麻黄及其麻黄碱制剂中有效成分的测定

麻黄是一种常用中药，为麻黄科植物草麻黄、中麻黄或木贼麻黄的干燥草根茎。麻黄的主要活性成分是麻黄类生物碱，即：麻黄碱(E)、伪麻黄碱(PE)、去甲基麻黄碱(NE)、去甲基伪麻黄碱(NPE)、甲基麻黄碱(ME)等。麻黄类生物碱具有松弛平滑肌、收缩血管、抗炎及解热发汗、抗菌、抗病毒、镇咳平喘等作用，属剧药类。为评价药品品质，保证用药安全，研究们在麻黄及其麻黄碱制剂中化学成分测定方面做了大量的工作。目前，已报     

甘肃不同采收期人工种植及野生麻黄中麻黄碱与伪麻黄碱含量分析

目的对甘肃不同采收期人工种植及野生麻黄中麻黄碱与伪麻黄碱含量进行分析,为甘肃麻黄药材的合理开发和利用提供依据。方法采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱Luna C18(250mm×4．6 mm,5 μm),流动相为V(乙腈):V(0．2％磷酸水溶液)=4:96,流速1．0mL／min,检测波长210 nm。结果甘肃不同产区、不同生长年限、不同采收月份的麻黄中麻黄碱与伪麻黄碱的含量不同、比例不同。草麻黄中麻黄碱与伪麻黄碱的含量比在1．14:1-7．83:1之间,1年生中麻黄中麻黄碱与伪麻黄碱含量比镇远为0．60:1,古浪为0．16:1。麻黄碱与伪麻黄碱总含量均以9月中旬采收品为最高。结论对甘肃麻黄进行了生物碱组分分析,将对甘肃麻黄药材的质量评价及标准化种植提供帮助。     

内蒙草麻黄中生物碱的动态研究

应用HPLC法研究了内蒙草麻黄主产区5种麻黄生物碱的动态变化。5种麻黄生物碱为:麻黄碱(E)、伪麻黄碱(PE)、去甲基麻黄碱(NE)、去甲基伪麻黄碱(NPE)和甲基麻黄碱(ME)。研究结果表明:内蒙东部的草麻黄生长期中E占优势,而在西部PE和E平行或PE高于E,总生物碱在7月中旬和9～10月达高峰。因此影响含量的主要因素是物侯期、降雨量和湿度。对地理位置、气象情况和退化现象等因素也进行了讨论。     

HPLC法测定麻黄浸膏粉中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量

目的：建立测定麻黄浸膏粉中盐酸麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱含量的方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法测定。色谱条件为：C18柱：流动相为乙晴：1％十二烷基硫酸钠(48：52)；流速：1．2ml／min；检测波长207nm。结果：盐酸麻黄素在10～50μg／m1，盐酸伪麻黄素在5～25μg／ml范围内呈良好线形关系，r=0．9999。方法的精密度、回收率良好。结论：本法简便准确。     

梯度洗脱法测定麻黄及其复方制剂中麻黄类生物碱的含量

目的用反相高效液相色谱梯度洗脱法测定麻黄及其复方制剂中麻黄类生物碱的含量。方法用AgilentDAD二元泵高效液相色谱仪,色谱柱EclipseSBC18(4.6mm×150mm,5μm),检测波长210nm,流速1.0mL/min,流动相为甲醇-磷酸缓冲盐溶液梯度洗脱。结果麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱在进样量分别为1.01～10.1μg、0.97～9.7μg范围内进样量与峰面积呈良好的线性关系。该方法麻黄碱平均回收率为100.14%(n=9),伪麻黄碱平均回收率为99.16%(n=9)。结论方法简便,专属性好,可以用于麻黄药材及其复方制剂的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱中杂质

目的建立盐酸麻黄碱(E)和盐酸伪麻黄碱(PE)中杂质的高效液相色谱HPLC测定方法。方法用RPC18色谱柱,以20mmol/LKH2PO4水溶液-甲醇(96∶4)为流动相,检测波长为210nm,分析时间为20min。结果6种麻黄生物碱均达到基线分离;混合对照品连续进样6次,色谱峰面积RSD均小于1.0%;对照品质量浓度在选定范围内呈现良好的线性关系(R2>0.999);各成分最低检出限分别为:去甲基麻黄碱(NE)为0.05μg/mL,去甲基伪麻黄碱(NPE)为0.04μg/mL,E和PE为0.1μg/mL,甲基麻黄碱(ME)和甲基伪麻黄碱(MPE)为0.2μg/mL;各成分的加样回收率均大于97.1%;6个待测样品均被检测出不同程度的杂质。结论本方法分离度好、精密度高、专属性强、灵敏度高,可用于麻黄生物碱类药物中杂质成分的定性和定量测定。     

黄英咳喘糖浆质量标准研究

目的建立黄英咳喘糖浆的质量标准。方法采用TLC法鉴别处方中黄芩、罂粟壳、甘草、杏仁和薄荷脑;HPLC法测定麻黄中盐酸麻黄碱与盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量。结果TLC能较好地检出黄芩苷、盐酸罂粟壳碱、可待因、甘草酸铵、苦杏仁苷和薄荷脑。盐酸伪麻黄碱在0．36～18．0μg范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为99．8％,RSD为1．2％;盐酸麻黄碱在0．06～3．02μg范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为98．1％,RSD为1．1％。结论该方法专属性强,准确,重现性好,可作为该制剂的质量控制标准。     

薄层扫描法测定麻黄中麻黄碱和2，3，5，6—四甲基吡嗪的含量

用薄层扫描法测得草麻黄和木贼麻黄中麻黄碱的含量分别为0．480％和0．560％，变异系数为1．80％和0．932％，测得二者中2，3，5，6－四甲基吡嗪的含量分别为0．0624％和0．0720％，变异系数为1．73％和1．00％，麻黄碱和2，3，5，6－四甲基吡嗪的回收率分别为98．1％和97．3％。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定尿中乳果糖、甘露醇和乳糖含量

目的建立液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS／MS）测定人尿中乳果糖、甘露醇和乳糖含量。方法尿样用水和乙腈直接稀释后，以LunaNH2（100×2．0mm，5μm）为分析柱，乙腈-水（80：20，v／v）为流动相，0．3mL／min流速进行色谱分离。采用负离子化电喷雾、多反应监测（MRM）扫描方式进行质谱定量分析，离子通道选择m／z为：甘露醇181．1／88．9，乳果糖和乳糖341．3／160．9，内标353．4／166．9。结果甘露醇、乳果糖、乳糖和内标的保留时间分别为2．9、4．1、4．7和4．7min。在0、1～40μg／mL浓度范围内线性关系良好（r≥0．9980）。最低定量限分别为0．1μg／mL（甘露醇、乳果糖）和0．2μg／mL（乳糖）。日内、日间精密度（CV％）分别为0．60％～4．31％、2．55％～7．71％，准确度分别为86．4％～107．6％、95．9％～102．9％。回收率为84．7％～105．5％。结论该方法的样品处理简单快速，检测专一灵敏、准确可靠，可用于肠通透性评价中甘露醇及乳果糖的含量测定。     

麻黄及其复方制剂中麻黄碱含量测定的研究进展

麻黄始载于《神农本草经》，列为中品，历代本草均有收载。其为麻黄科植物草麻黄、中麻黄或木贼麻黄的干燥草质茎。除上述品种外，尚有同属植物矮麻黄（分布四川、西藏、云南）、丽江麻黄（分布云南、四川）、膜果麻黄（分布内蒙古、新疆、甘肃、青海）、双穗麻黄（分布东北、新疆）等的草质茎，亦作麻黄使用，但未载入中国药典。草麻黄茎含生物碱1％～2％，其中40％～90％为麻黄碱（Ephedrine），其次为伪麻黄碱（d—Pseudo-ephedrine）。麻黄碱的含量常作为评价药材品质、保证用药安全及制剂质量标准的主要指标，近10年来国内对麻黄碱的分离测定方法的研究有了较大进步，现综述如下。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.