持续性心房颤动患者心房肌内向整流钾电流的研究

目的研究不同病程持续性心房颤动(房颤)患者心房肌内向整流钾电流(IK1)的变化,探讨其与房颤自我发展的可能关系。方法采用急性酶消化法分离单个心房肌细胞。以窦性心律(窦律)的风湿性心脏病患者为对照,应用膜片钳全细胞技术记录房颤≤6个月和>6个月的风湿性心脏病患者心房肌IK1。结果与窦律组相比,在-50~-100mV之间,房颤≤6个月组心房肌IK1密度无明显改变,房颤>6个月组心房肌IK1密度绝对值明显增大(P<0.05)。与房颤≤6个月组相比,房颤>6个月组心房肌IK1密度绝对值也明显增大(P<0.05)。在-100mV,IK1密度绝对值在窦律组为(4.05±0.96)pA/pF(n=18),房颤≤6个月组为(4.35±0.49)pA/pF(n=18),房颤>6个月组为(8.94±0.15)pA/pF(n=18)。结论心房肌IK1在持续性房颤自我发展过程的表现不同,IK1的这种表现可能有利于房颤的自我发展。     

持续性心房颤动患者IK1电流密度及其基因表达变化的研究

目的比较持续性心房颤动患者(房颤组)和正常窦性心律患者(窦律组)右心耳单个心房肌细胞内向整流钾通道电流(IK1)密度的变化及其亚基Kir2.1 mRNA表达的变化.方法用常规全细胞膜片钳技术记录了8例风湿性心脏病房颤患者和12例窦律患者急性酶分离法分离的右心耳单个心房肌细胞IK1的变化;用半定量一步法RT-PCR技术检测了19例房颤患者和18例窦律患者右心耳组织内向整流钾通道亚基Kir2.1 mRNA的表达.结果房颤组患者右心耳单个心房肌细胞IK1电流密度在电位水平更负时比窦律组明显升高,且电流升高只发生在静息电位水平更负的细胞,平均静息膜电位分别为(-78.95±4.67)mV和(-70.22±11.08)mV,P>0.05;超级化至-100 mV时IK1电流密度分别为(-9.59±2.47)pA/pF(n=15个细胞)和(-5.58±2.52)pA/pF(n=26个细胞),P<.01.Kir2.1 mRNA水平与对照组相比,升高了47.81%,为0.50±0.16与0.34±0.09,P<0.05.结论Kir2.1 mRNA表达升高可能是IK1电流升高的分子基础,IK1电流升高及其基因表达上调是房颤离子重构的机制之一,在房颤电重构中发挥一定的作用.     

慢性心房颤动患者心房肌细胞超快速激活钾电流的研究

目的　研究风湿性心脏病 (RHD)慢性心房颤动 (房颤 )使心房肌细胞膜超快速激活钾电流 (IKur)的变化 ,探讨离子通道改变在房颤时心房电重构 (AER)中的作用。方法　采集 2 3例RHD患者(房颤组 12例 ,窦性心律组 11例 )心房肌标本 ,采用急性酶解法 ,将组织块分解以获得游离的心房肌细胞 ;应用膜片钳全细胞技术 ,记录两组患者心房肌细胞膜IKur电流 ,并对比分析两组的电流 电压曲线以及稳态激活和失活的动力学特性。结果　在钳制电位 + 10mV～ + 50mV时 ,房颤组IKur密度明显低于窦性心律组 (P <0 0 5) ;其中 ,除极化至 + 50mV时 ,密度分别为 (4 92± 1 48)pA/pF(n =19个细胞 )和 (9 3 1± 1 44) pA /pF(n =2 1个细胞 ,P <0 0 1)。房颤组右心房细胞IKur的激活最大电导较窦性心律组明显降低 ,分别为 (2 75± 0 55)nS(n =2 1个细胞 )和 (4 74± 0 63 )nS(n =2 1个细胞 ,P <0 0 1)。房颤组在 + 50mV时的失活率为 56% ,低于窦性心律组 (P <0 0 5) ,而两组的稳态激活和失活特征的差异无显著性。结论　现有数据显示 ,IKur密度的改变可能是慢性房颤时AER中多种离子通道重构的重要机制之一 ,可能与房颤时心肌细胞的传导性、不应期等改变有关 ,与房颤发生和持续的关系和潜在的治疗性意义尚需进一步研究阐明     

血管紧张素Ⅱ对人心房肌细胞膜钾钙离子电流的作用

观察血管紧张素Ⅱ对人心房肌细胞膜主要离子流的作用,揭示其参与房性心律失常的细胞电生理机制。急性分离单个人心房肌细胞,采用全细胞膜片钳方法记录细胞膜短暂外向钾电流(Ito)、内向整流钾电流(Ik1)和L型钙电流(ICaL)。结果:0.1μmol/LAngⅡ使人心房肌细胞膜Ito峰值电流密度明显下降6.54±0.49pA/pFvs12.65±0.86pA/pF(P<0.05),在-100mV电压下使IK1峰值电流密度显著升高-8.93±1.12pA/pFvs-5.23±0.95pA/pF,(P<0.05),并明显促进人心房肌细胞膜ICaL-12.72±1.69pA/pFvs-5.79±0.84pA/pF(P<0.05)。结论:AngⅡ可促进人心房肌细胞膜IK1及ICaL,抑制人心房肌细胞膜Ito。     

缬沙坦对血管紧张素Ⅱ引起人心房肌细胞离子电流改变的调节作用

目的:研究缬沙坦对血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)引起人心房肌细胞离子电流改变的调节作用。方法:经典两步酶解法分离单个心房肌细胞,膜片钳全细胞法记录离子电流。结果:AngⅡ(300nmol/L)使快速内向钠电流(INa)从(-15.83±1.62)电流(pA)/电容(pF)降到(-6.35±1.83)pA/pF(P<0.01),其作用不能被缬沙坦(10μmol/L)抑制;使L型钙电流(ICa-L)从(-4.5±1.64)pA/pF增加到(-5.5±1.95)pA/pF(P<0.05),其作用能被缬沙坦抑制;指令电位-120mV时使内向整流性钾电流(IK1)从(-3.49±1.03)pA/pF增加到(-5.47±1.83)pA/pF(P<0.01),+10mV~+50mV时其外向电流成分随电压而增加,其作用不能被缬沙坦抑制。AngⅡ对超速激活延迟整流性钾电流(IKur)和瞬间外向钾电流(Ito1)无显著影响。结论:AngⅡ对人心房肌细胞ICaL有促进作用并可被缬沙坦抑制;增加IK1,抑制INa,其作用不能被缬沙坦抑制。     

增强型绿色荧光蛋白转染小鼠心脏后瞬时外向钾电流及钠钙交换电流的变化

目的探讨绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)转染对心脏瞬时外向钾电流(Ito)及钠钙交换电流(INCX)的影响。方法20只雄性小鼠等量随机分为对照组和增强型GFP(EGFP)组。EGFP组小鼠采用8点注射法均匀注射100μl腺病毒于左室游离壁上,对照组注射等量无菌生理盐水。一周后分离单个心室肌细胞,用膜片钳记录Ito及INCX。结果与对照组相比,EGFP组几乎所有测定电压下,Ito电流密度显著减小[如+60 mV时为8.40±1.55 pA/pF(n=9)vs 36.77±8.12 pA/pF(n=11),P<0.05]。INCX的前向模式不因转染EGFP变化[如-80 mV时为-0.35±0.05 pA/pF(n=8)vs-0.42±0.08 pA/pF(n=10),P>0.05],但反向模式电流显著增大[如+80 mV时为1.47±0.10 pA/pF(n=8)vs 0.72±0.05 pA/pF(n=10),P<0.05]。结论 EGFP转染可使心脏Ito显著减小,而INCX仅反向模式电流增大,其综合效应可能导致细胞内钙增加。     

持续性心房颤动患者心房肌细胞L型钙通道电流变化的研究

目的比较窦性心律(窦律)患者和持续性心房颤动(房颤)患者心房肌细胞L-型钙通道电流密度及通道电压依赖的激活和失活特性变化。方法应用两步酶解法获得单个人体心房肌细胞,采用常规全细胞膜片钳技术记录L-型钙通道电流,观察18例窦律患者和12例持续房颤患者右心房肌L-型钙通道电流密度及动力学特性变化。结果(1)持续房颤组与窦律组相比,L-型钙通道电流密度降低,测试脉冲从-40~0mV时的L-型钙通道电流密度分别为(-4.58±0.39)pA/pF(n=21)和(-1.32±0.19)pA/pF(n=12),两组比较P<0.01。(2)动力学特性:窦律组与持续房颤组比较,通道激活曲线参数半数最大激活电压(V1/2)、斜率因子(K)以及失活曲线参数半数最大失活电压(V1/2)、斜率因子(K)差异均无统计学意义。结论持续房颤患者心房肌细胞L-型钙通道电流密度明显降低,其通道动力学特性变化差异无统计学意义。L-型钙通道电流密度的变化是房颤时“心房电生理重构”离子机制之一。     

心房颤动患者右心房肌细胞瞬间外向钾电流的变化

目的　比较心房颤动 (AF)和正常窦性心律 (NSR)患者右心房肌细胞瞬间外向钾电流 (Itol)的变化。方法　用膜片钳全细胞记录法研究了风湿性心脏病AF心律 (AF组 )和NSR心律 (NSR组 )患者右心房肌细胞Itol的变化。两步酶解法得到单个心肌细胞 ,分别对比了两组细胞的电流 电压曲线、激活曲线、失活曲线、失活后再激活的恢复过程及电流失活速度。结果　AF患者右心房肌细胞Itol密度比NSR患者的Itol密度明显降低 ,除极化至 +6 0mV时分别为 (4 2 5± 0 86 )pA/pF(n =2 0个细胞 )和(8 5 3± 0 6 8) pA/pF(n =11细胞 ) ,P <0 0 0 1。两组Itol失活速度均无电压依赖性 ,两组细胞Itol电流的失活速度、激活与失活特征及失活后再恢复常数差异均无显著性。结论　AF和NSR患者右心房肌细胞的Itol除电流密度明显降低外 ,激活曲线参数、失活曲线参数、失活后再激活的恢复时间常数及电流失活速度差异均无显著性 ,这是AF患者离子通道重构机制之一。     

乙酰胆碱对犬右室三层心肌细胞L型钙电流不均一性的影响

目的测定犬右室三层心肌细胞上的L型钙电流(ICa,L),并研究其对自主神经递质乙酰胆碱的反应。方法经酶解法分离获得犬右室三层心肌细胞,应用全细胞膜片钳技术,记录并比较三层心肌细胞的ICa,L,以及应用2μmol/L乙酰胆碱前后电流-电压曲线的差异。结果ICa,L的峰值电流密度外膜下大于M细胞,而M细胞又大于内膜下心肌细胞,分别为-4.896±1.907pA/pF(n=31),-3.406±0.904pA/pF(n=37),-2.788±0.756pA/pF(n=33)(P<0.05)。使用乙酰胆碱后,右室外膜下及M细胞的峰值电流密度减小[-4.921±1.023pA/pF vs -3.462±0.997pA/pF(n=12);-3.803±1.115pA/pF vs -2.959±0.883pA/pF(n=13),P均<0.05]。心内膜下心肌细胞用药前后无差异(P>0.05)。结论ICa,L在犬右室三层心肌细胞存在不均一性,乙酰胆碱可以减小心外膜下、M细胞的ICa,L,对内膜下心肌细胞的ICa,L无影响。     

肺动脉平滑肌细胞钾电流记录方法的建立

目的 在肺动脉平滑肌细胞(pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells,PASMCs)上建立钙离子激活钾通道(calcium-activated potassium channel,KCa)电流、电压门控钾通道(voltage-gated potassium channel,Ky)电流和内向整流钾通道(Inward rectifier channel,Ku)电流的记录方法 .方法 用急性酶解的方法 分离出单个大鼠PASMC,利用全细胞膜片钳方法 记录钾电流.结果 ①急性酶解分离得到高质量的单个大鼠PASMC,呈梭形,边界清楚,胞浆均匀透亮.②Kv电流可以被5 mmol/L4-AP明显抑制,使电流-电压关系曲线明显下移,在55 mV时,Kv电流密度从(133.86±7.36)pA/pF减少到(59.09±3.35)pA/pF(n=6,P<0.05).③1 mmol/L TEA对KCa电流有明显抑制作用,使电流-电压关系曲线明显下移,在55 mV时,KCa电流密度从(9.03±1.42)pA/pF减少到(2.12±0.52)pA/pF(n=7,P<0.05).④KATP电流可以被10 μmol/L尼可地尔激活,使电流-电压关系曲线明显上移,在50 mV时,Kv电流密度从(29.08±5.90)pA/pF增加到(88.90±7.98)pA/pF(n=10,P<0.05).结论 在肺动脉平滑肌细胞上成功地建立了KCa、Kv和Kir电流的记录方法 ,可以为肺动脉相关疾病的发病机制和治疗方案的探索,提供有效的细胞模型基础.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.