青少年特发性脊柱侧凸与褪黑素合成障碍的相关性

目的 探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)与褪黑素合成间的关系.方法 在103例AIS患者和108例埘照(性别和年龄匹配)中,对TPH1基因上的单核甘酸多态性(SNPs)位点进行基因分型筛查,并对筛查结果进行Hardy-Weinberg遗传半衡、单位点分析和连锁不半衡检验及其单倍体分析.结果 7个筛查的SNPs位点中只有3个佗点满足MAF≥5%,在单位点分析中发现m10488682与AIS的发牛相关(P=1e-04),但在单倍体分析中未见阳性位点.结论 TPH1基因是AIS的一个易感基因,它所导致的褪黑素合成障碍可能与AIS的发病相关.     

IgA肾病发病机制:分子遗传学研究进展

IgA肾病是多基因多因素参与的复杂性疾病。遗传因素参与IgA肾病的发病和进展。IgA肾病领域的遗传学研究包括以家系为基础的连锁分析和以散发病例为基础的关联分析。连锁分析发现6q22-23、4q26-31、17q12-22和2q36与家族性IgA肾病连锁,但至今未明确致病基因。早年的关联分析以候选基因关联分析为主,北京大学肾脏病研究所采用候选基因关联分析的研究方法,在国际上首次报告了糖基化关键酶的编码基因遗传多态性与IgA肾病易感性的关联。近年来,全基因组关联分析研究(GWAS)的开展发现了5个与IgA肾病发病相关联的遗传区段,包括与获得性免疫相关的MHC区域,与天然免疫相关的8p23,17p13和22q12区域,以及与补体调控相关的1q32区域。GWAS研究带给我们海量数据的同时,也为后GWAS时代带来了许多的机遇和挑战。     

应用基因芯片技术研究青少年特发性脊柱侧弯发病机制

[目的]应用基因芯片技术研究青少年特发性脊柱侧弯(AIS)来源的骨髓间充质干细胞(BM-MSCs)成脂分化过程中差异表达基因,探究AIS的发病机制。[方法]分离培养AIS患儿及正常对照者BM-MSCs培养至第五代(P5),成脂诱导2周后利用基因芯片技术筛选差异表达基因,并利用RT-PCR技术验证芯片结果。[结果]在AIS及正常来源的BM-MSC成脂分化中共新发现229个基因存在显著差异表达。这些差异表达基因具有细胞粘附、转录调节及信号转导等多种功能。共新发现6条具有显著统计学意义的相关分子通路。[结论]AIS患儿BM-MSCs在成脂分化过程中的基因表达模式与正常对照相比存在明显差异。本研究新发现的差异表达基因及通路可能与AIS的发病相关,对其病因学研究具有重要意义,值得深入研究。     

AANAT基因与青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的关联研究

目的 探讨人体内褪黑素合成通路与青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)发病之间的关系.方法 以单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点为遗传标记,用测序法对性别(女性比率分别为77.67%和75.00%,P=0.648)和年龄[平均年龄分别为(15.18±2.15)岁和(15.58±2.50)岁,P=0.217]匹配的103例AIS患者和108例对照组进行基因分型筛查,对最小等位基冈频率(MAF)≥5%的位点结果 分别用SNPStats软件在线进行Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡检验和单位点统计分析,用Unphased V3.07进行连锁不平衡(LD)检验和单倍体分析.结果 位于功能区的9个SNPs位点中只有rs28936679、rs4238989和rs3760138三个位点满足MAF≥5%,并满足Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡检验;单位点分析结果 显示,5个Logistic回归分析模型检验的所有P值均＞0.05,提示这3个位点与AIS的发病无关;LD检验显示它们之间没有两个处在同一个单倍体块(D＞0.8)上,因而无法进行单倍体检验.结论 AANAT基因不是AIS的易感基因,我们需要对其他褪黑素合成相关的酶基因进行筛查研究.     

41个单核苷酸多态性位点与睾丸生殖细胞瘤的相关性研究

目的:通过对76例睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤(TGCTs)患者与148例健康体检人群41个相关基因单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)位点进行病例对照研究,期望发现国内TGCTs患者的遗传易感基因及位点,为临床预测、诊治TGCTs提供新途径。方法:选取国外文献发现的TGCTs患者易感基因的41个SNPs位点,作为本实验待测位点。采用i MLDRTM分析方法,将76例TGCTs患者及148例健康体检人群血液样本进行待测位点分型检测。结果:在我国,ESR2基因的rs2978381、rs10146204、rs12435857、rs1256063位点,ESR1基因的rs9397080位点,PTEN基因的rs11202586位点,CYP1A1基因的rs2606345、rs4646903位点和CYP19A1基因的rs1456432位点与TGCTs相关。结论:本研究中TGCTs患者的相关SNPs位点与国外TGCTs人群存在差异,国内TGCTs患者的相关SNPs位点也不完全相同。     

锌转运蛋白8基因在糖尿病及糖尿病肾病中的遗传和表观遗传作用研究进展

<正>糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy, DN)是糖尿病(diabetes mellitus, DM)的主要并发症之一,严重影响患者的生存质量,增加社会和家庭的医疗负担。科学家通过全基因组扫描连锁分析、候选基因群体遗传关联研究、基于家庭的关联和全基因组关联研究(GWAS)等研究方法,成功确认了T1D和T2D的遗传易感性和耐药性变异相关基因。研究发现,T1D的遗传风险约占总遗传风险的80%,     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者胰岛素样生长因子-1受体基因多态性研究

目的 探讨胰岛素样生长因子-1受体(IGF-1R)基因多态性与青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)易感性之间的关联性.方法 实验对象为200例MS患者(AIS组)和200名年龄、性别匹配的健康青少年(对照组),记录AIS组的身高、体蓖、月经初潮年龄(女性)、侧弯类型、最大Cobb角和Risser征等临床指标.采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)的方法对所有研究对象进行IGF-1R基因分型,比较不同基因型在AIS组和对照组之间的分布差异,并分析基因多态性与临床指标的相关性.结果 AIS组与对照组的IGF-1R基因等位基因及基因型分布无统计学差异(P＞0.05).女性AIS患者不同基因型所对应的最大Cobb角、Risser征及月经初潮年龄之间差异也无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 IGF-1R基因多态性与AIS的发生发展均无相关性.     

特发性脊柱侧凸患者二肽基肽酶9基因多态性研究

目的:探讨二肽基肽酶9(dipeptidyl-peptidase 9,DPP9)基因多态性与青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)发生发展的关系.方法:选择571例AIS患者及236例正常对照,AIS患者的Cobb角均大于20°.结合汉族人单倍体型资料,选取rs10406145、rs11670570、rs2286367、rs2277733及rs732631 5个单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)位点,采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism,PCR-RFLP)的方法对这5个SNPs位点进行基因分型.结果:AIS患者组DPP9基因5个SNPs位点的基因型及等位基因分布与正常对照比较没有明显差异.在已经达到骨骼成熟或者已经接受手术治疗的患者中,这5个SNPs位点不同基因型所对应的最大Cobb角没有明显差异.结论:DPP9基因多态性与AIS的发生发展没有明显关系.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者血浆matrilin-1蛋白水平及其临床意义

目的 探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)患者外周血中matrilin-1蛋白水平的变化及其在AIS发病机制中的作用.方法 将2006年6月至2007年3月诊治的25例AIS患者作为AIS组,25名性别、年龄相匹配的健康体检青少年作为对照组.所有入选对象符合以下标准:无骨骼疾病、代谢疾病、生长发育异常;无影响骨代谢的系统疾病及其他情况;近期未服用激素;无先天性心脏病手术史.AIS组记录末次随访或术前最大Cobb角、侧凸弯型,并分为进展型及非进展型两组.进展型侧凸(侧凸进展成为严重脊柱侧凸)定义为骨骼发育未成熟时,Cobb角＞40°或骨骼发育成熟时,Cobb角＞50°.采用PCR-RFLP基因分型方法 对所有对象进行基因分型,运用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测AIS组与对照组外周血浆中matrilin-1蛋白浓度并比较其差异,并对不同基因型之间matrilin-1蛋白的表达进行比较.分析血浆matrilin-1蛋白浓度与脊柱侧凸进展的关系.结果 AIS组血浆matrilin-1蛋白浓度显著低于对照组(P=0.002).AIS组及对照组的基因型GG个体血浆matrilin-1蛋白浓度均低于基因型AA或AG个体,而对于相同基因型的个体AIS组血浆matrilin-1蛋白水平更低.进展型AIS患者血浆matrilin-1蛋白水平明显较非进展型AIS患者低.结论 AIS患者外周血matrilin-1蛋白水平与脊柱侧凸的进展相关.对外周血matrilin-1蛋白浓度的检测,有助于AIS的早期筛查及诊断,可作为预测脊柱侧凸进展的一个独立指标.     

褪黑素受体1B基因多态性与青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的相关性研究

系列研究证明了青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（AIS）存在遗传性。另外，有证据表明AIS可能与褪黑素缺乏及褪黑素信号途径功能障碍有关。褪黑素受体1B（MTNR1B）基因位于与AIS相关的染色体片段上，其可能与AIS的发病有关。本文作者通过人类基因组单体型图（Hapmap）计划采集一组示踪单核苷酸多态性（tagSNPs）来研究MTNR1B基因的多态性，[第一段]     

Pathway genetic load allows simultaneous evaluation of multiple genetic associations

Objective

Despite the general success of genome-wide association studies, much heritability remains unidentified in many disease states. Some of this ‘missing’ heritability may lie in epistatic interactions among multiple loci, which are typically ignored. We utilized a method for simultaneous evaluation of epistatic interactions between allelic variations within genes confined to a single pathway, which we have termed as pathway genetic load (PGL).

Methods

In separate analyses, we evaluated the risk for sepsis and for death associated with alleles at six loci in the TLR4 signaling and response pathway previously known or suspected to be linked to the development of sepsis after traumatic injury. We evaluated 155 patients with ≥15% TBSA burns and without significant non-burn trauma [ISS ≤ 16], traumatic or anoxic brain injury or spinal cord injury, who survived >48 h post-admission. Clinical data were collected prospectively and candidate genotypes were determined by TaqMan assay.

Results

After adjustment for burn size, inhalation injury, age, gender and race, PGL was associated with increased probability for complicated sepsis (aOR = 1.59; 95%CI = 1.11–2.29; p = 0.011) and death (aOR = 1.75; 95%CI = 1.11–2.76; p = 0.017).

Conclusion

Relative size and variability of aORs indicate greater power to detect genetic associations with PGL compared to the analysis of loci individually by multivariate logistic regression.     

Cellular genetic therapy

Cellular genetic therapy is the ultimate frontier for those pathologies that are consequent to a specific nonfunctional cellular type. A viable cure for there kinds of diseases is the replacement of sick cells with healthy ones, which can be obtained from the same patient or a different donor. In fact, structures can be corrected and strengthened with the introduction of undifferentiated cells within specific target tissues, where they will specialize into the desired cellular types. Furthermore, consequent to the recent results obtained with the transdifferentiation experiments, a process that allows the in vitro differentiation of embryonic and adult stem cells, it has also became clear that many advantages may be obtained from the use of stem cells to produce drugs, vaccines, and therapeutic molecules. Since stem cells can sustain lineage potentials, the capacity for differentiation, and better tolerance for the introduction of exogenous genes, they are also considered as feasible therapeutic vehicles for gene therapy. In fact, it is strongly believed that the combination of cellular genetic and gene therapy approaches will definitely allow the development of new therapeutic strategies as well as the production of totipotent cell lines to be used as experimental models for the cure of genetic disorders.     

Micro-insemination: genetic aspects

Micro-insemination involves sperm deposition directly into oocytes. This can be by transfer of sperm (Micro-Insemination Sperm Transfer, or MIST) or by micro-injection into the ooplasm (Micro-Insemination Micro-Injection into Cytoplasm, or MIMIC). Micro-insemination is indicated in spermatozoa with no or very poor motility, very low density, multiple defects, or inability to penetrate oocyte vestments. There is a 10% incidence of chromosomal abnormalities in spermatozoa from fertile and normal men. However, there is no increase in sperm chromosomal abnormalities in men with normal peripheral karyotypes and highly abnormal sperm parameters. Preliminary results of karyotypes of human oocytes that failed to become fertilized after MIST and mouse morulae and blastocysts produced after MIST reveal that there was no significant increase in aneuploidy or polyploidy. There is evidence that MIMIC may result in increased abnormal sperm karyotypes. Polyspermy is low in the mouse and human after transfer of multiple spermatozoa into the perivitelline space, thus suggesting an oolemmal block. However, blastomere membranes do not fuse with spermatozoa, as observed in a study of MIST into human embryos. Zona drilling with acid is not advised because of disturbances to chromosomal kinetics. The conclusion of this review is that MIST does not result in an increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities, while caution must be exercised with MIMIC.     

Phalloplasty for the genetic male

The goal of total phallic reconstruction in the genetic male is the creation of a sensate and cosmetically acceptable phallus with an incorporated neo-urethra that allows the patient to void while standing, engage in penetrative sexual intercourse with confidence and ejaculate in the vagina.     

The genetic basis of cancer

Cancer is essentially a genetic disease resulting from congenital or acquired alterations in some cells of the patient. Such changes may occur in particular oncogenes and are responsible for the tumour phenotype of the affected population of cells. Oncogenes function by continuous positive action in the mitogenic pathway, and may become activated by point mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, gene amplification or viral insertion events. In contrast, unaltered tumour-suppressor genes are responsible for suppressing the neoplastic phenotype, and their inactivation by deletion or mutation permits cancerous development in the affected cells. The genetic model of carcinogenesis is thus based on the idea that mutations at the DNA level create a functional imbalance between the oncogenes and the tumour-suppressor genes, resulting in uncontrolled clonal proliferation. It is likely that the clinical importance of these recent findings will soon be realised and utilised in the development of therapies and diagnostic procedures that will directly benefit the patient.     

骨质疏松症遗传相关基因的生物信息学研究

目的建立基于骨质疏松症遗传相关基因的蛋白质相互作用网络,发现其中其中包含的分子复合物和未经研究或研究较少的与骨质疏松症相关的蛋白质。方法基于OMIM数据库中与骨质疏松症发生相关的177个遗传基因,应用Cytoscape软件及其插件Agilent Literature Search,进行PUBMED文献的文本数据挖掘,建立骨质疏松症的蛋白质相互作用网络;应用MCOMD算法,探测网络中的分子复合物,并对分子复合物包含的蛋白质进行GO分析,分析包括分子功能、生物学通路、细胞组分。结果骨质疏松症的蛋白质相互作用网络包含863个节点(蛋白质)、2925条边(相互作用关系)、4个高度关联的分子复合物。这些分子复合物内的18个蛋白质与骨质疏松症的关系未经研究或研究较少。结论基于OMIM数据库,可建立骨质疏松症的蛋白质相互作用网络,发现未经研究或研究较少的骨质疏松症关联蛋白质。     

畸形精子症分子遗传学机制研究进展

畸形精子症是影响男性不育的重要因素之一,然而其发病机制尚未明晰。近年来,对精子形态的研究取得了一定进展,某些基因被证实与畸形精子症的发生有关。本文回顾近5年文献,透过大量对圆头精子症、精子核空泡、断头精子症、残余胞质、纤维鞘发育不良(DFS)和原发性纤毛运动障碍(PCD)等特殊形态异常精子的研究,详细阐述了DPY19L2、AR、PRM1、GBA2、PCI、CREM、TH2A、TH2B、ODF1、Cntrob、OAZ-t、HOOK1、SPEM1、GAT1、PRSS21、15-LOX、Sptrx、AKAP3、AKAP4、DNAI1、DNAH5、RSPH4A、TXNDC3、CCDC39、LRRC6、LRRC50、KTU等基因的分子遗传学机制,旨为畸形精子症的致病机制研究提供依据。同时本综述回顾了国内外对上述畸形精子症患者进行辅助生殖治疗的最新进展,并探讨这类患者的辅助生殖结局,为男性不育的诊治提供理论依据。