HPLC法测定不同产地五味子中木脂素的含量

目的：建立五味子中五味子醇甲、五味子酯甲、五味子甲素、五味子乙素4种有效成分的高效液相色谱测定方法，测定不同产地五味子中木脂素成分的含量，寻找五味子优质药材的产地。方法：ScienhomeC18色谱柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相甲醇-水，梯度洗脱，流速1ml／min，柱温30℃，检测波长250nm。结果：4种木脂素的加样回收率及RSD分别为：五味子醇甲98．29％，1．50％；五味子酯甲101．48％，2．39％；五味子甲素100．81％，2．86％；五味子乙素99．16％，2．40％。结论：该方法简便、准确．可用于五味子药材的质量控制；河北石家庄产五味子木脂素含量最高，品质优良。     

南北五味子中木脂素类成分含量的比较

目的:建立同时测定南、北五味子中5种木脂素成分(五味子醇甲、五味子醇乙、五味子酯甲、五味子甲素和五味子乙素)含量的超高效液相色谱法,并比较不同产地五味子类药材中木脂素类成分含量。方法:Acquity UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7μm),流动相乙腈-水,梯度洗脱,流速0.4 m L·min-1,检测波长235 nm,柱温45℃,进样量1μL。以5种成分含量为评价指标,采用聚类分析法对南北五味子进行种类识别。结果:分析时间内,上述5种木脂素成分在10 min内分离度良好,在0.001~0.222μg线性关系良好,相关系数均0.999 8,平均加样回收率在97.7%~105.1%,RSD均3.0%。南北五味子中5种木脂素类成分含量差异显著,聚类分析结果也表明,南北五味子能完全被区分为两大类。结论:该方法重复性好,准确可靠,灵敏度高,可为五味子类药材的分类和质量控制提供参考。     

江苏10家医院供应的五味子中木脂素类成分含量测定比较

目的:对10家医院供应的五味子进行质量评价。方法:采用高效液相色谱及已建立的一测多评法,以五味子醇甲为内参物,测定五味子醇甲、五味子醇乙、五味子酯甲、五味子甲素、五味子乙素及五味子丙素的含量,分光光度法测定总木脂素含量。结果:10家医院供应的五味子中五味子醇甲、五味子醇乙、五味子酯甲、五味子甲素、五味子乙素、五味子丙素和总木脂素含量分别在3.935-6.809、1.389-2.583、0.191-0.436、0.961-1.767、2.030-3.716、0.261-0.813及19.696-34.294mg/g之间;结论:各医院供应的五味子内在质量有较大差异。     

大田生产中盐胁迫对五味子木脂素类成分的影响研究

目的:研究五味子大田生产中连续两年盐胁迫对五味子药材中木脂素类成分的影响。方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定12个不同采收期、5个氯化钠处理水平下共54份样品中6种木脂素含量。结果:盐胁迫在0~0.030 kg·m~(-2)范围内五味子植株能正常生长;0.012 kg·m~(-2)氯化钠处理水平胁迫有利于五味子醇甲、五味子醇乙、五味子酯甲、五味子甲素、五味子乙素和五味子丙素的积累,而0.030 kg·m~(-2)氯化钠处理水平对最佳采收期五味子果实中6种木脂素类成分含量有一定的抑制作用。结论:本研究为研究药用植物五味子的引种和抗逆驯化可提供参考依据。     

五味子木脂素与生态因子相关性研究

建立五味子中五味子醇甲、五味子甲素、五味子乙素、五味子丙素4种成分的高效液相色谱测定方法,分析不同样地间气候因子和海拔高度对五味子木脂素类含量的影响,确定吉林省五味子最适栽培地区的气候特点。采用高效液相色谱法,Agilent ZORBAX SB-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,流动相甲醇（A）-水（B）梯度洗脱,检测波长254 nm,柱温 35℃,流速1 mL·min^-1,该测定方法重复性、稳定性和精密度均良好。并用SPSS软件分析气候因子和木脂素相关性,结果发现采集于吉林省集安市、柳河县、安图县和抚松县的五味子成熟果实中五味子醇甲质量分数均高于0.4%,达到质量要求,但是,五味子醇甲、五味子甲素和五味子乙素含量与样地海拔高度间呈明显的线性负相关关系,即随海拔高度增加呈下降趋势,特别是五味子醇甲的负线性拟合系数达到0.844 1,具有显著性,而五味子丙素与样地海拔高度的相关性不明显。与五味子木脂素中五味子醇甲、五味子乙素以及4种木脂素含量呈显著正相关的气候因子主要是温度因子（年均气温、7月最高温、7月平均温、1月最低温、1月平均温）和降水因子（年均降水量）,说明较高的温度和降水量有助于五味子中木脂素的形成和累积。建议五味子栽培区域应尽可能选择在温暖多雨的低海拔地区。     

HPLC同时测定糖克软胶囊中5种木脂素类成分的含量

 目的建立反相高效液相色谱法同时测定糖克软胶囊中5种木脂素类(五味子醇甲、五味子醇乙、当归酰戈米辛H、五味子甲素、五味子乙素)成分含量的方法。方法色谱条件:Agilent Extend C₁₈柱;流动相为甲醇-2%四氢呋喃水溶液,线性梯度洗脱,流速0.8 mL·min^-1;柱温50℃,检测波长254 nm。结果5种木脂素类化合物在实验浓度内线性关系良好,五味子醇甲、五味子醇乙、当归酰戈米辛H、五味子甲素和五味子乙素的线性范围分别为15.8～1 575,5.76～576,4.65～465,3.61～361,10.6～1 057 mg·L^-1,相关系数均大于0.999 0。平均加样回收率在100.2%～103.5%之间。5种木脂素类化合物含量重复性试验RSD小于1.98%。结论本方法简单、灵敏、重复性好,可用于糖克软胶囊质量控制。     

五味子药材提取工艺优化及8个木脂素类成分含量测定

目的：优化木脂素类成分的提取方法,并建立高效液相色谱法 (HPLC) 测定五味子药材中 8 个木脂素类成分 (五味子醇甲、五味子醇乙、当归酰戈米辛 H、五味子酯甲、五味子酯乙、五味子甲素、五味子乙素和五味子丙素) 的含量测定方法。方法：采用 Box-Behnken 响应面法,以超声时间、甲醇体积分数、料液比为考察因素,以 8 个木脂素类成分总含量为考察指标来优化提取工艺,并验证此工艺。采用 Agilent ZB-Extend C₁₈色谱柱 (250 mm×4. 6 mm,5 μm),流动相为 0. 5% 磷酸水溶液-乙腈,梯度洗脱,流速为 1 mL·min^–1,检测波长为 220 nm,柱温为 35 ℃。结果：五味子药材中木脂素类成分的最优提取工艺为超声时间 30 min,甲醇体积分数为 100%,料液比 1∶50;不同产地五味子的 8 个木脂素类成分含量有差异,RSD 为 8. 44%～20. 02%。结论：Box-Behnken 响应面优化五味子中木脂素的提取工艺科学稳定、准确可靠,建立测定 8 个木脂素类成分含量的方法专属性强、重复性好...     

炮制对五味子中木脂素的影响

目的比较五味子不同炮制品中木脂素的差别。方法采用薄层色谱方法、紫外分光光度法、高效液相色谱法比较了五味子不同炮制品中总木脂素、五味子醇甲、五味子乙素的差别。结果从薄层色谱上看,生五味子、醋五味子及酒五味子无明显的差别,而总木脂素、五味子醇甲、五味子乙素均以酒五味子中的量稍高。结论五味子经过炮制后,能增加其中所含的木脂素类成分的量。     

炮制对北五味子木脂素类成分的影响

目的:研究炮制对北五味子木脂素类成分的影响.方法:采用高效液相色谱法,比较不同炮制方法对北五味子果和北五味子种子中五味子醇甲、五味子醇乙、五味子甲素、五味子乙素含量和溶出率的影响.结果:北五味子经过不同方法炮制后,并没有新成分的生成,只是蜜炙和酒炙五味子的木脂素类成分含量和溶出率有不同程度的提高.醋五味子只有五味子乙素含量增加,其余木脂素含量均减少.结论:蜜炙和酒炙五味子能增加滋补作用.     

五味子生品、炮制品及不同部位木脂素类成分的含量比较

目的:比较五味子生品、炮制品和不同部位的木脂素类成分含量差别,探讨五味子炮制机理。方法:利用高效液相色谱通过外标法对五味子生品、果皮、种子及清炒、酒制、醋制五味子的木脂素类成分(五味子甲素、五味子乙素、五味子醇甲)含量进行比较。结果与结论:五味子中木脂素类成分在种子中含量较高,约为生品的两倍,而果皮中含量极少。五味子生品及清炒、酒制、醋制等炮制品的木脂素成分含量并无显著差别。     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

Ethnobotanical study of plants used in treating hypertension in Edo State of Nigeria

A study was undertaken in 12 local government areas (LGAs) of Edo State located in central southern Nigeria, representing 66.6% coverage, in order to obtain an inventory of the major medicinal plants used in folk medicine to treat arterial hypertension. One hundred and eighty nine respondents who were mainly traditional medical practitioners and were knowledgeable in the medicinal plants for treating hypertension were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire administered by trained interviewers. The inventory of medicinal plants is summarized in a synoptic table, which contains the scientific, vernacular and common names of the plants/frequency of citation, the part of the plant and method of preparation of recipes. The study indicated 70 plants belonging to 67 genera in 43 families are commonly prescribed. Of these plants, 39 species are cultivated, 29 species grow in the wild, while only 2 both grow wild and also cultivated. Ninety three herbal antihypertensive recipes are recognized and are mainly prepared as decoctions, infusions, powders and juice. The leaf (43%) represented the dominant morphological part often included in recipes. Plants frequently included in antihypertensive recipes were Allium species, Persea americana, Acalypha godseffiana, Zingiber officinale, Sida acuta, Hunteria umbellata, Rauwolfia vomitoria, Viscum album and Aframomum melegueta.     

In vitro antiplasmodial activity of plants used in Benin in traditional medicine to treat malaria

Aim of the study

The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of crude extracts of 12 plant species traditionally used in Benin for the treatment of malaria in order to validate their use.

Materials and methods

For each species, dichloromethane, methanol and total aqueous extracts were tested. The antiplasmodial activity of extracts was evaluated using the measurement of the plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase activity on chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The selectivity of the different extracts was evaluated using the MTT test on J774 macrophage-like murine cells and WI38 human normal fibroblasts.

Results

The best growth inhibition of both strains of Plasmodium falciparum was observed with the dichloromethane extracts of Acanthospermum hispidum DC. (Asteraceae) (IC₅₀ = 7.5 μg/ml on 3D7 and 4.8 μg/ml on W2), Keetia leucantha (K. Krause) Bridson (syn. Plectronia leucantha Krause) (Rubiaceae) leaves and twigs (IC₅₀ = 13.8 and 11.3 μg/ml on 3D7 and IC₅₀ = 26.5 and 15.8 μg/ml on W2, respectively), Carpolobia lutea G.Don. (Polygalaceae) (IC₅₀ = 19.4 μg/ml on 3D7 and 8.1 μg/ml on W2) and Strychnos spinosa Lam. (Loganiaceae) leaves (IC₅₀ = 15.6 μg/ml on 3D7 and 8.9 μg/ml on W2). All these extracts had a low cytotoxicity.

Conclusion

Our study gives some justifications for the traditional uses of some investigated plants.     

HPLC同时测定不同产地茄根中2种苯丙酰胺类成分的含量

建立同时测定茄根中2种苯丙酰胺类成分N-反式-对香豆酰基去甲辛弗林和N-反式-对香豆酰基酪胺含量的高效液相色谱方法。采用Agilent Eclipse XDB C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm × 250 mm,5 μm）;以甲醇-0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1;柱温30 ℃;检测波长300 nm。结果表明,N-反式-对香豆酰基去甲辛弗林和N-反式-对香豆酰基酪胺色谱峰分离良好,分别在2.84~68.16,3.10~74.40 mg·L^-1呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率（n=9）分别为99.30%,102.8%。该方法快速、准确、重复性好,可用于茄根药材的质量控制。     

马钱子体内外分析研究进展

从药物分析的角度出发,针对近10年来国内外马钱子中士的宁和马钱子碱的主要体内外分析方法作一汇总。全文主要从液相色谱法、气质联用法、液质联用法、荧光光谱法、薄层色谱法、毛细管电泳色谱法等多个方面进行简介。结果作者认为,不同的分析方法都有其优点,其中光谱法、色谱法一直是马钱子体内外分析最强有力的手段。荧光分析法优点是灵敏度高,选择性好;薄层色谱法优点在于简单,经济;高效毛细管电泳法分离模式多,分离效率高,速度快;HPLC十分常用,具有分离效能高、分析速度快等特点;而色谱与质谱的联用是应用于药物分析中最为活跃的技术,它集LC的高分离能力与MS的高灵敏度、高专属性于一体,能够使马钱子样品的分离、定性、定量一次完成。现有研究表明色谱与质谱的联用及毛细管电泳中的各种在线预浓缩技术是目前应用于马钱子体内外分析中最为活跃的技术。     

Antifungal activity of Brazilian medicinal plants involved in popular treatment of mycoses

A survey of medicinal plants used to treat common mycoses was done in the Curituba district, Sergipe State, Brazil. One hundred inhabitants were interviewed by health agents and traditional healers. Four different plants were the most cited (more than 50% of the citations): Ziziphus joazeiro, Caesalpinia pyramidalis, Bumelia sartorum and Hymenea courbaril. The aqueous extracts obtained following traditional methods and using different parts of these plants, were submitted to drop agar diffusion tests for primary antimicrobial screening. Only the water infusion extract of Ziziphus joazeiro and Caesalpinea pyramidalis presented a significant antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum, Candida guilliermondii, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Fonsecaea pedrosoi, when compared to the antifungal agent amphotericin B. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the bioactive extracts was evaluated by the microdilution method. Best activity with a MIC of 6.5 microg/ml for both extracts was observed against Trichophyton rubrum and Candida guilliermondii. Ziziphus joazeiro and Caesalpinea pyramidalis extracts presented also low acute toxicity in murine models. The present study validates the folk use of these plant extracts and indicates that they can be effective potential candidates for the development of new strategies to treat fungal infections.