才能保证病人的安全。     

经腋窝入路免充气腔镜甲状腺手术在中老年患者中的应用价值

背景与目的：近年来随着微创技术的不断更新以及人们对生活质量要求的不断提高,腔镜甲状腺手术逐渐普及应用,尤其受到年轻女性患者的青睐。对于中老年患者,临床上仍以开放手术为主,较多患者术后会出现皮瓣下垂,吞咽联动,异物感等情况,严重影响患者的生活。经腋窝入路免充气腔镜手术利用颈部肌肉的自然间隙建腔,在颈前带状肌深面显露甲状腺并进行手术操作,对颈部功能影响较小,而且不需要CO2,对心肺影响较小。本研究探讨经腋窝入路免充气腔镜甲状腺手术在中老年患者中的疗效及安全性,为其在中老年患者中的应用提供参考。方法：回顾性分析2021年1月—2022年6月江苏省宿迁市第一人民医院甲乳外科收治的56例中老年甲状腺癌患者的临床资料。其中,26例接受经腋窝入路免充气腔镜下甲状腺手术（观察组）,30例接受传统开放手术（对照组）。比较两组患者手术指标、疼痛状况、颈部损伤指数、吞咽障碍指数、并发症及预后。结果：56例患者均顺利完成手术。观察组手术时间长于对照组,术后引流量多于对照组（均P<0.05）。两组患者术中出血、呼吸困难、声音嘶哑、手足麻木、饮水呛咳、皮下血肿等并发症,中央区清扫淋巴结数,住院时间差异均无统...     

多功能吸引器在免充气经口腔镜甲状腺癌中央区淋巴结清扫术中的应用

目的:总结在免充气经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺癌切除术标准手术流程中应用新型多功能吸引器的安全性及便利性。方法:回顾分析2022年1月至2022年11月接受免充气经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺癌切除术患者的临床资料，分析手术时间及术后并发症情况。结果:共纳入239例甲状腺乳头状癌患者，其中221例行单侧中央区淋巴结清扫术，手术时间平均(161.28±2.71)min; 18例行双侧中央区淋巴结清扫术，手术时间平均(192.33±10.66)min。术后2例患者出现切口感染，未发生永久性低钙血症、喉返神经损伤。结论:在标准免充气经口腔镜甲状腺癌中央区淋巴结清扫流程中应用多功能吸引器利于空间的建立，可协助暴露手术视野，加快烟雾排出。     

经腋窝入路与乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺癌根治术的疗效及美学效果观察

目的 探讨经腋窝入路与乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺癌根治术治疗甲状腺癌的疗效及对美学效果的影响。方法 采用前瞻性随机对照研究,选取2020年9月～2022年9月在湖南中医药大学第一附属医院行甲状腺癌切除术的88例甲状腺癌患者,按随机数字表法分为观察组(经腋窝入路腔镜甲状腺癌根治术,44例)与对照组(全乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺癌根治术,44例)。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、术后拔管时间、住院时间、术后温哥华瘢痕量表(Vancouver scar scale, VSS)评分、术后并发症及淋巴结清除数。结果 观察组手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量显著少于对照组(P<0.05);观察组术后VSS各项评分及总分均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);两组术后并发症总发生率及淋巴结清除数比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论 与乳晕入路相比,经腋窝入路腔镜甲状腺癌切除术的手术效果及美容效果更好。     

Initial experience with a gasless unilateral axillo-breast or axillary approach endoscopic thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: comparison with conventional open thyroidectomy

The efficacy of various endoscopic thyroidectomy has not been determined for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). We compared 31 consecutive patients with PTMC who underwent endoscopic thyroidectomy by a gasless unilateral axillo-breast or axillary approach, and the 36 PTMC patients who underwent conventional open thyroid lobectomy from August 2005 to December 2008. There were more female patients (P=0.004) in the endoscopic group, and the mean age of endoscopic group was younger than that of the open thyroidectomy group (P=0.006). The entire endoscopic thyroidectomy was successfully completed in all the patients. The operative time was longer for those undergoing endoscopic thyroidectomy (P<0.001). The complication rate did not differ between the 2 groups. The cosmetic satisfaction, as evaluated by questionnaire, was greater in the endoscopic group (P<0.001). Endoscopic thyroidectomy by a gasless unilateral axillo-breast or axillary approach for selected cases of PTMC is a feasible, safe, and cosmetically superior procedure.     

无充气单侧腋窝入路全腔镜甲状腺双侧叶全切除术对侧处理改进三步法（附视频）

随着腔镜技术的发展,腔镜甲状腺手术也得以广泛应用,目前腔镜甲状腺手术的常见入路有经胸乳、经口、经腋等,其中无充气腋窝入路腔镜甲状腺手术受到众多从事甲状腺外科医生的高度认可。该技术能够满足患者的美容需求,同时能够利用颈前肌肉的自然间隙进行手术达到微创的目的。虽然目前无充气腋窝入路腔镜甲状腺手术操作越来越成熟规范,但是在无充气单侧腋窝入路全腔镜甲状腺双侧叶全切除术（GUA-ETT）过程中,切除对侧叶时,如何避免气管的遮挡、顺利暴露对侧喉返神经并保证对侧中央区淋巴结清扫的彻底性等都是需要直接面对的困难。本中心针对单侧叶切除后行对侧叶全切除术及对侧中央区淋巴结清扫术,提出对侧处理改进三步法。为了更方便甲状腺外科医生掌握该技术,笔者就该GUA-ETT中对侧处理改进三步法的手术方法、技术特点、操作技巧及细节与操作重点、难点及操作经验进行详细阐述及分享。     

无充气腋窝入路完全腔镜下甲状腺叶切除的方法——葛-郑氏七步法

经葛明华、郑传铭团队改良、创新和发展的无充气腋窝入路完全腔镜下甲状腺手术是一种可行、安全、美容效果极佳的腔镜手术术式。笔者就如何顺利掌握该术式、如何规范化的进行手术步骤操作及手术注意事项等作了详细的介绍。     

Gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy via an axillary approach: experience of 30 cases

Surgery for thyroid disease requires skin incisions that can result in postsurgical problems such as prominent scars, adhesions, hypesthesia, and paresthesia in the neck. To overcome these problems we performed gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy via an axillary approach. Between May 2004 and April 2005, 30 patients underwent gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy via an axillary approach. The mean operating time was 126.8+/-32.4 minutes, and the mean length of hospital stay was 4.3+/-1.1 days. No cases required conversion to open surgery and none involved significant intraoperative complications. Three patients (10.0%) complained of slight hypesthesia or paresthesia in the anterior chest wall, and only 2 patients (6.7%) complained of discomfort while swallowing 4 months after surgery. All patients were satisfied with the cosmetic results. Gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy via an axillary approach is feasible and safe and provides excellent cosmetic results with a minimal degree of postoperative complaints.     

“Scarless” (in the Neck) Endoscopic Thyroidectomy (SET): An Evidence-based Review of Published Techniques

BACKGROUND: Excision of the thyroid through a skin crease incision in the anterior neck provides good direct exposure to facilitate safe dissection and a quick operation with low morbidity and minimal mortality. However, these patients still have a scar in the neck. Technologic innovations have allowed surgeons to remove the thyroid gland from a remote site, providing a scarless outcome in the neck. This study was designed to assess the different techniques of scarless (in the neck) endoscopic thyroidectomy (SET) by reviewing the current literature. METHODS: A computer-assisted search of the Medline database through September 2007 was undertaken. The combination of terms used included the following: endoscopic thyroidectomy; minimally invasive thyroidectomy; minimally invasive endocrine surgery; thyroidectomy via the axillary approach; thyroidectomy via the anterior approach; and thyroidectomy via the breast approach. Additional data were provided based on previously unpublished experience from our own unit with SET. RESULTS: There were seven studies that involved 186 patients in whom the thyroid was excised via the axillary method and five published series that involved 169 patients who had thyroidectomies performed via the anterior approach. There were four published series of thyroidectomies performed via a hybrid approach, which is a combination of both the anterior and axillary approach, involving 180 patients. Four studies compared SET and another approach for a thyroidectomy. In our unpublished series of SET, we performed 20 cases during a 2-year period comprising 11 cases via the axillary approach and 9 cases via the anterior/breast approach. Nineteen cases were lobectomies and one case was an isthmusectomy. SET was associated with a longer operative time and increase postoperative pain. Patients who had SET were satisfied with the aesthetic outcome of the procedure. CONCLUSION: Scarless (in the neck) endoscopic thyroidectomy is not a minimally invasive technique but a maximally invasive one that involves a longer operative time and greater postoperative pain. What it does provide is a safe excision of the thyroid pathology with the absence of a scar in the neck. However, there is a steep learning curve. With experience and newer surgical instruments, the operative time and postoperative pain might decrease.     

Endoscopic thyroidectomy using a gasless axillary approach

PURPOSE: We have recently developed an endoscopic thyroidectomy using a gasless axillary approach and report the surgical outcome of the procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The gasless axillary approach was performed through a 3-cm axillary incision using a retractor instead of carbon dioxide insufflation. We performed a total of 35 thyroidectomies using this technique in patients with benign thyroid nodules. RESULTS: Thirty-four cases were successfully completed with the gasless axillary approach; one case had to be converted to a conventional technique after intraoperative frozen section revealed papillary carcinoma. The mean operative time and mean hospital stay were 180.6 +/- 54.5 minutes and 7.1 +/- 0.9 days, respectively. The mean tumor size was 2.9 +/- 1.4 cm. There were three minor postoperative complications: one case each of wound seroma, transient voice change, and persistent wound pain. All patients were satisfied with the cosmetic result. The axillary scars were not visible when the ipsilateral arms were in their natural position. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic thyroidectomy using a gasless axillary approach is a safe procedure that offers a good cosmetic result and has the merits of minimal invasiveness even in patients with a large thyroid mass. It is a safe and feasible alternative to traditional thyroid surgery, especially in young female patients with a large thyroid mass.     

Comparison of Endoscopic and Robotic Thyroidectomy

Background

Endoscopic thyroidectomy is a technically challenging procedure. Robot-assisted thyroidectomy has been recently introduced and offers improved visualization and dexterity. The present study compared conventional endoscopic and robotic thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer patients in terms of perioperative outcomes and learning curve. All operations were performed by the same surgeon.

Materials and Methods

Between April 2007 and March 2010, 96 patients underwent endoscopic thyroidectomy (endoscopy group) and 163 patients underwent robotic thyroidectomy (robot group). A gasless transaxillary approach was used in both groups. The 2 groups were compared in terms of patient characteristics, perioperative clinical results, complications, and pathologic details. Learning curves for the 2 procedures were compared based on the number of cases required to reach a consistent operation time.

Results

Patient characteristics were similar for both groups. The mean total operation time for thyroidectomy with central compartment neck dissection was 142.7 ± 52.1 min in the endoscopy group and 110.1 ± 50.7 min in the robot group (P = .041). Both patient groups were similar in terms of pathological features including TNM stage, intraoperative blood loss, length of hospital stay, and complication rate. However, the mean number of retrieved central lymph nodes was 2.4 ± 1.9 for the endoscopy group and 4.5 ± 1.5 for the robot group (P = .004). The learning curve was 55–60 cases for endoscopic thyroidectomy and 35–40 cases for robotic thyroidectomy.

Conclusion

Robotic thyroidectomy was found to be superior to endoscopic thyroidectomy in terms of operation time, lymph node retrieval, and learning curve. Complication rates and postoperative hospital stay were similar for the 2 procedures.     

单中心分化型甲状腺癌全乳晕径路内镜手术学习曲线分析

目的 评估单中心治疗分化型甲状腺癌全乳晕径路内镜手术的近期疗效,并进一步分析其学习曲线。方法 回顾性分析2015年11月至2017年5月上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院北院普外科开展的100例全乳晕径路内镜手术治疗分化型甲状腺癌病例。按手术先后顺序将所有病例分为5组,A、B、C、D及E组各20例。比较各组在手术数据（包括各阶段和总手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结清扫数、甲状旁腺误切率、开放甲状腺手术中转率和术中并发症发生例数）及术后相关数据（包括术后住院时间、总引流量和术后并发症发生例数）的差异,绘制并分析学习曲线。结果 所有入组病例均完成全乳晕径路内镜手术,无中转。比较各组总手术时间及各阶段手术时间,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。A组共发生术中并发症3例,多于其余各组（P=0.035）。A组发生术后皮瓣淤斑12例,多于其余各组（P<0.001）。多因素学习曲线函数分析表明,学习期例数为31例。结论 分化型甲状腺癌全乳晕径路内镜手术具有较长的学习曲线学习期,针对其特点行有效规范的操作是手术安全可行的保障。     

The Learning Curve for Robotic Thyroidectomy: A Multicenter Study

Purpose

The learning curve for robotic thyroidectomy with central compartment node dissection (CCND) has not been established. We examined the effect of experience of robotic thyroidectomy on a range of perioperative parameters in order to determine the learning curve. The learner surgeon outcomes were compared with those of an experienced surgeon.

Methods

We conducted a prospective, controlled, multicenter study involving four endocrine surgeons at three academic centers. Patients underwent robotic total or subtotal thyroidectomy with CCND between September 2008 and October 2009. One surgeon was experienced in the technique (experienced surgeon, ES), while the other three surgeons had endoscopic thyroid surgery experience but no experience performing the robotic procedure (nonrobotic thyroid surgery experienced surgeon, NS). Outcome measures were demographic data, operative time, blood loss, hospital stay, pathologic results, and postoperative complications.

Results

A total of 644 total or subtotal robotic thyroidectomies with CCND were performed: 377 (58.7%) by NSs and 267 (41.5%) by the ES. Mean operative time was longer and the complication rate was higher for the NS patient group compared with the ES patient group (P < 0.001 for each). The operative times and complications rates for the NS group were similar to those of the ES group once the NSs had performed 50 cases for total thyroidectomies or 40 cases for subtotal thyroidectomies.

Conclusion

The learning curve duration for robotic thyroidectomy with CCND using gasless transaxillary approach for experienced endoscopic thyroidectomy surgeons was 50 cases for total thyroidectomy and 40 cases for subtotal thyroidectomy.