内脏脂肪素mRNA表达变化与妊娠期糖尿病的相关性

目的 探讨晚期妊娠孕妇大网膜组织内脏脂肪素(VF)Mrna表达的变化与妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的相关性.方法 采用半定量RT-PCR技术检测100例晚期妊娠妇女大网膜组织VFmRNA的表达水平,其中包括GDM孕妇45例(GDM组)、糖耐量正常(NGT)孕妇55例(NGT组).检测各组孕妇空腹血糖、空腹血清胰岛素、总胆固醇(TC)及甘油三酯(TG)水平,采用稳态模型(HOMA)计算胰岛素抵抗(IR)指数(HOMA-IR)并计算孕前体重指数(BMI).结果 GDM组与NGT组大网膜组织中VF Mrna表达水平分别为0.8±0.4、0.5±0.3,空腹血糖水平分别为(4.12±0.14)、(3.65±0.13)mmol/L,空腹血清胰岛素水平分别为(72±5)、(61±5)pmol/L,TG水平分别为(5.6±0.3)、(3.8±0.3)mmol/L,TC水平分别为(5.6±0.9)、(3.9±0.3)mmol/L,孕前BMl分别为(22.6±0.8)、(20.9±0.4)ks/m2,HOMA-IR分别为12.5±5.9、9.5±0.8,两组以上各值分别比较,GDM组各值均高于NGT组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).VF Mrna表达水平与孕前BMI呈正相关关系(r=0.32,P<0.01),但与HOMA-IR、TC、TG无相关性.结论 VF Mrna表达上调可能与GDM、肥胖的发生密切相关.     

Clinical utility and approaches for estimating insulin sensitivity in pregnancy

Insulin sensitivity as estimated by using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp during pregnancy has been related to maternal energy expenditure, fat accretion and fetal growth. To determine whether less time consuming and invasive methods could be employed, we examined whether selected indices of insulin sensitivity derived from an oral glucose tolerance test (IS(OGTT)) or fasting glucose/insulin levels (IS(QUICKI) and IS(HOMA)) can be used to predict insulin sensitivity in women before and during pregnancy. A 2-h euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (5 mol/L glucose, 40 mU x m(-2) x min (-1) insulin), and 120 min OGTT (75 g load pregravid, 100 g pregnant), was repeated on 15 women [10 with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and 5 with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)], pregravid, and during both early (12-14 weeks) and late (34-36 weeks) pregnancy. An index of insulin sensitivity derived from the clamp (IS(CLAMP)) was obtained from glucose infusion rates adjusted for change in fat free mass and endogenous glucose production measured using [6,6(-2)H2]-glucose. Univariate analysis with combined groups and periods of pregnancy resulted in significant correlations between IS(CLAP) and IS(OGTT), (r2 = .74, P < .0001), IS(QUICKI) (r2 = .64, P < .0001), and IS(HOMA) (r2 = .53, P < .0001). The IS(OGTT) provided a significantly better correlation (P < .0001) than either IS(QUICKI') or IS(HOMA). Multivariate analysis revealed a significant group effect (P < .0003) on the prediction model, and separate equations were developed for the NGT (r2 = .64, P < .0001) and GDM (r2 = .85, P < .0001) groups. When subdivided by period of pregnancy the correlation between IS(CLAMP) and IS(OGTT) pregravid was r = .63, P = .0002, during early pregnancy; r2 = .80, P < .0001 and during late pregnancy; r2 = .64, P = .0002. The IS(OGTT) provides an excellent means of estimating maternal insulin sensitivity during pregnancy. The information obtained from the IS(OGTT) will be useful in making clinical decisions on maternal care and facilitating optimal pregnancy outcome.     

Longitudinal changes of adiponectin,carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in pregnant women at high risk for gestational diabetes

To evaluate, in pregnant women at high risk for gestational diabetes (GDM), the longitudinal changes of adiponectin, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and to assess their independent value as risk factors for the development of GDM. Fifty women at beginning of pregnancy were studied. Adiponectin, insulin sensitivity (homeostasis model assessment, HOMA) and lipid panel were measured at 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy. Twelve patients developed GDM. In both groups, GDM and normal glucose tolerance (NGT), adiponectin decreased from 1st to 2nd and 3rd trimesters by about 5 and 20% (GDM, p?<?0.05), and of about 17 and 25% in NGT (p?<?0.05), respectively. Values observed in NGT were similar to those of GDM (F?=?9.401; p?=?0.238). The Cox regression model identified as the strongest independent risk factor for GDM HOMA over 1.24 (RR?=?14.12) at 1st trimester, fasting glycaemia over 87?mg/dl (RR?=?42.68) triglycerides over 158?mg/dl (RR?=?5.87) and body mass index (BMI) over 27?kg/m² (RR?=?4.38) at 2nd trimester. Adiponectin in high-risk women is characterised by a constant reduction throughout gestation, irrespective of the development of GDM. HOMA, fasting glycaemia, triglycerides and BMI, but not adiponectin are independent predictors of GDM.     

BMI正常的糖代谢异常孕妇胰岛素抵抗与分泌的研究

目的:探讨BMI正常的糖代谢异常孕妇胰岛素抵抗与分泌的关系。方法:选择2005年1月1日至2007年1月1日在我院进行正规产检、孕前BMI正常孕妇538例。于孕24~28周行50g葡萄糖筛查和75g葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT),根据检查结果将产妇分为:血糖正常孕妇组(NGT)178例、50g葡萄糖筛查(glucose challengetest,GCT)(+)组94例、妊娠期糖耐量减低(gestational impaired glucose tolerance,GIGT)组100例、妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)166例,同期测定空腹血胰岛素及空腹血糖。用稳态模型评估法(HOMA)计算各组胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)和胰岛素β细胞功能指数(HBCI),比较各组胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌能力的差别。结果:(1)GDM组与NGT、GCT(+)、GIGT组孕妇相比,空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、HBCI差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。HOMA-IR在各组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)NGT、GIGT组孕妇的HOMA-IR与HBCI呈正相关关系(P<0.01)。GCT(+)、GDM组孕妇的HOMA-IR则与HBCI无关(r=0.123,P>0.05)。结论:孕中期BMI正常的GDM妇女胰岛素抵抗与NGT、GCT(+)、GIGT孕妇相比无增高,但胰岛β细胞分泌能力明显降低。     

Circulating concentrations of adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in gestational diabetes mellitus.

Adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) have been implicated in insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus (DM). In the present study we investigated levels of adiponectin and TNF-alpha and their relationships with each other and metabolic factors in women with gestational DM (GDM). Thirty-four pregnant women with GDM and 31 pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) were included in the study. Plasma adiponectin levels were lower in GDM than in NGT (36.9 +/- 6.7 vs. 61.3 +/- 13.0 ng/ml, p = 0.028). Serum TNF-alpha levels were increased in GDM compared with NGT (20.5 +/- 2.4 vs. 14.0 +/- 1.5 pg/ml, p = 0.042). After adjustment for pre-pregnancy and current body mass index (BMI), adiponectin levels correlated negatively with insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and 0-h and 1-h glucose both at glucose challenge test and oral glucose tolerance test in GDM. Adiponectin levels were correlated only with very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels in NGT. TNF-alpha levels were correlated with glycated hemoglobin in GDM. There was a significant positive correlation between TNF-alpha levels and pre-pregnancy and current BMI in GDM as well as NGT. HOMA-IR for adiponectin and pre-pregnancy BMI for TNF-alpha remained as significant determinants in multiple regression analyses. In conclusion, these data suggest that reduced adiponectin and increased TNF-alpha may be involved in the pathogenesis of GDM.     

妊娠期糖耐量异常妇女胰岛功能与胰岛素抵抗的相关研究

目的:研究妊娠期糖耐量异常与胰岛β细胞功能、胰岛素抵抗等的关系。方法:对孕24~36周上海市孕妇共4568例(孕前有糖尿病或糖尿病家族史者排除),先行50g葡萄糖筛查试验,异常者再行75g口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)-胰岛素释放试验,选取OG-TT异常者318例作为试验组,OGTT正常者中随机选取320例作为对照组,获取各阶段的血糖值及血清胰岛素值,通过计算,用胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)、稳态评估模式、胰岛素储备能力/血糖最大升高值(ΔPI/ΔPG)了解胰岛β细胞功能及外周胰岛素抵抗情况。结果:OGTT异常组的OGTT后1h血清胰岛素(PI1)、胰岛素释放曲线下面积较OGTT正常组显著增高(P<0·05),而胰岛素敏感指数、ΔPI/ΔPG及HOMA-β细胞较OGTT正常组降低(P<0.05)。糖尿病(GDM)组与妊娠期糖耐量减退(GIGT)组相比:GDM组的BMI高于GIGT组,而胰岛素敏感指数、HOMA-β细胞低于GIGT组(P<0.05)。其它指标均无明显差异。结论:妊娠期糖耐量异常形成的主要原因为胰岛素抵抗而非胰岛分泌功能降低。     

Serum levels of nesfatin-1 are increased in gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective: To analyze the concentrations of nesfatin-1 in maternal and cord serum, to evaluate the expression of nesfatin-1 in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT).

Methods: We studied a total of 50 GDM and 50 NGT subjects. The clinical features, serum nesfatin-1, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profiles were measured at the third trimester of pregnancy. The expression of nesfatin-1 in the SAT was determined by western blot.

Results: Compared with the NGT group, the GDM group showed greater levels of serum nesfatin-1, adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (AFABP), and leptin; a greater level of cord blood nesfatin-1; and a higher level of expression in SAT (p?p?b?=?0.317, p=?0.022) and body mass index (BMI) before delivery (b?=?0.367, p=0.008) were independently associated with serum nesfatin-1. Nesfatin-1 was the independent risk factor for GDM.

Conclusions: The GDM group had higher levels of maternal serum and cord blood nesfatin-1, and greater nesfatin-1 expression in SAT. Nesfatin-1 is closely related to obesity and IR in pregnancy.     

糖耐量异常的晚期妊娠妇女胰岛素分泌与胰岛素抵抗的研究

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether insulin secretion and resistance are different in glucose tolerant and intolerant women with normal pre-pregnant body mass index (BMI) during late pregnancy and to find out if there is association between gestational diabetes and insulin resistance syndrome. METHODS: On the basis of a 4-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), 32 gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients, 21 gestational impaired glucose tolerant (GIGT) patients, and 50 normal glucose tolerant (NGT) cases were selected from uncomplicated pregnant women. Those had normal pre-pregnant BMI who had a 1-hour 50-g glucose-screening test (> or = 7.2 mmol/L), performed between 24-28 weeks of gestation. During the OGTT, several indexes of insulin resistance, insulin secretion, lipid metabolism were measured in addition to the standard glucose measurements. RESULTS: Glucose area under curve (GAUC), insulin area under curve (IAUC), insulin sensitivity index (ISI) transformed to natural logarithm and triglycerides (TG) are all significantly higher (P < 0.05) in GDM women. The means of these indexes in GDM group are 26.3 mmol/L.h-1, 276.5 mU/L.h-1, 4.2 and 3.2 mmol/L, respeetively. On the other hand, however, the differences of these indexes (except TG) between GIGT and NGT women are not statistically significant. The ratio of IAUC/GAUC has an increasing trend from GDM group, GIGT group to NGT group (10.5, 11.4 and 11.7, respectively), but the difference is not statistically significant. Multiple correlation coefficient study demonstrated that ISI is significantly positively correlated with GAUC, IAUC and TG (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with NGT women, GDM women has impaired insulin secretion, abnormally increased insulin resistance, and relatively dyslipidemia. GDM seems to be a component of the syndrome of insulin resistance that provides an excellent model for study and prevention in a relatively young aged group.     

超重肥胖和非肥胖妊娠期糖尿病孕妇母血及脐血维生素D水平及影响因素研究

目的：比较超重肥胖和非肥胖妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）孕妇及新生儿脐血血清维生素D水平,探讨可能影响因素。方法：选取2015年1月—2017年4月南京医科大学附属常州妇幼保健院住院足月分娩的孕妇为研究对象,分为糖耐量正常组（NGT）70例和GDM组70例,依据体质量指数（BMI）再将其分为NGT不伴肥胖组（N1组）、NGT伴超重肥胖组（N2组）、GDM不伴肥胖组（G1组）、GDM伴超重肥胖组（G2组）,各35例,检测母亲外周血和新生儿脐血血清25羟维生素D水平,同时检测空腹血糖（FBG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）水平,并计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）。结果：4组孕妇的年龄、孕次、产次、孕周、钙剂和维生素D补充及平均日晒时间比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。母血维生素D水平GDM孕妇低于NGT孕妇（G1组低于N1组,G2组低于N2组）,超重肥胖孕妇低于非肥胖孕妇（N2组低于N1组,G2组低于G1组）,GDM伴超重肥胖孕妇最低,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;新生儿脐血维生素D水平GDM组低于NGT组（G1组低于N1组,G2组低于N2组）,NGT组超重肥胖孕妇低于非肥胖孕妇（N2组低于N1组）,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。孕妇维生素D水平与FBG、孕前BMI呈负相关,与孕期维生素D补充、日晒时间呈正相关,脐血维生素D水平与母血维生素D水平呈正相关（均P＜0.05）。结论：GDM孕妇普遍维生素D水平低,GDM伴超重肥胖孕妇更明显,新生儿脐血维生素D水平受母血影响,母血维生素D水平受FBG、孕前BMI、孕期维生素D摄入与日晒时间影响。     

Diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus by use of the homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance index in the first trimester

Objective.?Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 2–10% of all pregnant women, causing increased morbidity and mortality, and is tested for in the second trimester of pregnancy. The purpose of the present study was to predict GDM in the first trimester.

Design and methods.?The study included 271 patients who were between the 10th and 14th week of gestation. Fasting glucose and insulin were measured in the first trimester and the homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated for each patient. These values were compared with the results of the second-trimester glucose tolerance test.

Results.?HOMA-IR values were higher in women with GDM. A cut-off value of 2.60 for HOMA-IR was calculated at the end of the study.

Conclusion.?Accepting patients whose HOMA-IR value is higher than 2.60 in the first trimester seems to be a good method to predict GDM.     

Normal secretion of the incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 during gestational diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) are suggested to be caused by the same metabolic disorder. Defects in gut hormone-dependent regulation of beta-cell function (entero-insular axis) have been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of DM2. The aim of study was to evaluate whether an impaired secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and/or glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) could play a role in the development of carbohydrate disorders during pregnancy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study group (GDM) consisted of 13 gestational women with diabetes mellitus in whom GDM was diagnosed according to the World Health Organization criteria (75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)). The control group consisted of 13 pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), matched according to age and duration of pregnancy. For all patients, plasma glucose, insulin, GLP-1 and GIP concentrations were evaluated after an OGTT, i.e. at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after glucose load. RESULTS: Fasting plasma glucose concentrations were similar in both groups, but the 0-120 min area under the curve (AUC) for glucose was significantly greater in the GDM group than in the NGT group (p < 0.0005). Fasting insulin concentration was higher (p < 0.05) and the 2-h insulin response (AUCtotal) was significantly greater (p = 0.01) in the GDM group than in the NGT group. Insulin resistance was significantly higher in GDM compared with control women (homeostasis model assessment, p = 0.003). Fasting GLP-1 concentrations were higher in the GDM group (p = 0.05), but no differences were observed in GLP-1 response (AUC) between the studied groups. Fasting and stimulated GIP response did not differ between groups at any time of the study (p > 0.05). Positive correlations were observed between fasting GLP-1 and insulin concentration (r = 0.56, p < 0.004) and between fasting GLP-1 and insulin resistance (r = 0.43, p < 0.029). CONCLUSION: An impaired secretion of GLP-1 and GIP does not seem to play a major role in the pathogenesis of GDM.     

妊娠期糖尿病合并慢性高血压孕妇胰岛素抵抗水平及其对妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)合并慢性高血压(chronic hypertension,CHT)孕妇的胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)水平及其对妊娠结局的影响。方法本研究为回顾性病例对照研究。纳入2014年1月1日至2016年12月31日在北京大学第一医院规律产前检查并参加GDM一日门诊的单胎妊娠GDM孕妇2457例。回顾临床资料,采用稳态模型评估IR水平(homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance,HOMA-IR)。根据GDM孕妇是否合并CHT分为GDM合并CHT组(n=47)和GDM未合并CHT组(n=2410),并进一步根据孕前体重指数(body mass index,BMI)分为孕前BMI正常组(n=1590)及孕前超重和肥胖组(n=863)进行分层分析。采用两独立样本t检验、χ2检验分析组间孕妇年龄、HOMA-IR、孕前BMI、孕期增重、血糖等临床特征的差异。采用logistic回归模型分析HOMR-IR水平对妊娠结局的影响。结果合并CHT的GDM孕妇HOMA-IR(3.5±1.8与2.6±1.5,t=-3.290)、空腹血浆葡萄糖[(5.4±0.5)与(5.2±0.5)mmol/L,t=-3.005]、孕前BMI[(26.7±4.7)与(23.3±3.4)kg/m2,t=-4.842]以及发生子痫前期的比例[14.9%(7/47)与2.5%(61/2410),χ2=21.790]高于未合并CHT的GDM孕妇,但孕期增重少于未合并CHT者[(9.6±5.8)与(12.2±4.7)kg,t=3.790](P值均<0.01)。根据孕前BMI分层后,超重和肥胖孕妇中,GDM合并CHT组子痫前期的比例高于GDM未合并CHT组[15.2%(5/33)与4.2%(35/830),χ2=6.290,P=0.012],但HOMA-IR差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而对于孕前BMI正常的孕妇,GDM合并CHT组HOMA-IR(3.0±1.5与2.3±1.2,t=-2.217)、空腹血浆葡萄糖[(5.4±0.5)与(5.1±0.5)mmol/L,t=-2.299]和子痫前期的比例[2/14与1.6%(26/1576),χ2=6.545]均高于未合并CHT组(P值均<0.05)。对于GDM合并CHT孕妇,HOMA-IR水平不会增加剖宫产、早产、大于胎龄儿、小于胎龄儿和巨大儿的发生风险(P值均>0.05)。控制年龄、空腹血浆葡萄糖、孕前BMI、孕期增重后,对于未合并CHT的GDM孕妇,HOMA-IR水平的增加会使早产的发生风险增加(OR=1.223,95%CI:1.093~1.369,P<0.001)。结论GDM合并CHT孕妇胰岛素抵抗程度更重,子痫前期的发病率更高,但其他不良妊娠结局的发生风险未见增加。     

非肥胖孕妇血清C-反应蛋白水平与妊娠期糖尿病相关性研究

目的 探讨非肥胖孕妇血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平与妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的相关性,了解CRP对妊娠期糖尿病是否存在临床预测意义。方法 选取2011年8月至2012年12月大连大学附属中山医院和中山区妇保院孕前基础体重指数均<25的孕妇,分为妊娠期糖尿病组(GDM组)、正常组(NGT组),每组各90例。比较不同组别之间指标的差异及影响血清CRP的相关因素。结果 GDM组血清CRP水平明显高于NGT组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。血清CRP水平与胰岛素抵抗指数、孕期体重增长、空腹血糖、孕前基础体重及孕前体重指数均呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.377、0.333、0.276、0.278、0.300(均为P<0.01)。通过多元线性回归分析,采用Backward法,其CRP (y)的直线回归方程为y=0.323X1+0.1X2+0.244X3-3.918,r2=0.263（X1胰岛素抵抗指数,X2孕期体重增长,X3孕前体重指数）。结论 血清C-反应蛋白对妊娠期糖尿病的独立影响不能被证实。控制孕期体重增长有助于预防妊娠期糖尿病的发生。     

Subclinical abnormalities of glucose metabolism in Brazilian women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: To evaluate insulin release and insulin sensitivity in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) to gain a better understanding of type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. METHODS: GDM women were individually matched for age, body mass index, and waist/hip ratio with those who were normal glucose tolerant in a previous pregnancy (NGT). All women presented with normal glucose tolerance. Twenty pairs were submitted to the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide determinations. Of the 20 pairs, 18 participated in hyperglycemic (10.0 mmol/l) clamp experiments with frequent plasma glucose and insulin determinations, allowing us to calculate first- and second-phase insulin release and the insulin sensitivity index. GDM and NGT women were compared using Student's t-test, the Mann-Whitney U-test, Friedman's non-parametric test, and the two proportion test for independent groups. RESULTS: GDM women showed higher glycosylated hemoglobin values; at OGTT, they showed late insulin peak with increased plasma insulin levels only during the second hour, and a similar plasma C-peptide response despite a higher plasma glucose curve; during hyperglycemic clamp procedures, they showed similar biphasic insulin release and insulin sensitivity index. Considering that a woman with previous GDM had a defect in insulin release and/or insulin sensitivity, if its magnitude was at least 25% lower than that of the matched NGT woman, 43.8% showed impairment of first-phase insulin release and 55.6% insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS: GDM women showed some degree of glucose intolerance. It is therefore necessary to follow them for a longer time.     

Diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus by use of the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index in the first trimester.

OBJECTIVE: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 2-10% of all pregnant women, causing increased morbidity and mortality, and is tested for in the second trimester of pregnancy. The purpose of the present study was to predict GDM in the first trimester. DESIGN AND METHODS: The study included 271 patients who were between the 10th and 14th week of gestation. Fasting glucose and insulin were measured in the first trimester and the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated for each patient. These values were compared with the results of the second-trimester glucose tolerance test. RESULTS: HOMA-IR values were higher in women with GDM. A cut-off value of 2.60 for HOMA-IR was calculated at the end of the study. CONCLUSION: Accepting patients whose HOMA-IR value is higher than 2.60 in the first trimester seems to be a good method to predict GDM.     

Use of fasting blood to assess the prevalence of insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) using baseline fasting blood measurements of glucose and insulin. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. SETTING: Academic endocrinology unit in Palermo, Italy. PATIENT(S): Two hundred and sixty-seven women with PCOS, consecutively evaluated, and 50 consecutively selected ovulating controls. INTERVENTION(S): Fasting blood was obtained for glucose and insulin measurements from all women. For 60 women with PCOS and 20 controls an insulin tolerance test (ITT) was also performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Assessment of normal and abnormal values for fasting insulin, glucose/insulin ratio, and the calculated indices of the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), quantitative sensitivity check index (QUICKI), as well as Kitt (kinetic disappearance of glucose) values after ITT. Evaluation was performed of the ability to detect IR using these methods in obese and nonobese women with PCOS. RESULT(S): Normal insulin sensitivity was defined by insulin levels <12 mU/mL, glucose/insulin ratios of >6.4, HOMA values of <47, and QUICKI values of >0.333. In the entire PCOS groups, IR was diagnosed in 65.4% of women using glucose/insulin ratios and in 77% and 79.2% using HOMA and QUICKI. In obese women (body mass index >28 in 48% of group), IR was present in 76.7% as measured by glucose/insulin ratios but was significantly higher (95.3%) using values of either HOMA or QUICKI (P<.01). All indices correlated with Kitt values with QUICKI showing the best correlation. CONCLUSION(S): Insulin resistance was detected in approximately 80% of women with PCOS, and in 95% of obese women. The detection of IR is superior using the calculated indices HOMA and QUICKI.     

Serum chemerin level during the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective: To investigate the association between chemerin level in the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Methods: The blood samples of 212 women at 8–12?weeks of gestation were collected. After screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), 19 women with GDM and 20 women randomly selected from 144 women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) were included in the study. Blood samples were collected from these women. Triglycerides, glucose, total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, insulin and chemerin were measured. Gestational weight gain and body mass index was assessed.

Results: Serum levels of chemerin were significantly elevated during late gestation, and the risk of GDM was positively associated with maternal serum chemerin in the first trimester.

Conclusion: Serum chemerin level during the first trimester of pregnancy has the potential to predict risk of GDM.     

骨骼肌组织中浆细胞膜糖蛋白-1与妊娠期糖尿病发病关系的研究

目的:探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者骨骼肌组织浆细胞膜糖蛋白-1(PC-1)表达与GDM发病的关系。方法:用Western blot及免疫沉淀法测定GDM20例患者(GDM组)、糖耐量正常孕妇20例(正常妊娠组)及糖耐量正常非孕妇女12例(对照组)骨骼肌组织PC-1、胰岛素受体的表达水平及其基础酪氨酸磷酸化水平和胰岛素刺激后胰岛素受体酪氨酸磷酸化程度。用葡萄糖氧化酶法及放射免疫法测定空腹血葡萄糖(FPG)及空腹血胰岛素(FINS)水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。结果:(1)GDM组FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR均明显高于正常妊娠组(P<0.01);正常妊娠组FINS、HOMA-IR明显高于对照组(P<0.01);(2)GDM组PC-1表达水平为1.22±0.02,明显高于正常妊娠组的0.71±0.03及对照组的0.43±0.02(P<0.01);(3)各组胰岛素受体表达水平及基础酪氨酸磷酸化程度比较,差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。胰岛素刺激后酪氨酸磷酸化程度,GDM组为0.17±0.04明显低于正常妊娠组的0.24±0.02(P<0.01),正常妊娠组明显低于对照组的0.31±0.03(P<0.01);(4)正常妊娠组、GDM组PC-1表达水平与HOMA-IR呈明显正相关(r=0.611、0.734,P<0.01),与胰岛素刺激后胰岛素受体酪氨酸磷酸化呈负相关(r=-0.531、-0.522,P<0.05)。结论:骨骼肌组织PC-1高表达可能是妊娠期糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗的分子机制之一,PC-1可能通过抑制胰岛素受体酪氨酸磷酸化发挥作用。     

Role of serum levels of irisin and oxidative stress markers in pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes

Irisin regulates glucose levels, lipid levels, insulin sensitivity, and low-grade inflammation. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic complication of pregnancy, and is associated with increased rates of perinatal problems. Oxidative stress biomarkers have a role in the pathogenesis of patients with GDM. In total, 94 patients were included in our study including 46 control patients and 48 patients with GDM. Fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR, total oxidative stress (TOS), irisin, and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels of the patients were measured. Serum OGTT, OSI, irisin HOMA, TOS, and insulin levels were statistically significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group. This was the first study to investigate the relation between serum irisin levels and oxidative stress markers in patients with GDM. The results revealed that irisin is an oxidative stress marker and a metabolic protective hormone.     

Prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus in the first trimester: comparison of C-reactive protein,fasting plasma glucose,insulin and insulin sensitivity indices

Objective: To develop a predictive index based on high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting plasma insulin (FPI) measurements for early diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods: Healthy pregnant women who were screened for GDM during their first antenatal visit were included in this retrospective cohort study. FPG, FPI and serum hs-CRP concentrations were measured between weeks 11 and 14. A two-step glucose challenge test was carried out between gestational weeks 24 and 28. Fasting glucose/insulin ratio (FIGR), Homeostatic Model Assessment Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), HOMA-β indices and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) were used to estimate insulin sensitivity and β-cell function.

Results: Of the 450 women who were eligible for the study, 49 (11.2%) were diagnosed with GDM at weeks 24–28. The median FPG and hs-CRP levels were higher in the GDM diagnosed women compared to the others. Comparison of accuracy measures resulted in the highest specificity (87.2%; 95% CI 83.5–90.1) and diagnostic odds ratio (3.9; 95% CI 2.1–7.6) for hs-CRP.

Conclusion: FPG and hs-CRP in the first trimester are correlated with later development of GDM in the pregnancy. In our study, FPG provided a better sensitivity while hs-CRP exhibited a better specificity for prediction of GDM.