甲状腺激素对危重症患者病情严重程度的评估

目的 探讨甲状腺激素在危重患者的变化及与其严重程度的关系.方法 选择2009年1-12月我院加强监护病房住院的92例合并非甲状腺疾病综合征(NTIS)危重症患者,记录一般情况,计算急性生理和慢性健康状况评分(APACHEⅡ)评分,检测入科次日甲状腺激素.分析甲状腺激素水平和患者病情严重程度之间是否有相关性.结果 脓毒症休克组患者甲状腺激素,三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT3)(1.16±0.24)nmol/L、甲状腺素总量(TT4)(68.93±24.11)nmol/L、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)(3.76±0.21)pmol/L,游离甲状腺素(FT4)(16.40±2.74)pmol/L,促甲状腺激素(TSH)(1.58±1.01)mU/L低于非脓毒症休克组TT3(1.50±0.25)nmol/L、TT4(91.70±21.90)nmol/L、FT3(4.24±0.45)pmol/L、FT4(17.98±3.28)pmol/L、TSH(2.43±2.76)mU/L,差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).脓毒症休克组FT3、FT4水平与APACHEⅡ评分具有相关性(r值分别为-0.694、-0.613,P均＜0.05).结论 重症患者甲状腺激素水平低,与病情严重程度具有相关性.     

~(131)Ⅰ加抗甲亢药物综合治疗甲亢的临床疗效分析

选取我院2013年9月~2014年9月收治的328例甲状腺功能亢进患者,根据随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组各164例。研究组进行抗甲亢药物与同位素131I治疗,对照组进行单纯同位素131I治疗,两组均治疗1个月,治疗后比较两组的临床效果;比较两组治疗后的甲状腺各项功能指标。结果两组患者治疗后的总三碘甲状腺原氮酸(TT3)、总甲状腺激素(TT4)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、超敏促甲状腺素(TSH)等甲状腺激素指标均有改善,但研究组治疗后的FT4、FT3、TT4、TT3、TSH等指标显著优于对照组(P<0.05);研究组的临床治愈情况显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。甲状腺功能亢进患者进行131I与抗甲亢药物联合治疗,临床效果确切,值得临床推广。     

甲状腺激素减少对大鼠肾脏解耦联蛋白-2表达的影响

目的 观察甲状腺激素减少时肾脏线粒体解耦联蛋白-2(UCP2)表达的改变,探讨甲状腺激素减少时肾脏损伤的发生机制. 方法 按随机数字表法将Wistar大鼠分为对照组和甲状腺激素减少组(甲减组),每组10只.采用低碘饮食复制甲状腺功能减退大鼠模型,对照组摄碘量10.00 μg/d,甲减组1.24 μg/d,两组均适应喂养1周,条件饲养3个月后取血测定甲状腺功能指标,取肾脏组织,用免疫组化法及逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)测定UCP2的蛋白及mRNA表达. 结果 与对照组比较,甲减组促甲状腺激素(TSH,mU/L)明显上升(4.88±1.37比1.65±0.33,P<0.05),三碘甲状腺原氨酸总量(TT3)、甲状腺素总量(TT4)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)均明显下降[TT3(nmol/L):0.54±0.07比0.98±0.17;TT4(nmol/L):7.82±2.18比48.78±3.65;FT3(pmol/L):2.28±0.22比2.99±0.10;FT4(pmol/L):11.38±1.74比29.27±0.95,均P<0.01].免疫组化显示,甲减组UCP2蛋白在肾小球和肾小管中的表达均低于对照组(肾小球:0.17±0.02比0.24±0.04,肾小管:0.19±0.02比0.25±0.02,均P<0.01).RT-PCR显示,甲减组UCP2 mRNA表达明显低于对照组(0.70±0.19比1.30±0.09,P<0.01). 结论 甲状腺激素减少时肾脏中UCP2表达下调,提示可能会有损伤肾脏,其机制与肾脏线粒体UCP2表达下调有关.     

左旋甲状腺素治疗甲减的疗效分析

入选甲状腺功能减退(甲减)病人100例,根据随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组,每组50例,研究组服用左旋甲状腺素片,对照组服用甲状腺片,两组均治疗6个月,比较两组治疗前后的甲状腺各项激素指标的变化情况及治疗后的不良反应发生情况。研究组治疗后的游离甲状腺素(FT4)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、总甲状腺激素(TT4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)等指标变化显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);研究组发生体重减轻、胃肠道不适、失眠、心动过速等不良反应显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。甲减病人进行左旋甲状腺素治疗,可显著改善甲状腺素水平,不良反应少,临床效果确切,值得临床推广。     

脐血甲状腺激素水平与胎儿发育迟缓的关系

目的探讨胎儿发育迟缓 (IUGR)与患儿脐血甲状腺激素的关系。方法采用放射免疫法测定 62例正常发育足月儿 (对照组 )和2 4例IUGR患儿 (IUGR组 )脐动脉血甲状腺素 (T4 )、三碘甲状腺原氨酸 (T3)、游离T3(FT3)、游离T4 (FT4 )、促甲状腺素 (TSH)水平。结果IUGR组脐血TSH高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5) ,脐血T4 、FT4 与胎儿体重的增长呈正相关 (P <0 .0 5)。结论IUGR的发病与脐血甲状腺激素水平低下有关。     

重危患者APACHEⅢ评分与甲状腺激素水平的关系

目的 :探讨急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分 (APACHE )与甲状腺激素水平及疾病严重程度和预后的关系。方法 :对 4 3例 ICU患者的甲状腺激素〔总三碘甲状腺原氨酸 (TT3)、总甲状腺素 (TT4 )、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸 (FT3)、游离甲状腺素 (FT4 )〕和促甲状腺激素 (TSH )水平与疾病严重程度及预后进行相关分析。疾病严重度采用入 ICU第 1个 2 4小时收集的 APACHE 评分 ,分为 4组 (轻度组 <6 0分 ,中度组 6 1～ 90分 ,重度组 91～ 12 0分 ,特重度组 >12 1分 ) ,同时取血查甲状腺激素。根据出院情况分为生存组与死亡组 ,比较 2组的甲状腺激素水平。结果 :APACHE 评分与 TT3、TT4 、TSH均呈负相关 (分别为 r1 =0 .6 0 7,P<0 .0 1;r2 =0 .4 34,P<0 .0 1;r3=0 .336 ,P<0 .0 5 )。TT3轻度组与中度、重度、特重度组及中度组与特重度组比较均有显著差异 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ,TT4 轻度组与中度、重度、特重度组比较均有显著差异 (P均 <0 .0 5 )。死亡组 TT3、TT4 、TSH均较生存组降低 ,TT3、TSH下降幅度显著 (P均 <0 .0 1)。结论 :危重病患者病情越重 ,APACHE 评分越高 ,甲状腺激素水平下降幅度越大。TT3可作为评价 ICU患者预后的指标 ,APACHE 评分与甲状腺激素下降程度相关 ;两者结合用于临床 ,对危重病患者病情严重度判     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病呼吸衰竭患者血清甲状腺激素变化及其临床意义

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COPD)呼吸衰竭患者血清甲状腺激素的变化及其临床意义。方法应用放免法测定 4 2例COPD呼吸衰竭患者急性期与缓解期及 38例正常对照组血清三碘甲状腺原氨酸 (TT3 )、甲状腺素 (TT4)、促甲状腺素 (TSH)。同时检测动脉血中氧分压 (PaO2 ) ,并分析COPD呼吸衰竭患者PaO2 与TT3 、TT4和TSH的相关性。结果呼吸衰竭组急性发作期TT3 ,TT4水平均值显著低于缓解期及对照组 (P <0 .0 5及P <0 .0 1) ;呼吸衰竭死亡组TT3 ,TT4水平均值显著低于存活组 (P <0 .0 1)。COPD患者PaO2 与血清TT3 和TT4水平呈显著性正相关 ,与TSH呈显著性负相关 ,r分别为 0 .5 6 71、0 .5 346和 - 0 .4 935 ,(P <0 .0 5 )。结论COPD呼吸衰竭患者血清TT3 和TT4水平明显低于正常人 ,缺氧是导致COPD呼吸衰竭患者甲状腺激素变化的重要因素之一 ,监测血清中TT3 ,TT4的浓度有助于判断COPD危重程度和估计预后。     

脓毒症患者血清甲状腺素水平的变化及其意义

目的探讨脓毒症患者甲状腺素水平的变化及其意义。方法测定37例非甲状腺性病态综合征(NTIS)脓毒症患者、71例非NTIS脓毒症患者、47例非感染患者甲状腺功能血清总三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT3)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、总甲状腺素(TT4)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平,记录患者年龄、性别、疾病等。另选95例健康体检者作对照组。比较NTIS脓毒症组与非NTIS脓毒症组、非感染组和对照组甲状腺功能水平的差异。结果NTIS脓毒症组血清FT3(2.63±0.29 pmol/L)、FT4(14.22±3.65 pmol/L)和TSH(1.37±1.14 m IU/L)水平与对照组比较FT3(4.67±0.41 pmol/L)、TSH(2.33±1.19 m IU/L)明显下降;FT4(12.22±1.41 pmol/L)升高,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。NTIS脓毒症组血清FT3、TT3(0.54±0.18 nmol/L)、TT4(95.04±25.20 nmol/L)与非感染组比较血清FT3(3.66±0.83 pmol/L),TT3(0.96±0.43 nmol/L),TT4(105.3±20.96 nmol/L);与非NTIS脓毒症组FT3(3.61±0.49pmol/L),TT3(0.89±0.29 nmol/L),血清TT4(107.22±26.99 nmol/L)比较明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 NTIS脓毒症患者甲状腺功能变化较明显,血清FT3和TSH水平下降,FT4水平增高,其中血清FT3是一个敏感生物标记物,对感染情况判断可能有预测价值。     

妊娠合并甲亢的临床分析

目的:探讨妊娠合并甲亢的诊断和治疗,甲亢的并发症和新生儿结局。方法:孕期、产前测定甲亢孕妇外周血甲状腺素犤三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)犦和甲状腺素(T4),促甲状腺素(TSH)水平的变化,了解甲亢的并发症及新生儿结局,通过脐血查T3、T4、TSH,了解新生儿甲状腺功能。结果:甲亢未治疗组甲状腺激素TT3、TT4、TSH、FT3、FT4水平明显高于治疗组(P<0.01),治疗组甲状腺激素水平控制在正常上限或增高20%以内。未经治疗的甲亢并发症多,与治疗组对照,差异有显著性(P<0.01),有2例新生儿甲亢。结论:甲亢应早期诊断和治疗,并发症减少。     

硒酵母联合左旋甲状腺素片治疗桥本甲状腺炎的临床疗效观察

目的探讨硒酵母联合左旋甲状腺素片治疗桥本甲状腺炎的临床效果。方法选择桥本甲状腺炎患者86例,随机分为研究组与对照组(各43例)。研究组采用硒酵母+左旋甲状腺素片治疗,对照组采用左旋甲状腺素片治疗,比较两组治疗前后甲状腺功能指标和甲状腺自身抗体水平。结果治疗后,研究组血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平(4.91±1.98 m U/L)显著低于对照组(7.15±2.29 m U/L),血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、血清游离甲状腺素(FT4)水平(5.19±1.23 pmol/L,16.98±2.98 pmol/L)显著高于对照组(3.89±0.81 pmol/L,12.33±2.38);治疗后研究组血清甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb)、抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)水平(67.2±10.4 U/ml,128.4±39.4 pmol/L)显著低于对照组(89.4±11.2 U/ml,188.2±29.4 pmol/L);不良反应发生率(6.98%)显著低于对照组(23.26%),差异均有显著性(P0.05)。结论桥本甲状腺炎患者接受硒酵母联合左旋甲状腺素片治疗可有效提高患者的甲状腺功能,降低患者甲状腺自身抗体水平,具有较好的治疗效果。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.