Single-dose tolerance and pharmacokinetics of 2-n-propyl-2(E)-pentenoate (Δ2(E)-valproate) in healthy male volunteers

2-n-Propyl-2(E)-pentenoic acid (^2(E)-valproate) was administered to healthy volunteers in oral doses of 50–800 mg. The drug was tolerated well and no significant adverse effects were observed. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. Valproate and 3-keto-valproate were detected as metabolites.     

基于CYP2C9和VKORC1基因检测指导华法林剂量的临床研究

目的：研究回顾性探讨CYP2C9和VKORC1基因检测能否为华法林抗凝治疗患者带来临床获益,为临床应用华法林基因检测提供参考。方法：在这项回顾性研究中,收集了昆明市某三甲医院2016年1月至2017年9月间服用华法林抗凝治疗的住院患者信息。根据CYP2C9和VKORC1基因检测指导分为华法林个体化用药组（试验组）和传统给药组（对照组）,对比分析2组患者的临床结局。结果：试验组患者国际标准化比值（INR）>4例数、维生素K使用例数以及INR平均检测数均显著小于对照组。两组患者平均住院时间、华法林相关出血例数、出院时的INR值差异均无显著性意义。结论：采用CYP2C9和VKORC1基因检测指导华法林用药代替传统给药可以降低患者不良事件的发生风险,同时也可以减少患者监测INR的次数,具有良好的临床效果。因此,推荐临床上在应用华法林之前进行CYP2C9和VKORC1基因检测。     

Detection of AmpC β-lactamase and drug resistance of Enterobacter cloacae

In order to provide useful information for effective control and clinical therapy of infection, the resistance status and the rate of carrying AmpC β-lactamase of Enterobacter cloacae (E. cloacae) were investigated. By VITEK (Bacterial automatic biochemical analyzer), the isolates of E. cloacae were identified and the drug resistance was measured. The AmpC enzyme was detected by the five-disk diffusion test. Antibiotic sensitivity test showed that the resistance effects of E. cloacae to cefazolin, cefoxitin and ampicillin were more serious, with resistant rates of 80.5%, 75.3% and 70.1%, respectively. However, it was more sensitive to Sulperazone (cefoperazone/sulbactam, 13.0%), amikacin (16.9%) and ciprofloxacin (19.5%). Meanwhile, the phenotype detection showed that 35.06%(27/77) isolates of E. cloacae produced AmpC β-lactamase. Most of E. cloacae are multi-drug resistant strains. Sulperazone (cefoperazone/sulbactam), a kind of component β-lactamase, is a more effective antibiotic for treating infection caused by E. cloacae. Unreasonable application of the third generation cephalosporins plays an important role in leading to emergence of high-yield AmpC β-lactamase strains, so antibiotics should be used wisely.     

(1R,2S)-2-(3,4-二氟苯基)环丙胺扁桃酸盐单晶的制备及结构解析

目的 制备(1R,2S)-2-(3,4-二氟苯基)环丙胺扁桃酸盐(TCGM3)单晶,并对其空间结构进行解析。方法 通过优化溶剂、温度等结晶工艺参数,制备TCGM3单晶,采用单晶X射线衍射技术对其进行空间结构解析。结果 外形完整的TCGM3单晶可通过甲醇体系室温蒸发4 d得到。单晶X射线衍射结果表明TCGM3该晶胞属于正交晶系,P212121空间群,结构偏离因子R=0.04,分子式为C17H17F2NO3,相对分子质量为321.32 g/mol,立体构型与预测构型一致。结论 通过单晶培养及对其进行单晶X射线衍射分析和结构解析,确证了TCGM3的空间结构。     

VKORC1-3673G>A、CYP2C9*3、CYP4F2 rs2108622和CYP2C19*2基因多态性对中国汉族房颤患者华法林维持剂量的影响

目的 探讨VKORC1-3673G>A、CYP2C9^*3、CYP4F2 rs2108622和CYP2C19^*2位点基因多态性对中国汉族房颤患者华法林维持剂量的影响。方法 收集107例服用华法林达维持剂量的汉族房颤患者的血样和临床相关资料,应用PCR-RFLP法检测VKORC1-3673G>A、CYP2C9^*3、CYP4F2 rs2108622和CYP2C19^*2基因型,采用独立样本t检验分析基因型与华法林维持剂量的相关性。多元线性回归建立给药模型,探讨基因多态性对华法林维持剂量的影响。结果 VKORC1-3673G>A、CYP2C9^*3、CYP4F2 rs2108622基因多态性和患者年龄、体质量能解释45.2%的华法林维持剂量差异。CYP2C19^*2基因多态性对本研究人群华法林维持剂量无影响。结论 VKORC1-3673G>A、CYP2C9^*3、CYP4F2 rs2108622基因多态性显著影响中国汉族房颤患者的华法林维持剂量。     

纳米氧化铁颗粒tk及hprt基因突变试验比较研究

目的 使用L5178Y细胞分别开展tk基因突变试验和hprt基因突变试验评价纳米氧化铁颗粒（iron oxidenanoparticle, IONP）的潜在基因突变风险,比较两种方法的灵敏性。方法 不同质量浓度的PEG-IONP（31.25、62.5、125、250、500 μg/mL）分别与细胞作用3 h,于给药后第0、2、6天将细胞接种于96孔板继续培养9～10 d,用于计算平板接种效率。分别在给药后第2天或第6天加入三氟胸苷（TFT）和6-硫鸟嘌呤（6-TG）作为tk基因和hprt基因选择剂,继续培养14 d后分析基因突变频率。试验平行设置灭菌注射用水溶媒对照组和甲基甲烷磺酸酯（MMS,10 μg/mL）阳性对照组。结果 溶媒对照组和阳性对照组的hprt基因突变率均低于tk基因突变率,且统计学结果提示hprt基因突变试验数据获得显著性差异的起始浓度（250 μg/mL）高于tk基因突变试验（125 μg/mL）。但整体而言两种试验方法对PEG-IONP的评价结果一致。结论 PEG-IONP可引起小鼠淋巴瘤L5178Y细胞tk基因及hprt基因突变率显著性升高。该研究结果可为纳米材料基因突变风险评价的选择提供借鉴与参考。     

黄曲霉素产毒真菌ver-1、verB及ITS基因序列多重PCR体系的优化

目的 对黄曲霉素产毒真菌的多重PCR体系进行优化，确定最佳PCR体系。方法 以黄曲霉素产生过程中的主要调控基因ver-1、verB及通用基因片段ITS序列为目的片段，设计多重PCR引物，采用单因素和正交优化试验，对DNA模板、Mg²⁺浓度、引物用量、dNTPs用量、退火温度等因素进行考察。结果 最佳多重PCR体系为：50 µL体系中含有引物(5 µmol·L^-1)3 mL，dNTPs(2.5 mmol·L^-1)5 µL，Mg²⁺(2.5 mmol·L^-1)4 µL，DNA浓度10 ng·µL^-1，退火温度56 ℃。结论 建立的体系可用于黄曲霉素产毒真菌的多重PCR鉴定，对黄曲霉产毒菌的源头鉴定具有一定的意义。     

Occurrence, pharmacology and function of presynaptic α2-autoreceptors in α2 A/D-adrenoceptor-deficient mice

The occurrence, pharmacological properties and function of alpha2-autoreceptors were studied in hippocampal slices, occipito-parietal cortex slices, segments of heart atria and segments of the vas deferens of wildtype (WT) mice and mice in which the alpha2 A/D-adrenoceptor gene had been disrupted (alpha2 A/D(KO)). Tissues were preincubated with [3H]-noradrenaline and then superfused and stimulated electrically. Stimulation periods for brain slices consisted either of 1 pulse or of 2-64 pulses delivered at 1-s intervals; stimulation periods for peripheral tissues consisted either of 1 POP (pseudo-one-pulse; brief burst of 20 pulses/50 Hz) or of 2-4 POPs delivered at 1-s intervals. Single pulses or POPs were used to study the effect of medetomidine and its interaction with antagonists. One or more pulses or POPs per stimulation period were used to study alpha2-autoinhibition. Medetomidine decreased the evoked overflow of tritium in WT tissues. In alpha2 A/D(KO) tissues, the inhibition was slightly (peripheral tissues) or greatly (brain slices) attenuated but not abolished. Phentolamine, rauwolscine, spiroxatrine, 2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxyethyl)aminomethyl-1,4-benzodioxane (WB 4101), tolazoline and prazosin antagonized the effect of medetomidine in all tissues. Their pKd values against medetomidine were compared with pKd values at prototypical alpha2 binding sites by means of a correlation analysis. For WT brain and atrial autoreceptors, the correlations indicated an alpha2D pharmacology, whereas for WT vas deferens autoreceptors they favoured an alpha2B pharmacology. In the KO tissues, any correlation with alpha2D was lost, and the non-alpha2 A/D-autoreceptors displayed alpha2B or alpha2C pharmacology. When 2 or more pulses or POPs were applied to WT tissues per stimulation period, the pulse number-overflow curve (POP number-overflow curve) was flat, indicating that overflow elicited by p pulses (POPs) was much smaller than p times the overflow elicited by a single pulse (POP); moreover, rauwolscine caused a pulse (POP) number-dependent and, at high pulse (POP) numbers, large increase in evoked tritium overflow. In alpha2 A/D(KO) tissues, the pulse (POP) number-overflow curve was much steeper, indicating that overflow elicited by p pulses (POPs) was closer to p times the overflow elicited by a single pulse (POP); moreover, rauwolscine caused no (atria) or only a small increase in overflow, and did so in brain slices only at high pulse numbers (16 and 64). In conclusion, the predominant alpha2D pharmacology of the autoreceptors in WT tissues supports the idea that the main mammalian presynaptic alpha2-autoreceptors belong to the alpha2 A/D subtype. However, alpha2 A/D-deficient animals also possess autoreceptors. As expected, these non-alpha2 A/D-autoreceptors display alpha2B or alpha2C pharmacology. In WT animals, alpha2B- or alpha2C-autoreceptors or both may coexist with alpha2 A/D-autoreceptors, at least in peripheral tissues. Little autoinhibition by released noradrenaline in trains of pulses remains when the alpha2 A/D-adrenoceptor is lacking, again in accord with a predominance of alpha2 A/D-autoreceptors.     

衍生化法分离（2R，4R）-4-甲基-2-哌啶甲酸乙酯酒石酸盐手性异构体

目的 建立衍生化法分离（2R,4R）-4-甲基-2-哌啶甲酸乙酯酒石酸盐（MPFET）3种手性异构体。方法 以2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖异硫氰酸酯（GITC）为柱前衍生化试剂,对MPFET手性异构体进行分离,并对衍生化条件进行优化。采用Venusil AQ C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱作为固定相进行分离、监测和定量。以0.01 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液（用磷酸调pH至3.6）-乙腈（60∶40）为流动相,体积流量1.5 mL/min进行等度洗脱,采用紫外检测器,检测波长266 nm;柱温30℃;进样量20 μL。结果 MPFET与2S,4S-异构体分离度为1.76。2S,4R-异构体的线性范围为1.500～8.999 μg/mL,2R,4S-异构体的线性范围为0.255 2～1.531 0 μg/mL,2S,4S-异构体的线性范围为0.250 1～75.000 0 μg/mL,MPFET的线性范围为0.250 1～600.100 0 μg/mL,回收率均在90%～108%内,RSD均不大于3.0%。结论 柱前衍生化法分离MPFET中3种手性异构体,专属性强、准确度高、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于MPFET手性异构体的分离和质量控制。     

SDH2基因在白念珠菌环境适应性中的作用

目的 探究SDH2基因在白念珠菌环境适应性中的作用。方法 以野生型白念珠菌SC5314、SDH2基因敲除菌sdh2Δ/Δ、基因回复菌sdh2Δ/SDH2为实验对象;应用点板实验考察野生型菌、SDH2缺失菌和回复菌对外界压力刺激剂和抗真菌药物的敏感性;采用罗丹明6G外排实验考察SDH2基因缺失对白念珠菌药物外排能力的影响。结果 SDH2基因缺失后白念珠菌对细胞壁应激刺激剂咖啡因、氧化应激刺激剂二酰胺和甲萘醌表现出轻微耐受,值得注意的是SDH2基因敲除菌sdh2Δ/Δ对唑类抗真菌药物的敏感性明显增高,SDH2缺失导致白念珠菌药物外排能力下降。结论 SDH2缺失会导致白念珠菌对环境适应性的改变,包括对外界环境压力应答的改变和对唑类抗真菌药物敏感性的增加,以SDH2为靶基因,开发真菌特异性SDH2抑制剂,有望发现与唑类药物协同的新型抗真菌药物。     

O,O′-二烷基-O″-(取代苯乙腈肟)磷酸酯、硫代磷酸酯的合成及对氯硝柳胺的灭螺增效作用

合成了20个O,O′-二烷基-O″-(取代苯乙腈肟)磷酸酯、硫代磷酸酯,并分别与杀螺剂氯硝柳胺组成复方,进行室内杀螺试验。初步结果表明,化合物V_4,7,12,18有明显杀螺增效作用,其中V12可使氯硝柳胺的杀螺效果提高3.81倍。同时发现化合物V_2,7,10,13单独使用时,也有良好的杀螺作用。     

应用13C核磁共振INEPT方法测定5α-氯-16-次甲基-3β,6β,17α-三羟基-孕甾-20-酮-3β,17α二醋酸酯的结构

应用质子去偶及质子偶合INEPT方法测定药物合成中间体(Ⅱ)的结构。与宽带质子去偶及门控去偶方法比较,INEPT方法具有较高的灵敏度和选择性,节省实验时间。     

Characterization of the self-association of human interferon-α2b, albinterferon-α2b, and pegasys

The self-association of human interferon-α2b (hIFN-α2b), albinterferon-α2b (a recombinant protein with human serum albumin and hIFN-α2b peptides fused together in a single polypeptide chain), and Pegasys (PEGylated hIFN-α2a) was characterized by analytical ultracentrifugation analyses. By examining the apparent sedimentation coefficient distribution profiles of each protein at different concentrations, it was concluded that the above three proteins are self-associating in albinterferon-α2b formulation buffer. By model fitting of sedimentation data using SEDANAL software, the stoichiometry and equilibrium constants of the self-association of these proteins were characterized. The self-association of hIFN-α2b results in the formation of stable dimers, fast-reversible tetramers, octamers, and hexadecamers. In contrast, although both albinterferon-α2b and Pegasys are self-associated, their self-association stoichiometries are significantly different from that of hIFN-α2b. The self-association of albinterferon-α2b results in the formation of reversible dimers and trimers, whereas the self-association of Pegasys gives only reversible dimers. The self-association behaviors of hIFN-α2b and albinterferon-α2b involves attractive electrostatic forces, which can be suppressed to a negligible level in low pH (pH 4.0-4.5) and high salt concentration (400 mM NaCl) buffer, allowing quantification of their size variant contents by sedimentation velocity analysis.     

Absorption, excretion, and metabolism of a potential GABA-A α2/3 receptor modulator in rats

4-Amino-8-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-propylcinnoline-3-carboxamide (AZD6280) is a selective GABA-A(α2/3) receptor modulator under development for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorders. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of [(14)C]-AZD6280 was studied in rats following a single oral (7 mg/kg) or intravenous (i.v., 1 mg/kg) administration of [(14)C]-AZD6280. The results from the bile duct-cannulated study revealed that AZD6280 was well-absorbed in rats. The pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using unlabelled parent drug that was rapidly absorbed (plasma T(max) ~1 h) and exhibited a mean apparent terminal half-life of ~4.2 h. The overall mean recoveries in the excreta were 98.6% and 100.3% after oral and i.v. administration of [(14)C]-AZD6280, respectively. The major route for elimination of [(14)C]-AZD6280 and its metabolites was through faeces. The radiochromatographic analysis of the excreta demonstrated that AZD6280 underwent extensive biotransformation. A total of 28 metabolites of AZD6280 were detected and profiled in urine, bile, and faeces in this study. The structures of metabolites were elucidated by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Similar metabolite profiles were observed in rats given AZD6280 orally or intravenously.     

Absorption,excretion, and metabolism of a potential GABA-Aα2/3 receptor modulator in rats

1. 4-Amino-8-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-propylcinnoline-3-carboxamide (AZD6280) is a selective GABA-A_α2/3 receptor modulator under development for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorders. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of [¹⁴C]-AZD6280 was studied in rats following a single oral (7?mg/kg) or intravenous (i.v., 1?mg/kg) administration of [¹⁴C]-AZD6280.

2. The results from the bile duct-cannulated study revealed that AZD6280 was well-absorbed in rats.

3. The pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using unlabelled parent drug that was rapidly absorbed (plasma T_max ~1?h) and exhibited a mean apparent terminal half-life of ~4.2?h.

4. The overall mean recoveries in the excreta were 98.6% and 100.3% after oral and i.v. administration of [¹⁴C]-AZD6280, respectively. The major route for elimination of [¹⁴C]-AZD6280 and its metabolites was through faeces.

5. The radiochromatographic analysis of the excreta demonstrated that AZD6280 underwent extensive biotransformation. A total of 28 metabolites of AZD6280 were detected and profiled in urine, bile, and faeces in this study. The structures of metabolites were elucidated by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Similar metabolite profiles were observed in rats given AZD6280 orally or intravenously.

     

小檗碱对2型糖尿病大鼠视网膜PPARα/δ/γ表达的影响

糖尿病视网膜病是最常见的糖尿病并发症之一，是导致失明的主要原因，因此有必要寻找新的治疗药物。给大鼠腹腔注射链脲菌素(35 mg·kg^-1) 2周后用高糖高脂饲料喂养14周，之后连续16周每天分别拌食给予小檗碱75、150及300 mg·kg^-1、非诺贝特100 mg·kg^-1和罗格列酮4 mg·kg^-1。用HE染色检查视网膜结构和免疫组化检测过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPARs) α/δ/γ的表达。结果发现，正常对照组大鼠的视网膜厚度大于其他各组，经小檗碱(150及300 mg·kg^-1)和罗格列酮(4 mg·kg^-1)的治疗能增加糖尿病大鼠视网膜的厚度，但视网膜的结构在各组间无差别；小檗碱(150及300 mg·kg^-1)和罗格列酮(4 mg·kg^-1)能明显降低糖尿病大鼠视网膜中PPARγ蛋白表达，小檗碱(150及300 mg·kg^-1)和非诺贝特(100 mg·kg^-1)能显著增加糖尿病大鼠视网膜中PPARα和PPARδ的表达。小檗碱调控视网膜PPAR α/δ/γ蛋白表达可能是其改善糖尿病视网膜病的机制之一，可能成为比罗格列酮和非诺贝特更有效的用于治疗糖尿病视网膜病的药物。     

n,n′-二乙酰-L-胱氨酸对半乳糖胺联用脂多糖引起小鼠免疫性肝衰竭的作用

目的研究n,n′-二乙酰-L-胱氨酸(DiNAC)对免疫性肝衰竭的治疗作用。方法观察DiNAC对Balb/C小鼠由半乳糖胺联用脂多糖引起免疫性肝衰竭的作用。半乳糖胺/脂多糖攻击6 h后，小鼠血清ALT，AST和外周血T细胞亚群分别用全自动生化仪、流式细胞仪测定，并用光镜观察肝组织病理切片，统计半乳糖胺/脂多糖攻击24 h后的小鼠存活率。结果给肝衰竭小鼠ip DiNAC(50，200，800 mg·kg^-1)，能明显阻止小鼠血清ALT和AST活力增高，使肝组织损害减轻及提高小鼠存活率，并呈剂量依赖关系；DiNAC能增强免疫性肝衰竭小鼠外周血CD4⁺,CD8⁺,Th1和Th2 T淋巴细胞的增殖分化。结论DiNAC对免疫性肝衰竭动物有明显的治疗作用，这一作用与其免疫调节有关。