Mitral valve repair versus replacement in simultaneous aortic and mitral valve surgery

BACKGROUND:

Double valve replacement for concomitant aortic and mitral valve disease is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Excellent results with valve repair in isolated mitral valve lesions have been reported; therefore, whether its potential benefits would translate into better outcomes in patients with combined mitral-aortic disease was investigated.

METHODS:

A retrospective observational study was performed involving 341 patients who underwent aortic valve replacement with either mitral valve repair (n=42) or double valve replacement (n=299). Data were analyzed for early mortality, late valve-related complications and survival.

RESULTS:

The early mortality rate was 11.9% for valve repair and 11.0% for replacement (P=0.797). Survival (± SD) was 67±11% in mitral valve repair with aortic valve replacement and 81±3% in double valve replacement at five years of follow-up (P=0.187). The percentage of patients who did not experience major adverse valve-related events at five years of follow-up was 83±9% in those who underwent mitral valve repair with aortic valve replacement and 89±2% in patients who underwent double valve replacement (P=0.412). Age >70 years (HR 2.4 [95% CI 1.1 to 4.9]; P=0.023) and renal dysfunction (HR 1.9 [95% CI 1.2 to 3.7]; P=0.01) were independent predictors of decreased survival.

CONCLUSIONS:

In patients with double valve disease, both mitral valve repair and replacement provided comparable early outcomes. There were no significant differences in valve-related reoperations, anticoagulation-related complications or prosthetic valve endocarditis. Patient-related factors appear to be the major determinant of late survival, irrespective of the type of operation.     

Combined aortic and mitral valve replacement in an adult with mucopolysaccharidosis (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome)

Summary A 41-year-old man with aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, and tricuspid regurgitation due to Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome underwent aortic and mitral valve replacement with tricuspid annuloplasty. The annular diameter of the aortic and mitral valves was extremely small. The valve prostheses were 19 mm in diameter in the aortic position and 25 mm in the mitral position. Histologically, the valves showed thickening and hyalinization of the collagen fibers, and the presence of foamy cells that contained a large quantity of pure acid mucopolysaccharide. On an echocardiographic examination performed 2 years after the surgery, the peak systolic gradient of the trans-aortic valve was 18 mmHg at rest, and 26 mmHg during exercise. Careful observation of the residual pressure gradient will be needed. The patient's present New York Heart Association (NYHA) status is grade I and he has returned to work.     

经导管主动脉瓣置入手术在主动脉瓣狭窄合并二尖瓣反流治疗中的疗效分析

目的:分析经导管主动脉瓣置入术在主动脉瓣狭窄合并二尖瓣反流(MR)的疗效。方法:选取我院就诊的主动脉瓣狭窄合并MR流患者31例,所有患者均行经导管主动脉瓣置入术,按照患者的MR流严重程度分为A组(轻度)和B组(中度、重度)。比较两组的并发症发生率、术后1个月的LVEF、LVEDD、MR和NYHA分级,比较两组在术后1个月、3个月时的死亡率和生活质量。结果:两组的各并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组在术后1个月时的LVEF和日常生活能力量表(ADL)评分均明显高于B组(P<0.05);A组在术后1个月时的死亡率、LVEDD、MR和NYHA分级明显低于B组(P<0.05);两组患者在术后3个月时的死亡率和ADL评分均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:经导管主动脉瓣置入手术可用于主动脉瓣狭窄合并不同程度MR流患者的治疗中,反流的严重程度对患者远期死亡率和生活质量恢复的影响较小。     

经导管二尖瓣夹合术的临床结果介绍

目的 评估经导管二尖瓣夹合术（MitraClip）治疗中重度或重度二尖瓣反流患者的安全性和有效性.方法 2013年10月至2014年3月,使用MitraClip系统对10例有症状的中重度（1例）或重度（9例）二尖瓣反流患者行经导管二尖瓣修复术,分析10例患者手术即刻效果和30d随访结果.结果 10例患者的平均年龄（74±10.6）岁,功能性反流8例,器质性反流2例.所有手术均成功开展,顺利置入1个（5例）或2个（5例）MitraClip.手术即刻效果提示,5例患者二尖瓣反流下降3级,5例患者下降2级,未发生相关并发症.30d超声心动图随访提示,所有患者二尖瓣反流较术前降低≥2级,左心室射血分数（LVEF）由（40.2±11.9）％提高到（44.8±11.6）％,左心房内径和舒张期左心室内径分别由（6.4±0.5） cm和（6.1±0.8） cm缩小至（6.0±0.5） cm和（6.0±0.8） cm.所有患者的主观症状较术前有不同程度的改善,纽约心功能分级均较术前提高1级,生活质量评分和6 min步行试验分别由（0.7±0.2）和（279.0±123.0）m提高到（0.9±0.1）和（347.0±91.0）m.结论 本中心初步经验提示,经导管二尖瓣夹合术（MitraClip）可以带来超声心动图指标的改善和早期的临床获益,是安全有效的,但中远期效果有待于进一步随访.     

Simultaneous transapical transcatheter aortic valve replacement and transcatheter mitral valve replacement for native valvular stenosis

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is well established for patients who cannot undergo surgery (Leon et al., N Engl J Med 2010;363:1597) or are high risk for surgery (Smith et al., N Engl J Med 2011;364:2187–2198). Experience with the TAVR procedure has led to recent reports of successful transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) procedures (Cheung et al., J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64:1814; Seiffert et al., J Am Coll Cardiol Interv 2012;5:341–349) separately or simultaneously with the TAVR. However, these reports were of simultaneous valve‐in‐valve procedures (Cheung Anson, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:1759–1766). A recent report from Portugal also reported simultaneous transpical implantation of an inverted transcatheter aortic valve‐in‐ring in the mitral position and transcatheter aortic valve (Hasan et al., Circulation 2013;128:e74–e76). There has been an experience of TMVR only in native mitral valve for mitral valve stenosis, but none in both aortic and mitral valves. We report the first in human case of simultaneous transapical TAVR and TMVR in native valves secondary to valvular stenosis. Our patient was not a candidate for percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty secondary to a high Wilkins Score. Sizing of the aortic valve was based on the transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE), whereas sizing of the mitral valve was based on TEE measurements and balloon inflation during left ventriculography. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

老年人主动脉瓣置换术后病死率分析

目的 对年龄≥70岁的主动脉瓣狭窄患者主动脉瓣置换术后的病死率进行分析.方法 回顾性分析246例年龄≥70岁、并接受主动脉瓣置换的主动脉瓣狭窄患者的临床资料.其中高血压144例(58.5%),心房颤动42例(17.1%),肥胖27例(11.0%),有心脏手术史18例(7.3%).结果 手术30 d内死亡29例,病死率为...     

The impact of mitral stenosis on outcomes of aortic valve stenosis patient undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement or transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Background

The concomitant presence of mitral stenosis (MS) in the setting of symptomatic aortic stenosis represent a clinical challenge. Little is known regarding the outcome of mitral stenosis (MS) patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) or surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). Therefore, we sought to study the outcome of MS patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR).

Method

Using weighted data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database between 2011 and 2014, we identified patients who were diagnosed with MS. Patients who had undergone TAVR as a primary procedure were identified and compared to patients who had SAVR. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed for the outcomes of in‐hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS), blood transfusion, postprocedural hemorrhage, vascular, cardiac and respiratory complications, permanent pacemaker placement (PPM), postprocedural stroke, acute kidney injury (AKI), and discharge to an outside facility.

Results

A total of 4524 patients were diagnosed with MS, of which 552 (12.2%) had TAVR and 3972 (87.8%) had SAVR. TAVR patients were older (79.9 vs 70.0) with more females (67.4% vs 60.0%) and African American patients (7.7% vs 7.1%) (P < 0.001). In addition, the TAVR group had more comorbidities compared to SAVR in term of coronary artery disease (CAD), congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic lung disease, hypertension (HTN), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) (P < 0.001 for all). Using Multivariate logistic regression, and after adjusting for potential risk factors, TAVR patients had lower in‐hospital mortality (7.9% vs 8.1% adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR], 0.615; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.392–0.964, P = 0.034), shorter LOS. Also, TAVR patients had lower rates of cardiac and respiratory complications, PPM, AKI, and discharge to an outside facility compared with the SAVR group.

Conclusion

In patients with severe aortic stenosis and concomitant mitral stenosis, TAVR is a safe and attractive option for patients undergoing AVR with less complications compared with SAVR.

     

Recent developments and controversies in transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Interventional cardiology has been revolutionised by transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), which has become established as the benchmark treatment for severe aortic stenosis in patients at high risk for surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR). Increased procedural familiarity and progression in device technology has enabled improvements to be made in complication rates, which have led to a commensurate expansion in the use of TAVI; it is now a viable alternative to AVR in patients at intermediate surgical risk, and has been used in cohorts such as those with bicuspid aortic valves or pure, severe aortic regurgitation. Given the rapid expansion in the use of TAVI, including cohorts of younger patients with fewer co‐morbidities, attention must be paid to further reducing remaining complications, such as cardiac tamponade or stroke. To this end, novel techniques and devices have been devised and trialled, with varying levels of success. Furthermore, significant work has gone into refining the technique with exploration of alternative imaging modalities, as well as alternative access routes to provide greater options for patients with challenging vascular anatomy. Whilst significant progress has been made with TAVI, areas of uncertainty remain such as the management of concomitant coronary artery disease and the optimum post‐procedure antiplatelet regimen. As such, research in this field continues apace, and is likely to continue as use of TAVI becomes more widespread. This review provides a summary of the existing evidence, as well as an overview of recent developments and contentious issues in the field of TAVI.     

New techniques for percutaneous repair of the mitral valve

A variety of innovative techniques and devices are being developed for the percutaneous management of mitral insufficiency. More than 30 devices are in stages of development from early stage to human pivotal trials. Two devices for the management of degenerative myxomatous disease of the mitral valve replicate the Alfieri edge-to-edge surgical repair. One of those devices, the Evalve Mitraclip, is in a pivotal trial at the current time. The other devices address functional mitral regurgitation by a variety of techniques for performing mitral valve annuloplasty. The majority of devices take advantage of the proximity of the coronary sinus to the posterior mitral annulus to deliver devices that remodel the mitral annulus. Two devices perform septal lateral cinching decreasing the anterior posterior diameter of the mitral annulus and correcting leaflet malcoaptation. Numerous issues are discussed including regulatory hurdles and the integration of percutaneous techniques into clinical practice in a safe and efficacious manner.     

Successful repair of a large aortic abscess causing apical displacement of the anterior mitral valve

Anatomic continuity between the anterior mitral leaflet and the aortic root may predispose those patients with aortic root pathology to functional changes of the mitral valve without any involvement of this valve. A 34-year-old man presented with aortic valve endocarditis. Transthoracic echocardiograpy showed severe aortic regurgitation with a large aortic root abscess. The anterior leaflet of the mitral valve was displaced towards the apex of the heart causing moderate mitral regurgitation. The patient underwent aortic valve replacement with reconstruction of the aortic annulus and ventriculoaortic continuity. This procedure alone restored the mitral valve structure and function without any need for intervention on the mitral valve. Aortic abscess is a serious complication of aortic valve endocarditis and may alter the function of other structures of the heart, especially the mitral valve. Restoration of aortic wall integrity and left ventricular – aortic continuity usually restores the mitral valve structure and function if the valve is unaffected by the infection. A decision on the mitral valve should be made following correction of the aortic pathology.     

风湿性二尖瓣病变行二尖瓣成形术的效果分析

目的 探讨风湿性二尖瓣病变行二尖瓣成形术的临床效果。 方法 选取2016年1月至2020年1月在郑州大学第一附属医院心外科因风湿性二尖瓣病变治疗的133例患者为研究对象。其中46例患者行二尖瓣成形术（观察组）,87例患者行二尖瓣置换术（对照组）。观察组中男性10例,女性36例,平均年龄（53.80±8.87）岁;对照组中男性25例,女性62例,平均年龄（56.54±9.88）岁。收集两组患者的基线资料、术前超声结果、围手术期资料、随访资料（术后6个月）,分析二尖瓣成形术的临床效果。 结果 观察组的主动脉阻断时间、体外循环时间、住院时间与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。观察组术后呼吸机辅助时间较对照组短[（9.4±1.6）h比（12.9±1.5）h],差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。观察组与对照组术后 6个月左房内径[（41.00±8.00）mm比（46.75±10.13）mm]、左室舒张末期内径[（45.49±5.90）mm比（47.87±5.66）mm]差异有统计学意义,且观察组小于对照组（P < 0.05）。 结论 二尖瓣成形术治疗风湿性二尖瓣病变的早期临床效果满意,有利于心脏重构,值得临床推广应用。     

Three-dimensional echocardiography in mitral valve disease.

Three-dimensional echocardiography offers great promise for improving the understanding of the mitral valve anatomy, function, and pathology. It may have important implications for medical or surgical management of different mitral valve disease. In this article we provide an overview of the three-dimensional anatomy of the mitral valve. Based on the studies using three-dimensional echocardiography we describe the topography of the mitral valve, its nonplanarity as well as dynamics of the mitral annulus. Furthermore, we review the use of three-dimensional echocardiography in the evaluation of different mitral valve disease. Three-dimensional echocardiography has become a new clinical standard in the assessment of the severity of mitral stenosis by means of accurate mitral valve area measurement. Also, unconventional indices, like the geometry and mitral valve volume may be assessed by three-dimensional echocardiography. It is a very suitable technique for monitoring the efficacy and complications of percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty. Three-dimensional echocardiography allows accurate identification and quantification of prolapse of individual segments of the mitral valve leaflets. Three-dimensional color flow imaging makes echocardiography an accurate method also in the assessment of mitral regurgitation severity. Finally, we outline three-dimensional echocardiography as a potentially useful guide for a surgeon, particularly in mitral valve repair.     

Transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation after aortic valve repair with HAART 300 device

We report the first successful case, to our knowledge, of CoreValve Evolut R (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN) implantation into a failed HAART 300 aortic annuloplasty device (BioStable Science & Engineering, TX). An 81‐year‐old man presented with severe symptomatic aortic regurgitation secondary to failure of the 21 mm HAART 300 device, which had been implanted 45 days previously. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed grade 3 aortic regurgitation with central jet, without aortic valve stenosis. Because of the high risk for redo surgery, the heart team proceeded with femoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation. The 26 mm CoreValve Evolut R was deployed into the 21 mm HAART 300 device without difficulty or complications. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. The patient was discharged after 5 days. TTE showed a mean aortic valve gradient of 18 mmHg, with minimal paravalvular leak. Our experience suggests that CoreValve Evolut R implantation may be an attractive option in patients with failed HAART 300 aortic annuloplasty.     

术中经食管超声心动图监测行二尖瓣成形术

目的　评价术中经食管超声心动图在二尖瓣成形术中的作用。方法　 1993年 3月至 2 0 0 3年 3月 ,6 2例二尖瓣关闭不全病人在经食管超声心动图监测下行二尖瓣成形术 ,男 2 4例 ,女 38例 ,平均年龄 (31 3± 7 5 )岁。病因为退行性变 4 2例 ,先天性 2 0例。重度二尖瓣关闭不全 5 9例 ,中度 3例。根据二尖瓣病变的特征进行相应的成形手术。结果　全组无一例手术死亡 ,8例改行二尖瓣替换术。术后超声心动图检查二尖瓣无返流 3例 ,轻度返流 4 9例 ,中度返流 2例。结论　经食管超声心动图在术中能即时判断二尖瓣成形术的效果 ,并找出失败原因 ,从而指导进一步成形术。     

Pacemaker dependency after transcatheter aortic valve replacement compared to surgical aortic valve replacement

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a standard treatment indicated for severe aortic stenosis in high-risk patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of pacemaker dependency after permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) following TAVR or surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) and the risk of mortality at a tertiary center in Korea.In this retrospective study conducted at a single tertiary center, clinical outcomes related to pacemaker dependency were evaluated for patients implanted with pacemakers after TAVR from January 2012 to November 2018 and post-SAVR from January 2005 to May 2015. Investigators reviewed patients’ electrocardiograms and baseline rhythms as well as conduction abnormalities. Pacemaker dependency was defined as a ventricular pacing rate > 90% with an intrinsic rate of <40 bpm during interrogation.Of 511 patients who underwent TAVR for severe AS, 37(7.3%) underwent PPI after a median duration of 6 (3–7) days, whereas pacemakers were implanted after a median interval of 13 (8–28) days post-SAVR in 10 of 663 patients (P < .001). Pacemaker dependency was observed in 36 (97.3%) patients during 7 days immediately post-TAVR and in 25 (64.9%) patients between 8 and 180 days post-TAVR. Pacemaker dependency occurred after 180 days in 17 (50%) patients with TAVR and in 4 (44.4%) patients with SAVR. Twelve (41.4%) patients were pacemaker-dependent after 365 days post-TAVR.Pacemaker dependency did not differ at 6 months after TAVR vs SAVR. In patients undergoing post-TAVR PPI, 58.6% were not pacemaker-dependent at 1 year after the TAVR procedure.     

Cardio-hepatic syndrome in patients undergoing mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair

Aims

The impact of the cardio-hepatic syndrome (CHS) on outcomes in patients undergoing mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (M-TEER) for relevant mitral regurgitation (MR) is unknown. The objectives of this study were three-fold: (i) to characterize the pattern of hepatic impairment, (ii) to investigate the prognostic value of CHS, and (iii) to evaluate the changes in hepatic function after M-TEER.

Methods and results

Hepatic impairment was quantified by laboratory parameters of liver function. In accordance with existing literature, two types of CHS were distinguished: ischaemic type I CHS (elevation of both transaminases) and cholestatic type II CHS (elevation of two out of three parameters of hepatic cholestasis). The impact of CHS on 2-year mortality was evaluated using a Cox model. The change in hepatic function after M-TEER was assessed by laboratory testing at follow-up. We analysed 1083 patients who underwent M-TEER for relevant primary or secondary MR at four European centres between 2008 and 2019. Ischaemic type I and cholestatic type II CHS were observed in 11.1% and 23.0% of patients, respectively. Predictors for 2-year all-cause mortality differed by MR aetiology. While in primary MR cholestatic type II CHS was independently associated with 2-year mortality, ischaemic CHS type I was an independent mortality predictor in secondary MR patients. At follow-up, patients with MR reduction ≤2+ (obtained in 90.7% of patients) presented with improved parameters of hepatic function (median reduction of 0.2 mg/dl, 0.2 U/L and 21 U/L for bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase, respectively, p < 0.01).

Conclusions

The CHS is frequently observed in patients undergoing M-TEER and significantly impairs 2-year survival. Successful M-TEER may have beneficial effects on CHS.     

Updates on transcatheter aortic valve replacement: Techniques,complications, outcome,and prognosis

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) initially emerged as a therapeutic option for high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis. Advancement in technologies since the first era of TAVRs, experience from previous obstacles, and lessons learned from complications have allowed the evolution of this procedure to the current state. This review focuses on the updates on the most current devices, complications, and outcomes of TAVR.     

Simultaneous thoracic aortic endovascular graft and transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement in a patient with a descending aortic thrombus

Severe descending thoracic and abdominal aortic pathology can deter consideration of transfemoral (TF) access for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in adults with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS) and may lead to utilization of alternative access sites. We report a case of an 88-year-old frail woman with severe symptomatic AS referred for TAVR with demonstration of a large thrombus in the descending thoracic aorta immediately distal to the left subclavian artery. Given concerns of thrombus embolization with femoral advancement of the transcatheter valve, coverage with a thoracic aortic endograft was planned immediately prior to the TAVR.